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70-516: The Uzhhorod — Solotvyno railroad line runs through Batiovo, with a station located in the town that serves as a border control between Ukraine with Hungary. The railway in Batiovo is the largest employer for the town's residents. The place was first mentioned in 1205 as Bátyú ( Ukrainian : Батьу ). During that time, the settlement was located on the banks of the Tisza river, however, frequent floods forced

140-821: A distinct language (with its own ISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian . In the English language , the term Rusyn is recognized officially by the ISO . Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language, mainly deriving from exonyms such as Ruthenian or Ruthene ( UK : / r ʊ ˈ θ iː n / RUUTH -een , US : / r uː ˈ θ iː n / ROO -theen ), that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene. Within

210-580: A few hundred Jews survived. On 27 October 1944, the city was captured by the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front of the Red Army . This period brought significant changes. On the outskirts of Uzhhorod new enterprises were constructed and the old enterprises were renewed. On 29 June 1945, Subcarpathian Ukraine was annexed by the Soviet Union and became a westernmost part of the Ukrainian SSR . This followed

280-418: A line along the towns and villages of Osadne , Hostovice , Parihuzovce , Čukalovce , Pcoline , Pichne , Nechvalova Polianka , Zubne , Nizna Jablonka , Vysna Jablonka , Svetlice , and Zbojne ). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide

350-559: A medieval writer, for further information on the ethnonym of the Hungarians see the article Name of Hungary . In the Kingdom of Hungary, the small town began to extend its borders. King Saint Stephen made it the centre (castrum) of Ung county with a strong military presence to protect the north east border of Hungary. In 1241–1242 the Mongols of Batu Khan burnt the settlement. After, in 1248

420-442: A more systematic fashion (in terms of modern Rusyn) by the 18th century. Of course, given the political and social histories of the region, and especially religious history, documents differ according to the region, time, and the (socio-)linguistic milieu in which they were composed – e.g., Church Slavonic, Russian, Latin, etc. S. M. Pugh, The Rusyn Language, 2009 The Niagovo Postilla (Njagovskie poučenija), dated to 1758,

490-675: A new government quarter, being built from scratch. After the First Vienna Award in 1938, Uzhhorod was given back to Hungary from which it was separated after World War I. In 1941 the Jewish population reached 9,576. On 19 March 1944, German troops entered the city. They established a Judenrat ( Jewish council ) and set up two ghettos, at the Moskovitz brickyard and Gluck lumberyard. During May 1944, all Jews were deported to Auschwitz in five different transports and subsequently murdered. Only

560-619: A second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language. Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize

630-494: A separate language altogether. In the ISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ Slovak : východoslovenský , Pan. Rusyn: виходнярски , lit.   'East Slovak' ], ... (the speeches of Trebišov and Prešov [districts])." The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from

700-427: A seven-case system of nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative , instrumental , and vocative cases. One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided into animate and inanimate types. While there are no suffixes specific to animacy, declension between the two differs in that for animates , the form of the accusative case copies that of

770-579: A structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive. Its orthography is largely based on Zhelekhivka , a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet. In Poland, a standard Lemko-Rusyn grammar and dictionary, Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego , 'Grammar of the Lemko Language'; ( Rusyn : Ґраматыка лемківского языка , romanized:  Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka ),

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840-597: Is More Important than Riches (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titled Greetings to the Rusyns . After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary (1918), the newly proclaimed Hungarian Republic recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created, at the beginning of 1919, a department for Rusyn language and literature at

910-402: Is Ukrainian itself ... It was not recognized by ... the 19th century ('great') Russian establishment ... leading to a continued perception ... that Ukrainian was a 'dialect' of Russian ... Such treatment invariably led later Ukrainian scholars ... to refer to the language of those [earliest] features as not only 'old' Ukrainian but 'proto'-Ukrainian ... The desire to see

980-654: Is a city and municipality on the Uzh River in western Ukraine , at the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary . The city is approximately equidistant from the Baltic , the Adriatic and the Black Sea (650–690 km) making it the most inland city in this part of Europe . It is the administrative center of Zakarpattia Oblast ( region ), as well as the administrative center of Uzhhorod Raion ( district ) within

1050-563: Is agreed to include the varieties known historically as Lemko and Bojko , and is also generally accepted to end at or with the Hucul variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of East Slavic languages, it has also acquired a number of West Slavic features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with

1120-515: Is also served by Uzhhorod International Airport . The airport is situated near the Ukraine Slovakia border. The territory of the city of Uzhhorod is coterminous with Uzhhorod urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine which was established on 12 June 2020. The city was home to the SC Rusj Užhorod football club from 1925. Contemporary side FC Hoverla Uzhhorod made their debut in

1190-521: Is an East Slavic language spoken by Rusyns in parts of Central and Eastern Europe , and written in the Cyrillic script . The majority of speakers live in an area known as Carpathian Ruthenia that spans from Transcarpathia , westward into eastern Slovakia and south-east Poland. There is also a sizeable Pannonian Rusyn linguistic island in Vojvodina , Serbia , as well as a Rusyn diaspora throughout

1260-423: Is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century. By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion". The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under

1330-556: Is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic furvor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around Uzhhorod , Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard. In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995 when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová. Its namesakes are both

1400-411: Is the smallest and westernmost. In 2002, a bust of Tomáš Masaryk , Czechoslovakia's first president, was unveiled in a main square of the city. A similar bust was unveiled in 1928 on the 10th anniversary of Czechoslovak independence, but was removed by the Hungarians when they took over the region in 1939. On 15 April 2022, as part of the derussification campaign that swept through Ukraine following

1470-462: The Budapest University . By the end of 1919, the region of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was appended to the newly formed Czechoslovak state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters. In March 1939,

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1540-547: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011), Croatia (1997), Hungary (1998), Romania (2008), Poland (as Lemko, 2009), Serbia (2006), and Slovakia (2002). It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has assigned

1610-416: The ISO 639-3 code 'rue' for Carpathian Rusyn. On January 20, 2022, the ISO 639-3 identifier, rsk , and language names, Rusyn and Ruthenian , were approved for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO . The change followed a November 2020 request by a group of linguists (including Aleksandr Dulichenko ) in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate from Carpathian Rusyn and to issue it

1680-630: The Ukrainian 2001 census , the population of Uzhhorod included: Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 85% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, 9% spoke Russian, and 1% spoke Hungarian. The city is served by Uzhhorod railway station and has railway connections with Chop and Lviv . It

1750-827: The Ukrainian Premier League in 2001, but dissolved in 2016 due to money issues. In 2020 professional football matches at the highest levels of Ukraine returned to Uzhhorod since the 2020–21 season FC Mynai plays its home matches in the Avanhard Stadium . FC Uzhhorod currently in Ukrainian Second League also plays its matches at Avanhard Stadium. Uzhhorod is currently twinned with: Rusyn language Rusyn ( / ˈ r uː s ɪ n / ROO -sin ; Carpathian Rusyn : русиньскый язык , romanized:  rusîn'skyj jazyk ; Pannonian Rusyn : руски язик , romanized:  ruski jazik )

1820-520: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language. Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now

1890-421: The 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably, Myxajlo Lučkaj 's grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic, Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena , of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on

1960-582: The February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Uzhhorod City Council decided to rename 58 streets connected to Russian figures. United States First Lady Jill Biden visited the city on 8 May 2022, which was not announced to the public until after the visit. Uzhhorod has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with cool to cold winters and warm summers. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of −1.7 °C (28.9 °F) while

2030-685: The German Catholic Austria . Each one wanted to reunite the Kingdom of Hungary under their rule. In 1646 the Union of Ungvár was proclaimed and the Greek-Catholic church was established, in a ceremony held in the Ungvár castle by the Vatican Aegis. In 1707 Ungvár was the residence of Ferenc II Rákóczi , leader of the national liberation war of Hungarians against Habsburgs. From 1780 the city became

2100-648: The Hungarian king Charles I invited the Drugeths (Italian counts from the Kingdom of Naples ) into Hungary and gave the town to them. The Drugeth family became a member of the Hungarian nobility . During that period Philip Drugeth built Uzhhorod Castle . Together with the castle, the city began to grow. From 1430, Uzhhorod became a free royal town. During the 16–17th centuries The Kingdom of Hungary fell into three parts. The middle

2170-588: The Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language. These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia , enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of

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2240-443: The Rusyn community, the language is also referred to as руснацькый язык , rusnac'kyj jazyk , 'Rusnak language', or simply referred to as speaking our way ( Carpathian Rusyn : по-нашому , romanized:  po-nashomu ). The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding

2310-553: The above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar. It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik. The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary. One of the dangers of any enterprise like the codification of a language is the desire to 'see' its history go back as far as possible. This danger affects every single language that may have had difficulties in gaining acceptance of its identity ... A good example

2380-588: The assumption of local authority by the People's Committee of Transcarpathian Ukraine based in Uzhhorod and headed by a local Communist. That year the Uzhhorod State University (now Uzhhorod National University ) was also opened. Since January 1946 Uzhhorod was the center of newly formed Zakarpatska oblast. Since 1991 Uzhhorod has become one of 24 regional capitals within independent Ukraine. Of these, Uzhhorod

2450-422: The beginnings of Rusyn as existing before, say, the 18th century is entirely natural – it was clearly in evidence in that century, so the beginnings must have been earlier. In fact, it is possible to see linguistic traces of what we recognize as 'Rusyn' in documents in very early texts – but this is not to say that these texts were written in 'Old Rusyn'. It is safe to say that Rusyn begins to be quite recognizable in

2520-550: The capital of the Greek Catholic Eparchy and from 1776 the center of a newly created school district. The beginning of the 19th century was characterized by economic changes, including the first factories in the city. The greatest influence on Ungvár among the political events of the 19th century was made by the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 -1849, during which the native Hungarian nobility sought both to shake off

2590-566: The city also include: English: Uzhgorod (before 1996); Rusyn : Ужгород , romanized:  Užhorod , Rusyn : Унґвар , romanized:  Ungvar (historically); Russian : Ужгород , romanized :  Užgorod ; Belarusian : Ужгарад , romanized :  Užharad ; Yiddish : אונגווער , romanized :  Ungver , Yiddish : אונגוואַר , romanized :  Ungvar ; Czech : Užhorod ; Slovak : Užhorod ; German: Ungwar, Ungarisch Burg or Ungstadt ; Polish : Użhorod ; Romanian : Ujgorod . The city

2660-515: The city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia. Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically:

2730-547: The city was granted town privileges by the King Béla IV of Hungary . In the early 14th century, Uzhhorod was involved in the civil wars in the interregnum between Hungarian barons when the dynasty of Árpád died out. Finally Charles I of Hungary from the Anjou dynasty , descendant of the House of Árpád by his mother occupied the throne. The Anjou House also ruled the Kingdom of Naples and

2800-574: The classification of East Slavic dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of the Kingdom of Hungary , and also in neighbouring regions of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . From those questions, three main theories emerged: In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities,

2870-443: The coterritorial languages of Polish and Slovak . Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn literary varieties and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone

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2940-458: The direction of bishop of Mukachevo , Joseph Decamillis (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at the University of Trnava published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students. Later, in 1767 Maria Theresa 's Urbarium

3010-468: The entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as Ruthenian language ( German : ruthenische Sprache , Hungarian : Rutén nyelv ), an archaic and exonymic term that remained in use until 1918. In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and

3080-564: The first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular, Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh (A Reader for Beginners). Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", the Prešov Literary Society , in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych's Virtue

3150-654: The fortified castle changed into a fortified early feudal town-settlement which according to Gesta Hungarorum was originally subject to the Old Bulgarian Prince Salan until falling to Laborec , a ruler who was loyal to Great Moravia . Almos 's Magyars who had arrived in the region from Kyiv stormed the Hunguar fortress in 895 AD. Having taken over the castle, Almos appointed his son Árpád as prince of Hunguaria and from Ungvar his warriors were called Hungarians. As this may be viewed as naive folk etymology by

3220-590: The genitive case. As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. A very general summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances. Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. English they/them/their/theirs ). Based on how they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types". This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in -а (hard) or -я ( soft ) in

3290-422: The inhabitants speak Rusyn. Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014. Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected, minority language by

3360-622: The new ISO 639-3 identifier, Ruthenian language (with the additional name, Rusnak ). This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code, rue , and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: the East Rusyn language ( Carpathian Rusyn ) and the South Rusyn language (Pannonian Rusyn). However, in January 2020, ISO authorities rejected

3430-480: The nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent the archetypal feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm. It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as

3500-582: The northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [ ʃʲʃʲ ], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [ ʃʲ ]. Declension in Rusyn is based on grammatical number , gender , and case . Like English , only two types of grammatical number are expressed: singular and plural . And like other Slavic languages, Rusyn has three grammatical genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. Furthermore, like those languages, Rusyn uses

3570-484: The oblast. Population: 115,449 (2022 estimate). The city's earliest known name is Ungvár , from Hungarian Ung ( River Uzh ) and vár "castle, fortress", originally referring to a castle outside the city (probably Nevytske Castle ). The name Uzhhorod was coined in early 19th century Slavophile circles as a literal translation of the name Ungvár . The city officially adopted this name some time after 1920, under Czechoslovak administration. The names of

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3640-582: The pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or yat' ); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Misplaced Pages, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in Rusyn Misplaced Pages (although parts of the articles are written using other standards). Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or

3710-446: The proper usage of either lingua eruditorum et Communis plebis , 'the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people' in his Praefatio ), he did include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor. In 1847, Greek Catholic priest Alexander Dukhnovych published

3780-414: The region proclaimed independence under the name Carpatho-Ukraine , but it was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by the Soviet Union , and incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR , which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language

3850-492: The request. As explained earlier, term Ruthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term, Rusnak , also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for all Rusyns (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus'). The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen. A soft consonant combination sound [ ʃʲt͡ʃʲ ] exists more among

3920-528: The same time, the municipal area of the city had a population composed of 10,541 (39.05%) Hungarians, 9,908 (36.71%) Slovaks, and 5,520 (20.45%) Rusyns. The First World War slowed down the tempo of city development. On 10 September 1919, Subcarpathia was officially allocated to the Republic of Czechoslovakia . Uzhhorod became the administrative center of the territory. During these years Uzhhorod developed into an architecturally modern city, with Malyi Galagov ,

3990-944: The second is represented by Pannonian Rusyn . Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in: Pannonian Rusyn is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina (in Serbia ), and in a nearby region of Slavonia (in Croatia ). The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from Transcarpathia and follows the Carpathian Mountains westward into South-Eastern Poland and Eastern Slovakia , forming an area referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia . As with any language, all three major varieties of Rusyn vary with respect to phonology , morphology , and syntax , and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The continuum of Rusyn

4060-505: The settlement was granted the status of an urban-type settlement . In 2001, Batiovo survived a large flood from the Tisza largely in part thanks to the railway line's embankment which stopped the coming waters. On 26 January 2024, a new law entered into force which abolished the status of urban-type settlement, and Batiovo became a rural settlement. The town's population was 3,046 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census and 3,046 in 2011. Two-thirds of

4130-698: The suzerainty of the Austrian Empire and to have authority over their own people. 27 March 1848 was officially celebrated in the city as the overthrow of the monarchy in Hungary. It is now celebrated in Hungary on 15 March. In 1872 the first railway line opened, linking the city to the important railway junction of Chop , then known as Csap. According to the 1910 census, the city had 16,919 inhabitants, of which 13,590 (80.3%) were Magyars , 1,219 (7.2%) Slovaks , 1,151 (6.8%) Germans , 641 (3.8%) Rusyns and 1.6% Czechs . By religion, 5,481 Roman Catholic , 5,305 Jewish , 4,473 Greek Catholic , 1,368 Calvinist . At

4200-431: The town were sent to Nazi concentration camps and an additional 90 people were sent to do forced labor. Batiovo became part of the Soviet Union after WWII. In Autumn of 1944, 140 residents were taken prisoner by Soviet forces. In 1946, the settlement's name was changed to Vuzlove ( Ukrainian : Вузлове ) or Uzlovoe ( Russian : Узловое ), which it kept until it was renamed back to "Batiovo" on April 1, 1995. In 1971,

4270-695: The town's population consists of ethnic Hungarians , with the remaining population consisting of Ukrainians and Russians . The town houses a couple of attractions, including the Reformed Church, which was originally built in 1910, but rebuilt in 1988, and renovated in 2003; as well as the Lónyay Estate, which was nationalized during the Soviet times. Uzhhorod Uzhhorod ( Ukrainian : Ужгород , IPA: [ˈuʒɦorod] ; Hungarian : Ungvár , IPA: [ˈuŋɡvaːr] ; Slovak : Užhorod )

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4340-477: The town's residents to relocate to a further location from the river's banks. In 1816, Batiovo had a total of 310 residents and 54 houses. In 1910, the settlement was part of the Kingdom of Hungary and had a total of 1,490 inhabitants, the majority of which were Hungarians. In 1921, the local arm of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was established in Batiovo. During World War II , about 40 families from

4410-463: The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 20.9 °C (69.6 °F). The coldest temperature ever recorded is −28.2 °C (−18.8 °F) and the warmest temperature was 38.6 °C (101.5 °F). Average annual precipitation is 748 millimetres (29.4 in), which is evenly distributed throughout the year though the summer months have higher precipitation. On average, Uzhhorod receives 2023 hours of sunshine per year. According to

4480-433: The world. Per the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Rusyn is officially recognized as a protected minority language by Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Hungary , Romania , Poland (as Lemko), Serbia , and Slovakia . The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy. Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as

4550-409: Was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies, using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions ( Operation Vistula ), and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school. During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was Yugoslavia . After

4620-576: Was founded by early Slavs , one tribe of whom was the White Croats , who settled the area of the modern Uzhhorod under Kuber in the second half of the first millennium AD. Warriors from Ukraine established the Ungvar fortress in 677 according to the Chronicon Pictum . The settlement was the center of a new Slavic principality headed by a dynasty descended from Porga 's nephew Kubrat . In the 9th century,

4690-561: Was occupied by the Ottoman Empire , the north west was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty , the eastern part became the Principality of Transylvania , that hold the independent Hungarian statehood. During this period there were many handicraft corporations in Uzhhorod. In this period the city was engaged in the religious and political fight between primarily Hungarian Protestant Transylvania and

4760-409: Was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak and Henryk Fontański  [ pl ; rue ] , with a second edition issued in 2004. In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's Материнськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка , Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka , serves as the de facto literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with

4830-478: Was published throughout the Habsburg Empire in a variety of languages, including Rusyn. Finally, under Bishop Andriy Bachynskyi 's tenure (r. 1773 – 1809) in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo , new texts for Rusyn student readership were published. These several editions of Ioann Kutka 's primer and catechism were published in Rusyn vernacular, though with heavy influence from Church Slavonic . By

4900-475: Was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)." Some of these earlier grammars include those by Dmytrij Vyslockij ( Karpatorusskij bukvar' ), Vanja Hunjanky (1931), Metodyj Trochanovskij (Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol ; 1935), and Ivan Harajda (1941). Harajda's grammar

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