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40-719: The Báthory family belonged to the Gutkeled , a clan of Hungarian nobles, which traced its descent to the Swabian brothers Gut and Kelad , who immigrated into Hungary from the castle Stof (probably Staufen im Breisgau or Hohenstaufen in Württemberg ) during the reign of King Peter (reigned 1038–1046), who himself was partly of Venetian descent. In 1279, King Ladislaus IV rewarded Andrew's brother Hodos and Andrew's sons George (d. 1307), Benedict (d. 1321) and Briccius (d. 1322) for their military services by granting them Bátor in

80-1058: A Montenegrin and then a confidant of Josip Broz Tito , drew the border according to demographic criteria, which explains why the town of Ilok on the Danube , with a Croat majority, lies east of Šid in Serbia, with a Serb majority. The border drawn in 1945 was very similar to the 1931-1939 border between the Danube Banovina and the Sava Banovina within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . List of cities in Syrmia (with population): Petrovaradin, Sremska Kamenica, Sremski Karlovci and Beočin are geographically located in Syrmia, but they are part of South Bačka District . Municipalities in Serbian Syrmia: The Syrmian villages of Neštin and Vizić are part of

120-424: A dragon, which lurked in the swamps next to the castle of Ecsed (actually built only in the 14th century) and harassed the countryside. Vitus killed it with three thrusts of his lance and as a reward received the castle. The grateful people honoured him with the names Báthory , meaning "good hero", and animus magnanimus . In Hungarian the word bátor means "brave". The Báthory coat of arms , granted in 1325 to

160-538: A peace treaty in 845 AD. The region was later incorporated into the Principality of Lower Pannonia , but during the 10th century it became a battleground between Hungarians , Bulgarians , and Serbs . At the beginning of the 11th century, the ruler of Syrmia was Duke Sermon , vassal of the Bulgarian emperor Samuil . There had been Bulgar resistance to Byzantine rule. This collapsed and Sermon, who refused to capitulate

200-543: A show trial of murdering hundreds of young peasant girls over the course of twenty years. She was sentenced to life imprisonment in one of the Báthory castles. According to the opinions of a majority of historians, legends such as her bathing in the blood of the young women were based on later rumors; the charges themselves were most likely false, trumped up in order to steal her lands from her. Some scholars have suggested that she served as one of Bram Stoker 's influences for writing

240-471: Is a region of the southern Pannonian Plain , which lies between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is divided between Serbia and Croatia . Most of the region is flat, with the exception of the low Fruška gora mountain stretching along the Danube in its northern part. The word "Syrmia" is derived from the ancient city of Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica ). Sirmium was a Celtic or Illyrian town founded in

280-652: Is assumed to be a corruption of Stauf , meaning either castle Stauf in Staufen im Breisgau or the Hohenstaufen castle in Württemberg . The king mentioned is Péter Orseolo , placing the arrival of the Gutkeleds to Hungary sometime around the 1040s. Some of the Hungarian noble families descending from the Gutkeleds are: Syrmia Syrmia ( Ekavian Serbo-Croatian : Srem / Срем or Ijekavian Srijem / Сријем )

320-449: The Battle of Varna as flag-bearer of Władysław, King of Poland and Hungary . He had also received the castle Bujak from King Albert of Habsburg . Of Stephen's six sons, Ladislaus V (d. 1474) was supreme count of the counties Szatmár and Zaránd, the second Andrew III (d. 1495) was confirmed in his possession of Bujak. The third son, Stephen V (d. 1493) excelled as a military commander and

360-517: The Croatian War of Independence ensued shortly thereafter. The Serbs self-proclaimed in one part western Syrmia an autonomous region called the "Serbian Autonomous Region of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia ". This region was one of the two Serbian autonomous regions that formed the self-declared and unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina . The region was ethnically cleansed of its Croat and some other non-Serb population leading to some of

400-861: The South Bačka district , and another smaller area around Novi Beograd , Zemun , and Surčin belongs to the City of Belgrade . The remaining part of Syrmia is part of the Vukovar-Syrmia County in Croatia. The present international border of the region of Syrmia was drawn in 1945 by the Đilas commission . It divided the Yugoslav constituent republic of Croatia and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina , itself part of Serbia , within Yugoslavia . Milovan Đilas ,

440-599: The 6th century, Syrmia was part of the Byzantine province of Pannonia . During that time, Byzantine rule was challenged by Ostrogoths and Gepids . In 567, Byzantine rule was fully restored, although it later collapsed during the Siege of Sirmium by Avars and Slavs (582). It remained under Avar rule up to c. 800, when it came under the control of the Frankish Empire . In 827, Bulgars invaded Syrmia and continued to rule after

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480-755: The Kelmendi tribe to Syrmia, who were recorded as speaking Albanian as late as 1921. In 1745, the County of Syrmia was established as part of the Habsburgs' Kingdom of Slavonia . During the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791), there were émigrés from Serbia who settled in Syrmia. In 1807, the Tican's Rebellion , a Syrmian peasant uprising, occurred on Ruma estate and in the village of Voganj in Ilok estate. In 1848, most of Syrmia

520-519: The Kingdom of Hungary. On 29 October 1918, Syrmia became a part of the newly independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . On 24 November 1918, the Assembly of Syrmia proclaimed the unification of Serb-populated parts of Syrmia with the Kingdom of Serbia . However, from 1 December 1918, all of Syrmia was made a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . From 1918 to 1922, Syrmia remained within

560-426: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and from 1922 to 1929, Syrmia was a province ( oblast ). In 1929, after a new territorial division, Syrmia was divided between Danube Banovina and Drina Banovina , in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and in 1931, it was divided between Danube Banovina and Sava Banovina . In 1939, the western part of Syrmia was included into the newly formed Banovina of Croatia . In 1941, Syrmia

600-597: The Russian government confirmed the legitimacy of their claims. Gutkeled Gutkeled (spelling variants: Gut-Keled, Guthkeled, Guth-Keled) was the name of a gens ( Latin for "clan"; nemzetség in Hungarian ) in the Kingdom of Hungary , to which a number of Hungarian noble families belong. The primary source of their origins is the Gesta Hungarorum of Simon of Kéza, in which the author writes: The castle "Stof"

640-653: The Syrmia by the Ustashe and German Wehrmacht , it turned into a massacre by the Ustasha militia that left up to 7,000 Serbs dead. Among those killed was the prominent painter Sava Šumanović , who was arrested along with 150 residents of Šid . In 1945, with the creation of new borders, eastern Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Serbia , while western Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Croatia . In 1991, Croatia declared its independence from SFR Yugoslavia , and

680-545: The battle, fled with Louis' widow to Pozsony (now Bratislava ), where he organized the election of Ferdinand of Austria as King of Hungary. In the 1550s, when Ferdinand briefly gained control of Transylvania in 1551, he installed Stephen's nephew Bonaventura as his lieutenant to govern the country. The Somlyó branch, on the other hand, supported John Zápolya , whom the greater part of the Hungarian nobility had elected King. Zápolya appointed Stephen VIII Voivode of Transylvania , which he governed until his death in 1534. Later,

720-542: The branches. Anna Báthory was the widow of the last descendant of the Dragfi family and George now seized the castles of the Dragfi. Since the Dragfi estates were legally due to the crown, the Habsburgs forced George to yield the castles and withdrew to Csitsva in Zemplén County . George and Anna Báthory produced the most infamous member of the family, Elizabeth , a widow Countess who was eventually tried and found guilty in

760-529: The castle called Hűség (loyalty). This branch, since they retained the possession of Bátor, are sometimes called of Bátor or, as the younger branch, Nyírbátor (New Bathory). A legendary account, placing the Báthorys' origin in the year 900 (preceding the advent of the Gutkeled clan), relates how a god-fearing warrior called Vitus (a namesake of a member of the first generation of the Gutkeled clan) set out to fight

800-499: The county of Szabolcs . Bátor had been the estate of Vajda son of Lángos, who had married a relative of Andrew but died without issue. In 1310, Bátor came into the sole possession of Briccius when he reached an agreement with his nephew Michael and his cousin Vid to divide the joint possessions. After this, Briccius and his descendants named themselves Báthory , i.e. "of Bátor". The family divided into two major branches, which descended from

840-400: The east and Valkó (Vukovar) in the west. In the 13th century, between 1282 and 1316, Syrmia was ruled by Stefan Dragutin of Serbia. Initially, Dragutin was a vassal of Hungary but later ruled independently. Dragutin died in 1316, and was succeeded by his son, Stefan Vladislav II (1316–1325). In 1324, Vladislav II was defeated by Stefan Uroš III Dečanski of Rascia . Lower Syrmia became

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880-628: The great-grandsons of Ladislaus (latter half of the 15th century): John and Stephen dropped the name Báthory and founded the Szaniszlófi family, while Nikolaus continued the Somlyó branch. The younger branch of the family, the Báthory of Ecsed , were descended from Luke, the youngest son of Briccius. Luke possessed wide estates in Szatmár and was granted by King Charles Robert the lordship of Ecsed , where he built

920-652: The interest of the Zápolyas were represented at the Habsburg court by the Voivode's son Stephen IX , who would go on to become Prince of Transylvania and King of Poland . Impressed by Stephen, George VI Báthory, of the Ecsed branch, was persuaded to change his allegiance from the Habsburgs to Zápolya, for which the Habsburg king deprived him of his castle Bujak. George strengthened his alliance to Stephen by marrying his sister Anna, uniting

960-554: The last of the titular Serbian despots in Syrmia, Stjepan Berislavić , moved to Slavonia , ahead of invading Ottoman forces. Another important local governor was Laurence of Ilok , Duke of Syrmia (1477 to 1524), who reigned over large parts of the region from Ilok . In 1521, parts of Syrmia fell to the Ottomans and by 1538, the entire region was under Ottoman control. Between 1527 and 1530, Radoslav Čelnik ruled Syrmia as an Ottoman vassal. The area of Ottoman administration in Syrmia

1000-648: The most serious violation of human rights including the Lovas killings , the Tovarnik massacre , the Vukovar massacre and other crimes . The autonomous regions lasted until 1995, when it was reintegrated in Croatia . After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the Croatian part of Syrmia were designated Areas of Special State Concern . In 2002, the population of Syrmia in Serbia

1040-458: The novel Dracula , but the evidence to support this is slim. Another branch of the family are the Báthory of Simolin family, which was named after their estate Simony (or Simolin ). They descended from George II, the younger son of John I, through the George's grandson Michael. In the 15th century, Michael's brothers George and Ladislaus, who both died without issue, had sold their heritage to

1080-488: The opposition of the nobility. In 1526, he fought in the disastrous Battle of Mohács against the Ottomans , in which King Louis II fell. After the harsh and fierce battle, Hungary was torn apart by the conflict between the rival royal claims. The two branches of the family positioned themselves on the opposing sides of the conflict. The Ecsed branch commonly sided with the Habsburgs: Stephen VII, who had escaped

1120-514: The sons and grandsons of Briccius : The elder branch of the family, the Báthory of Somlyó were descended from John, Count of Szatmár , the first-born son of Briccius, through his eldest son Ladislaus (died 1373). Ladislaus, Count of Szabolcs , married Anna Meggyesi and received Somlyó as dowry. Ladislaus' younger brother George II is the ancestor of the Simolin family, later called Báthory of Simolin (see below ). A further division occurred under

1160-601: The sons of Briccius, was styled in reference to this legend: three horizontally placed teeth surrounded by a dragon biting its own tail, the surrounding dragon being the emblem of the Order of the Dragon . The Ecsed branch first rises to prominence with the sons of Luke's grandson John V. His eldest son Bartholomew I fell in 1432 fighting against the Hussites . The second son, Stephen III rose to become Palatine of Hungary and in 1444 fell in

1200-879: The subject of dispute between the Kingdoms of Rascia and Hungary. In 1404, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor ceded part of Syrmia to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia. From 1459, the Hungarian kings endorsed the House of Branković and later, the Berislavići Grabarski family as the titular heads of the Serbian Despotate of which Syrmia was a part. They resided in Kupinik (modern Kupinovo). The local rulers included Vuk Grgurević (1471 to 1485); Đorđe Branković (1486 to 1496), Jovan Branković (1496 to 1502), Ivaniš Berislavić (1504 to 1514), and Stjepan Berislavić (1520 to 1535). In 1522,

1240-538: The then-head of the Somlyó branch, Nicolaus. The Simolin family possessed large estates in Prussia and Courland and members served the Russian Empresses Elizabeth and Catherine as diplomats. In the 19th century, long after the demise of the other branches, the family claimed name and title of Counts Báthory , since their ancestor Michael had never consented to the sale conducted by his brothers, and in 1852

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1280-422: The third century BC. Srem ( Serbian Cyrillic : Срем ) and Srijem ( Сријем ) are used to designate the region in Serbia and Croatia respectively. Other names for the region include: Between 3000 BC and 2400 BC, Syrmia was at the centre of Indo-European Vučedol culture . Sirmium was conquered by Romans in the first century BC and became the economic and political capital of Pannonia . In 6 AD, there

1320-512: Was 790,697. 668,745 (84.58%) were Serb . In 2001, the population of the Croatian Vukovar-Srijem county was 204,768. The census showed that Croats made up 78.3% of total population, Serbs 15.5%, Hungarians 1%, Rusyns 0.9% and others. The majority of Syrmia is located in the Srem district of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia . A smaller area around Novi Sad is part of

1360-455: Was an uprising of the indigenous peoples against Roman rule. However, ten later Roman Emperors were born in Sirmium or nearby. They included Herennius Etruscus (227–251), Hostilian (230?–251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius II (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximianus Herculius (285–310), Constantius II (337–361) and Gratian (367–383). In

1400-583: Was captured and killed by Constantine Diogenes . A new but ultimately short lived area of governance named the Thema of Sirmium was established. It included the region of Syrmia and what is now Mačva . In 1071, Hungarians took over the region of Syrmia, but the Byzantine Empire reconquered the province after the victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Syrmia (1167) . Byzantine rule ended in 1180, when Syrmia

1440-736: Was known as the Sanjak of Syrmia . In 1699, the Habsburg monarchy took western Syrmia from the Ottomans as part of the Treaty of Karlowitz . Until the Treaty of Passarowitz at the end of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18 , remainder of Syrmia was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier . At the end of the Austro-Russian-Turkish War of 1735–1739, there was a migration of Albanians from

1480-415: Was made Voivode of Transylvania , the first of a long line of Báthory rulers of that country. The youngest son, Nicolaus III (d. 1506), bishop first of Syrmia and after 1474 of Vác , excelled as a renaissance scholar and served as counselor to King Matthias Corvinus . Stephen VII first proved himself as Count of Temesvár and in 1519 was elected Palatine of Hungary , as which he had to contend with

1520-618: Was occupied by the World War II Axis powers and its entire territory was ceded to the Independent State of Croatia , a Nazi puppet state . The fascist Ustashe regime systematically murdered Serbs (as part of the Genocide of the Serbs ), Jews ( The Holocaust ), Roma ( The Porajmos ), and some political dissidents. In August 1942, following the joint military anti-partisan operation in

1560-600: Was part of the temporary Serbian Voivodship , a Serb autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. By a 1849 decree of the Emperor Franz Joseph , the Voivodship of Serbia and Tamiš Banat was created, comprising Northern Syrmia, including Ilok and Ruma. After 1860, the County of Syrmia was re-established and returned to the Kingdom of Slavonia . In 1868, the Kingdom of Slavonia became part of Croatia-Slavonia in

1600-407: Was taken again by the Hungarians. In the 13th century, the region was controlled by the Kingdom of Hungary . On 3 March 1229, the acquisition of Syrmia was confirmed by Papal bull . Pope Gregory IX wrote, "[Margaretha] soror…regis Ungarie [acquired] terram…ulterior Sirmia". In 1231, The Duke of Syrmia was Giletus . In the 1200s, the territory around Syrmia was divided into two counties: Syrmia in

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