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229-550: Most scholars believed that Bathalà (Chirino 1595–1602), Badhala (Plasencia 1589), Batala (Loarca 1582), or Bachtala (Boxer Codex 1590) was derived from the Sanskrit word bhattara or bhattaraka (noble lord) which appeared as the sixteenth-century title batara in the southern Philippines and Borneo . In the Indonesian language , batara means "god"; its feminine counterpart is batari . In Malay , betara means "holy", and

458-482: A "Malay Lerroux" and compared him to Spanish labor leader Pablo Iglesias . On August 17, 1902, he was arrested on the trumped-up charge that he gave orders to assassinate scabs in a strike at the Commercial Tobacco Factory. De los Reyes was eventually released on January 30, 1903, by Governor William Howard Taft , stating that the statute "was not in line with current American thinking on the subject" and

687-404: A Manila hospital leaving behind 15 of his remaining and surviving children. A legal battle between his children regarding his custody ensued during the last years of his life. De los Reyes executed a document of retraction from his Aglipayan faith on September 14, 1936, two years before his death, as attested by some of his Roman Catholic daughters, although the authenticity of the so-called metanoia

916-503: A Philippine vernacular . De los Reyes declared that he founded El Ilocano to "serve [our] beloved pueblo Ilocos by contributing to the enlightenment of her children, defending her interests." El Iloco lasted for seven years. By 1893, de los Reyes was able to acquire his own printing press, which he set up in the basement of his house in Binondo and called Imprenta de Isabelo de los Reyes . Proud of his provincial origins, he boasted that

1145-581: A calamity, such as a typhoon, flood, or earthquake. Professor of Anthropology Fay-Cooper Cole identified the Mandayan supreme gods—the father and son Mansilatan (The Creator) and Batla / Badla (The Preserver/Protector)—with the Tagalog deities Dian Masalanta and Bathala / Badhala , respectively. He also noted that Todlai , the god of marriage of the Bagobo people , is sometimes addressed as Maniládan . Mansilatan,

1374-469: A cooperative store for rice and other staples. The Union Democratica de Litografos, Impresores, Encuadernadores y Otros Obreros was thus formed, which came to be known as the labor union federation Union Obrera Democratica (UOD) on February 2, 1902. De los Reyes was its first president. De los Reyes took home with him works by socialists such as Karl Marx , Proudhon, Bakunin, and Errico Malatesta . Malatesta's Propaganda socialista fra contadini

1603-470: A creole merchant who was the first Philippine delegate to the Spanish Cortes through his father's side. He may also have been a "distant cousin" of José Rizal through a Chinese tax collector married to both Rizal's grandmother and de los Reyes' grand-aunt. Elías and his children shunned Leona away from the family due to her progressive feminist and pro-equality ideals, which were viewed negatively under

1832-406: A dead language in the most common usage of the term. Pollock's notion of the "death of Sanskrit" remains in this unclear realm between academia and public opinion when he says that "most observers would agree that, in some crucial way, Sanskrit is dead." Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino Isabelo de los Reyes Sr. y Florentino , also known as Don Belong (July 7, 1864 – October 10, 1938),

2061-447: A decade later internationally, and a century later in her home country where a statue was built in her honor in Vigan's main street of Calle Crisologo . Despite the limited time they had, Leona had made a solid impact and influence towards Isabelo, which led to her son's successful career in literature, as well as his progressing views towards democracy, Philippine sovereignty, and equality by

2290-400: A deified spirit and means "The Revered One" or "Holiness". Hyang , or personified as Sang Hyang , (Kawi, Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese) is an unseen spiritual entity that has supernatural power in ancient Nusantara mythology. This spirit can be either divine or ancestral. In modern Nusantara, this term tends to be associated with gods, which are each known as a dewata or God. Currently,

2519-734: A female deity of the Tagalogs, the superior goddess of all their deities, thus making this name a synonym of Bathala. The name of the Bornean deity Hatala , Mahatala , or Lahatala is also a corruption of the same Arabic expression [Wilken (1912, vol. III)]. However, according to Blumentritt, Mahatala or Mahatara is the contraction of Mahabatara , which means "the Great Lord". Pedro A. Paterno (1892) also referred to Anatala as Anak-Hala , which, according to him, means " Son of God ". 9. Nunò ( Nono ) – "Grandparent" or "Ancient One", similar to Laon of

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2748-433: A focus on Indian philosophies and Sanskrit. Though written in a number of different scripts, the dominant language of Hindu texts has been Sanskrit. It or a hybrid form of Sanskrit became the preferred language of Mahayana Buddhism scholarship; for example, one of the early and influential Buddhist philosophers, Nagarjuna (~200 CE), used Classical Sanskrit as the language for his texts. According to Renou, Sanskrit had

2977-614: A journalist, editor, and publisher in Manila , and was imprisoned in 1897 for revolutionary activities . He was deported to the Kingdom of Spain , where he was jailed for his activities until 1898. While living and working in Madrid, he was influenced by the writings of European socialists and Marxists . Returning to the Philippines in 1901, de los Reyes founded the first modern trade union federation in

3206-577: A juror in Barcelona until 1908. He also went back to mend relations with his wife, María Ángeles López Montero, who repeatedly urged him to stay away from politics. During his stay in Spain, he wrote texts such as Gregorio Aglipay y otros prelados de la Iglesia Filipina Independiente (1906) and Biblia Filipina . He also published La Religion Antigua de Filipinas (1909). De los Reyes returned to Manila on April 3, 1909, with Lopez, however she could not adjust to

3435-581: A language competed with numerous, less exact vernacular Indian languages called Prakritic languages ( prākṛta - ). The term prakrta literally means "original, natural, normal, artless", states Franklin Southworth . The relationship between Prakrit and Sanskrit is found in Indian texts dated to the 1st millennium CE. Patañjali acknowledged that Prakrit is the first language, one instinctively adopted by every child with all its imperfections and later leads to

3664-485: A lifelong critic of friars. De los Reyes was a free spirit and chafed against seminary life. Once, he led a student strike against the friars to protest the maltreatment of students. His stay in the Vigan Seminary helped him develop a fascination for legends, music, songs, and Ilocano traditions. In 1880 at age 16, de los Reyes went to Manila without his uncle's consent, where he finished Bachiller en Artes at

3893-643: A limited role in the Theravada tradition (formerly known as the Hinayana) but the Prakrit works that have survived are of doubtful authenticity. Some of the canonical fragments of the early Buddhist traditions, discovered in the 20th century, suggest the early Buddhist traditions used an imperfect and reasonably good Sanskrit, sometimes with a Pali syntax, states Renou. The Mahāsāṃghika and Mahavastu, in their late Hinayana forms, used hybrid Sanskrit for their literature. Sanskrit

4122-454: A natural part of the earliest Vedic language, and that these developed in the centuries after the composition had been completed, and as a gradual unconscious process during the oral transmission by generations of reciters. The primary source for this argument is internal evidence of the text which betrays an instability of the phenomenon of retroflexion, with the same phrases having sandhi-induced retroflexion in some parts but not other. This

4351-479: A negative evidence to Pollock's hypothesis, but it is not positive evidence. A closer look at Sanskrit in the Indian history after the 12th century suggests that Sanskrit survived despite the odds. According to Hanneder, On a more public level the statement that Sanskrit is a dead language is misleading, for Sanskrit is quite obviously not as dead as other dead languages and the fact that it is spoken, written and read will probably convince most people that it cannot be

4580-546: A pan-Indo-Aryan accessibility to information and knowledge in the ancient and medieval times, in contrast to the Prakrit languages which were understood just regionally. It created a cultural bond across the subcontinent. As local languages and dialects evolved and diversified, Sanskrit served as the common language. It connected scholars from distant parts of South Asia such as Tamil Nadu and Kashmir, states Deshpande, as well as those from different fields of studies, though there must have been differences in its pronunciation given

4809-515: A part of it were arrested by the Spanish government. One of these people was de los Reyes, who at the time, openly advocated reforms, and if necessary, "take up arms against the tyrants". De los Reyes was arrested on February 12, 1897, and taken to Bilibid Prison . He was charged with membership in La Liga Filipina , the political organization organized by Rizal, as well as being knowledgeable of

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5038-460: A portion of the fish they carried in their boat by throwing it into the water. Also, the river of Manila (now called Pasig River) once had a large rock ( Buayang Bato /Stone Crocodile) that served as an idol for many years. The ancient Tagalogs left offerings to it whenever they passed by until the fathers of St. Augustine broke it into small bits and set up a cross in its place. Soon, a small shrine or chapel , with an image of St. Nicolas of Tolentino,

5267-501: A pre-existing matter or substratum out of which the Earth was made. In Philippine mythologies, struggle between two hostile forces is a common theme in the formation of the earth; hence, the existence of the Land Breeze. It is always subsequently followed by the creation or appearance of the first man and woman in contrast to the animals that precede them. According to Andres San Nicolas (1624),

5496-573: A refined and standardized grammatical form that emerged in the mid-1st millennium BCE and was codified in the most comprehensive of ancient grammars, the Aṣṭādhyāyī ('Eight chapters') of Pāṇini . The greatest dramatist in Sanskrit, Kālidāsa , wrote in classical Sanskrit, and the foundations of modern arithmetic were first described in classical Sanskrit. The two major Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and

5725-534: A restrained language from which archaisms and unnecessary formal alternatives were excluded". The Classical form of the language simplified the sandhi rules but retained various aspects of the Vedic language, while adding rigor and flexibilities, so that it had sufficient means to express thoughts as well as being "capable of responding to the future increasing demands of an infinitely diversified literature", according to Renou. Pāṇini included numerous "optional rules" beyond

5954-496: A retired Spanish infantry colonel) in Madrid , also in a Roman Catholic ceremony. She died in 1910 while giving birth to their ninth child. De los Reyes' last marriage in 1912 was to the 18-year-old María Lim, a mestiza de sangley from Tondo . They married in the independent Aglipayan Church. They also had several children before María also died in childbirth in 1923. Before her death, she had asked that they be married according to

6183-439: A similar phonetic structure to Tamil. Hock et al. quoting George Hart state that there was influence of Old Tamil on Sanskrit. Hart compared Old Tamil and Classical Sanskrit to arrive at a conclusion that there was a common language from which these features both derived – "that both Tamil and Sanskrit derived their shared conventions, metres, and techniques from a common source, for it is clear that neither borrowed directly from

6412-521: A soldier. In Bilibid, de los Reyes wrote his Memorial sobre la revolution , which initially was the Memoria de agravios de los Filipinos . The document was addressed to the Governor-General, Fernando Primo de Rivera and was meant to gain sympathy for the rebels. His Memoria pointed out that the friars sowed the seeds of colonial revolt in the Philippines. De los Reyes' wife, Josefa, died while he

6641-423: A stroke which left him paralyzed and bedridden on June 5, 1929. He retired from politics after a short stint as appointive vice mayor of Manila from 1930 to 1931. He devoted his time to compiling Aglipayan texts and largely slipped out of public notice. A frail de los Reyes' last foray into politics was when he ran in the 1935 Philippine legislative elections , losing badly. De los Reyes died on October 10, 1938, in

6870-542: A teenager, de los Reyes had been intrigued by the growing interest in the "new science" of El saber popular ( folklore ). On March 25, 1884, Jose Felipe Del Pan wrote an article in La Oceania Filipina calling readers to contribute folklore articles, inspired by interest in the subject in the peninsula. De los Reyes was urged by del Pan to contribute and gave him books on the subject that piqued his interest. Two months later, de los Reyes submitted his articles concerning

7099-489: A thorough investigation of it. For Isabelo de los Reyes , the name of the Tagalog supreme god was Maykapal or Lumikhâ , and hence they called their sacred images likhâ and not Badhala , since the latter was not a specific name, but a common treatment of deities, ominous beings, and other fabulous beings that they feared. Thus, there was Badhala Maykapal (Lord Maker), Badhala Katutubo (Conborn Lord Anito), and Badhala Tigmamanok , or Blue Bird, which actually referred to

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7328-547: A way to "improve themselves and learn the life of cultured peoples". He had observed that workers in Europe had clubs and cafes where they could read newspapers and discuss current events, and wished to emulate that in the Philippines. De los Reyes also published the UOD's official organ, La Redencion del Obrero . De los Reyes spent this time mediating in labor disputes and other union-organizing activities. The press at this time called him

7557-462: Is " Bathala na kumapal at nangangalaga sa lahat ". The chief deity of the Tagalas is called Bathala mei Capal , and also Diuata ; and their principal idolatry consists in adoring those of their ancestors who signalised themselves for courage or abilities; calling them Humalagar , i.e. manes . Anitería (literally meaning worship of anitos) was the term coined by some Spanish chroniclers to denote

7786-423: Is a prefix to connote any deity. According to Jose Rizal's former mentor Rev. Pablo Pastells, S.J., who reprinted in 1900 the early work of his fellow Jesuit, Fr. Pedro Chirino, Labor Evangelica , which was first published in 1663 from an anonymous document dated April 20, 1572, the name of Bathala can be ascertained "by resolving the word into its primary elements, Batà and Ala = 'Son God, or Son of God.'" This

8015-427: Is actually La Campinay ( Lakang Pinay or Lakampinay ) [Pardo inquisition report (1686–1688)], who is said to be "the first midwife in the world" [Boxer Codex (1590)]. The meaning of the name Dian Masalanta is not provided, but according to Jean-Paul G. Potet (Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs, 2018), the meaning could be "the blind deity" [dian "deity", ma – "adj. prefic" + salanta "blindness"]. However,

8244-459: Is akin to that of Latin and Ancient Greek in Europe. Sanskrit has significantly influenced most modern languages of the Indian subcontinent , particularly the languages of the northern, western, central and eastern Indian subcontinent. Sanskrit declined starting about and after the 13th century. This coincides with the beginning of Islamic invasions of South Asia to create, and thereafter expand

8473-454: Is being practiced not only as a form of ancestral worship but also as preparation for mediumistic healing and as a preliminary rite for a more colorful ritual called "Sayaw sa Apoy" (Dance on Fire). In the course of the 19th century, the term Bathala fell out of use, as it was replaced by Panginoon (Lord) and Diyos (God). but now they never say: Bathalang Maykapal , Bathalang San Jose ; if not Panginoong Diyos , Panginoong San Jose , and

8702-474: Is believed to have started from Naic long before the arrival of the Spaniards and the friars led to the suppression of its observance. This ritual is always done in preparation for other rituals such as "Sayaw sa Apoy" (Fire Dancing), "Basang-Gilagid" (House Blessing), Ancestral Offering, or Mediumistic Healing. It is also performed before searching for a lost item, such as jewelry and other valuables. After it,

8931-532: Is derived from the Sanskrit deva and devata [Wilken (1912, vol. III)]. "Jata" as a collective designation refers to a category of spirits inhabiting the Underworld. With the ancient Visayans, diwata was the equivalent of the Tagalog anito (ancestral spirit). According to Rev. Pablo Pastells, S.J., the interpretation of the word Bathala as 'Son of God' is confirmed by the Visayan word Diuata : "we always find here

9160-504: Is derived from the word kapal , the basic meaning of which is "to shape earth, clay, or wax into balls". Its doublet kipil expresses the same meaning about food: "to make rice balls and eat them". This title is related to Bathala's other title Maylupa , meaning "Owner of the Earth/Land". 4. Maygawâ ( Meigaua , Meygawa ) – "Owner of the Work". 5. Maylupà ( Meilupa , Meylupa ) – “Owner of

9389-452: Is found in the writing of Bharata Muni , the author of the ancient Natya Shastra text. The early Jain scholar Namisādhu acknowledged the difference, but disagreed that the Prakrit language was a corruption of Sanskrit. Namisādhu stated that the Prakrit language was the pūrvam ('came before, origin') and that it came naturally to children, while Sanskrit was a refinement of Prakrit through "purification by grammar". Sanskrit belongs to

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9618-431: Is identified with Bathala Meycapal is impossible to know, as the former has only been mentioned—and rather briefly—in "Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos" (1589) by Juan de Plasencia. Another possible name for Bathala, although unconfirmed, is Hari , which is the old Tagalog name for the sun ('king’ in modern Tagalog), hence the Tagalog words tanghali (noon) and halimaw (lion or tiger, an animal associated with

9847-517: Is it that you haven't noosed this monitor lizard?) The while-collared kingfishers ( tigmamanok ) were considered very sacred because they were permitted to pick a crocodile's teeth without harm. According to Chirino (1595–1602) and Colin (1663), the ancient Tagalogs held the crocodiles in the greatest veneration, and when they saw one in the water, they cried out in all subjection "Nono" ( Nuno ), meaning "grandfather". They asked it pleasantly and tenderly not to harm them and, for that purpose, offered it

10076-524: Is rare in the later version of the language. The Homerian Greek, like Ṛg-vedic Sanskrit, deploys simile extensively, but they are structurally very different. The early Vedic form of the Sanskrit language was far less homogenous compared to the Classical Sanskrit as defined by grammarians by about the mid-1st millennium BCE. According to Richard Gombrich—an Indologist and a scholar of Sanskrit, Pāli and Buddhist Studies—the archaic Vedic Sanskrit found in

10305-479: Is taken along with evidence of controversy, for example, in passages of the Aitareya-Āraṇyaka (700 BCE), which features a discussion on whether retroflexion is valid in particular cases. The Ṛg-veda is a collection of books, created by multiple authors. These authors represented different generations, and the mandalas 2 to 7 are the oldest while the mandalas 1 and 10 are relatively the youngest. Yet,

10534-451: Is the origin of Bathala’s other name Anatala . The name of the supreme being of the Tagalogs was given as Batala in "Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas" (1582) by Miguel de Loarca, Bathala mei capal in "Relación de las Islas Filipinas" (1595–1602) by Pedro Chirino , Badhala in "Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos" (1589) by Juan de Plasencia , Bachtala napal nanca calgna salahat ( Bathalà na kumapál at nangangalagà sa lahát – God

10763-580: Is the predominant language of one of the largest collection of historic manuscripts. The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit are from the 1st century BCE, such as the Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana and Ghosundi-Hathibada (Chittorgarh) . Though developed and nurtured by scholars of orthodox schools of Hinduism, Sanskrit has been the language for some of the key literary works and theology of heterodox schools of Indian philosophies such as Buddhism and Jainism. The structure and capabilities of

10992-510: Is told of the first woman, and once out of the cane they looked at each other, fell in love, and married. A Tagalog euphemism for a child born out of wedlock is "putok sa buho" ("one who burst out of a bamboo") – an evident carryover from the times when the myth was held as gospel of truth. According to Nick Joaquin [Alamanac for Manileño (1979)] "The man wooed the woman but the woman was shy, illusive, and stubbornly coy. Becoming impatient, God [i.e. Bathala] started violent earthquake, which flung

11221-642: Is why the first missionaries did not deprive the natives of this name when they instructed them about the existence of God and the mysteries of the Trinity, the incarnation, and redemption, as states an anonymous but very circumstantial relation written in Manila, on April 20, 1572. Other possible origins of the term Bathala or Batala are the Malay word Berhala ("idol") and the Arabic expression ‘Allah-ta’ala ("God, be exalted"), which

11450-553: Is yielded here. These beings were called anitos , and each anito had a special office. Some of them were for the fields, and some for those who journey by sea; some for those who went to war, and some for diseases. Because there were many Bornean people in Manila when the Spaniards first arrived, the Spaniards called the people of Manila Moro , the Spanish name for the Muslims of the Maghreb , Iberian Peninsula , Sicily , and Malta . It

11679-526: The Bhagavata Purana , the Panchatantra and many other texts are all in the Sanskrit language. The Classical Sanskrit with its exacting grammar was thus the language of the Indian scholars and the educated classes, while others communicated with approximate or ungrammatical variants of it as well as other natural Indian languages. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside

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11908-612: The Biblia Filipina , Oficio Divino , Catequesis , Plegarias , Genesis Cientifico y Moderno and the Calendario Aglipayano . In 1884, at the age of 20, de los Reyes married Josefa Sevilla, the daughter of Gregorio Sevilla, the capitan of Malabon . He and his wife had ten children. His wife died of illness in 1897 while he was in Bilibid prison. In late December 1898, he married María Ángeles López Montero (the daughter of

12137-735: The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church or also known as the Aglipayan Church) was formed, with Gregorio Aglipay , an excommunicated priest from the Roman Catholic Church, as its proposed head (albeit in absentia ). At the time, Aglipay was in talks with the Protestants and the Jesuits to prevent a schism , though neither of these events bore fruit. Aglipay initially dissociated himself from

12366-969: The Colegio de San Juan de Letran . After that, he studied the Civil Code, Penal Code, the Mercantile Code, judicial proceedings and drafting documents, palaeography , and anthropology at the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas . It was in Santo Tomas where he first met Gregorio Aglipay . While studying in the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, he supplemented his allowance by taking to journalism, setting type for La Oceana Española as well as writing for periodicals such as Diario de Manila , El Comercio , La Revista Popular , and La Opinion . In November 1882, his work, La expedicion de Li-Ma-Hong contra Filipinas

12595-568: The Dalai Lama , the Sanskrit language is a parent language that is at the foundation of many modern languages of India and the one that promoted Indian thought to other distant countries. In Tibetan Buddhism, states the Dalai Lama, Sanskrit language has been a revered one and called legjar lhai-ka or "elegant language of the gods". It has been the means of transmitting the "profound wisdom of Buddhist philosophy" to Tibet. The Sanskrit language created

12824-704: The Divine : requests and sacrifices from below and commandments and answers from above. They are the assistants, the ministers of Batala , who sends them on earth to help men. These helpers are called: Anitos . The nature of the Anito is such that he comes on earth, deals with men and speaks in his behalf to Batala . Some chroniclers, such as the anonymous author of Boxer Codex , do not call these agents of Bathala anitos , but instead have referred to them as dioses , rendered in translation by Quirino and Garcia as "gods". The American-Filipino historian William Henry Scott supports

13053-668: The Indo-European family of languages . It is one of the three earliest ancient documented languages that arose from a common root language now referred to as Proto-Indo-European : Other Indo-European languages distantly related to Sanskrit include archaic and Classical Latin ( c. 600 BCE–100 CE, Italic languages ), Gothic (archaic Germanic language , c.  350 CE ), Old Norse ( c. 200 CE and after), Old Avestan ( c.  late 2nd millennium BCE ) and Younger Avestan ( c. 900 BCE). The closest ancient relatives of Vedic Sanskrit in

13282-608: The Katipunan , however, he denied all of this. De los Reyes, however, sold types to Emilio Jacinto for the Katipunan's printing press, and he later claimed that he made a financial contribution to the Liga . De los Reyes also claimed that while he declined when Julio Nakpil asked him to join the Liga , he offered to give Nakpil a thousand pesos to purchase revolvers from someone on board the steamer Salvadora , and that he offered his services as

13511-509: The Magsasanghiyang dialogues with the Superpower through her Timbangan (pendulum). Some believed that the term Sanghiyang is coined from two Tagalog words: isa (one), and hiyang (compatible), together meaning "compatible whole" ( "nagkakaisang kabuuan" ). It is more likely, however, that said ritual is related to the sacred Balinese dance ceremony Sanghyang , which is also the title for

13740-803: The Malay word jadi and its Tagalog equivalent yari are descended from the Sanskrit word jati (birth), and both words can mean "finished" or completed regarding something made or created (becoming/being). Another possible origin of the name Mulayari is the Malayalam word mulayari which means "bamboo seed" . The name Mulayari was not entered by Spanish lexicographers in the old Tagalog dictionaries. 2. Diwatà ( Dioata , Diuata ) - Derived from Sanskrit deva and devata , which mean “deity”. Like Mulayari , Spanish lexicographers did not enter this name in early Tagalog dictionaries. In Richard E. Elkin's Manobo-English Dictionary (1968), diwatà specifically refers to

13969-598: The Panginoon means "Lord", like Apo . Sanskrit Sanskrit ( / ˈ s æ n s k r ɪ t / ; attributively 𑀲𑀁𑀲𑁆𑀓𑀾𑀢𑀁 , संस्कृत- , saṃskṛta- ; nominally संस्कृतम् , saṃskṛtam , IPA: [ˈsɐ̃skr̩tɐm] ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages . It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from

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14198-744: The Rigveda had already evolved in the Vedic period, as evidenced in the later Vedic literature. Gombrich posits that the language in the early Upanishads of Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit, while the archaic Vedic Sanskrit had by the Buddha 's time become unintelligible to all except ancient Indian sages. The formalization of the Saṃskṛta language is credited to Pāṇini , along with Patañjali's Mahābhāṣya and Katyayana's commentary that preceded Patañjali's work. Panini composed Aṣṭādhyāyī ('Eight-Chapter Grammar'), which became

14427-526: The Rāmāyaṇa , however, were composed in a range of oral storytelling registers called Epic Sanskrit which was used in northern India between 400 BCE and 300 CE, and roughly contemporary with classical Sanskrit. In the following centuries, Sanskrit became tradition-bound, stopped being learned as a first language, and ultimately stopped developing as a living language. The hymns of the Rigveda are notably similar to

14656-497: The Sambal people , an ethnic group closely related to the Tagalogs, particularly those in Tanay, Rizal , "did not doubt the fact of there having been in its time a creation of man, but they believed that the first one had emerged from a bamboo joint and his wife out of another, under very ridiculous and stupid circumstances." According to William Marsden (1784), the ancient Tagalogs believed that

14885-1054: The San Sebastian Church, Manila . His body was initially interred at the Manila North Cemetery before being transferred to the former location of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente National Cathedral in Tondo, Manila in 1944, on order of his son, Isabelo Jr. However, after the World War II , his remains were permanently transferred to the María Clara Parish Church of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente in Sta. Cruz, Manila . The Isabelo de los Reyes Elementary School in Tondo, Manila

15114-420: The Sanghiyang wherein the majority of the spirits invoked are presumed Christian saints. As noted by Alejandro Roces, "In Alfonso, Cavite, there is a Barrio called Marahan where there lives an exclusive sect that perform a cultic ritual known as Sanghiyang . This ritual used to be a pagan rite of ancestral worship but was later imbued with Christian connotations and biblical justification". Presently, Sanghiyang

15343-428: The Visayans and Gugurang of the Bicolanos . This is the name used to refer to Bathala by the initiates ( antiñgeros ) of Anting-anting , a post-colonial esoteric belief system of the Tagalogs. The antiñgeros also refer to Nuno as Infinito Dios (Infinite God). The term nunò was also used by the ancient Tagalogs to refer to the spirits of their ancestors (i.e. anito ), nature spirits (e.g. nunò sa punsô ), and

15572-483: The kásay-kásay (Kingfisher). Their names were Badhala , like comets, not because they were gods, but because they were ominous. The word was pronounced Badhala and not Bathalà , as an enlightened Tagalog elder told de los Reyes, and this was confirmed by Fr. Noceda in his old Dictionario Tagalog (1754). Also, according to Fr. Noceda, the term Bathalà, or Badhala , was only used among Tagalogs who had connections with Malay Hindus or Mohammedans, i.e. those from Manila to

15801-412: The manunungab na buwaya sa impierno (the devouring crocodile of hell). Some documented curses in old Tagalog include Kainin ka nang buaya! (May a crocodile eat you!) and Lamunin ka nang lindol! (May the earthquake swallow you up!). The low-frequency vibrations produced by male crocodiles just before bellowing, which could vibrate the ground and result in water appearing to "dance", is more likely where

16030-406: The sandhi rules, both internal and external. Quite many words found in the early Vedic Sanskrit language are never found in late Vedic Sanskrit or Classical Sanskrit literature, while some words have different and new meanings in Classical Sanskrit when contextually compared to the early Vedic Sanskrit literature. Arthur Macdonell was among the early colonial era scholars who summarized some of

16259-500: The verbal adjective sáṃskṛta- is a compound word consisting of sáṃ ('together, good, well, perfected') and kṛta - ('made, formed, work'). It connotes a work that has been "well prepared, pure and perfect, polished, sacred". According to Biderman, the perfection contextually being referred to in the etymological origins of the word is its tonal—rather than semantic—qualities. Sound and oral transmission were highly valued qualities in ancient India, and its sages refined

16488-414: The 13th century, a premier center of Sanskrit literary creativity, Sanskrit literature there disappeared, perhaps in the "fires that periodically engulfed the capital of Kashmir" or the "Mongol invasion of 1320" states Pollock. The Sanskrit literature which was once widely disseminated out of the northwest regions of the subcontinent, stopped after the 12th century. As Hindu kingdoms fell in the eastern and

16717-521: The 7th century where he established a major center of learning and language translation under the patronage of Emperor Taizong. By the early 1st millennium CE, Sanskrit had spread Buddhist and Hindu ideas to Southeast Asia, parts of the East Asia and the Central Asia. It was accepted as a language of high culture and the preferred language by some of the local ruling elites in these regions. According to

16946-702: The Americans. De los Reyes wrote anti-American articles for La Correspondencia de Epaña and other papers. On November 10, 1898, as Spain's loss of the Philippines became imminent, he and Dominador Gómez published Filipinas ante Europa , which had the editorial logo: Contra Norte-America, no; contra el imperialismo, sí, hasta la muerte! (Against the Americans, no; against Imperialism, yes, until death!) It ran for 86 issues between October 25, 1899, and June 10, 1901. After closing, it briefly reappeared as El Defensor de Filipinas , which ran monthly from July 1 to October 1, 1901. After Aguinaldo 's surrender, de los Reyes

17175-632: The Christian God, evoking the impression that the Tagalog religion was monotheistic. Only a few sources include the names of other deities. Also, the missionaries who described the Tagalog religion in the early modern period did emphasize (with only a few exceptions) that the Tagalogs believed in one supreme god as the creator of all things. Their intention was mainly to find an equivalent for the Christian god in order to help them explain Catholic doctrines. Mostly,

17404-425: The Classical Sanskrit language launched ancient Indian speculations about "the nature and function of language", what is the relationship between words and their meanings in the context of a community of speakers, whether this relationship is objective or subjective, discovered or is created, how individuals learn and relate to the world around them through language, and about the limits of language? They speculated on

17633-521: The Dravidian languages borrowed from Sanskrit vocabulary, but they have also affected Sanskrit on deeper levels of structure, "for instance in the domain of phonology where Indo-Aryan retroflexes have been attributed to Dravidian influence". Similarly, Ferenc Ruzca states that all the major shifts in Indo-Aryan phonetics over two millennia can be attributed to the constant influence of a Dravidian language with

17862-513: The Dravidian words and forms, without modifying the word order; but the same thing is not possible in rendering a Persian or English sentence into a non-Indo-Aryan language. Shulman mentions that "Dravidian nonfinite verbal forms (called vinaiyeccam in Tamil) shaped the usage of the Sanskrit nonfinite verbs (originally derived from inflected forms of action nouns in Vedic). This particularly salient case of

18091-566: The Earth/Land". Under this title, Bathala is symbolically represented by a crow/raven ( uwák ), one of the birds associated with the omen of death. Fr. Francisco Colin (1663) compared Maylupà with ancient European deities such as Ceres (an agricultural deity) and Pan (a pastoral deity), which indicates that devotees of Bathala under this title were farmers and herders. 6. Magpalaylay – "the One Fond of Incantations" (‘’laylay’’ meaning “incantation”). The word laylay can also mean reverence, hence

18320-633: The Holy See to send a delegate to look into the conditions of the Philippines. However, de los Reyes discerned that the Holy See was more inclined to listen to the Spanish friars . De los Reyes wrote in Filipinas Ante Europa : Enough of Rome! Let us now form without vacillation our own congregation, a Filipino Church, conserving all that is good in the Roman Church and eliminating all the deceptions which

18549-469: The Indo-Aryan language underwent rapid linguistic change and morphed into the Vedic Sanskrit language. The pre-Classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit . The earliest attested Sanskrit text is the Rigveda , a Hindu scripture from the mid- to late-second millennium BCE. No written records from such an early period survive, if any ever existed, but scholars are generally confident that

18778-507: The Indo-European languages are the Nuristani languages found in the remote Hindu Kush region of northeastern Afghanistan and northwestern Himalayas, as well as the extinct Avestan and Old Persian – both are Iranian languages . Sanskrit belongs to the satem group of the Indo-European languages. Colonial era scholars familiar with Latin and Greek were struck by the resemblance of

19007-521: The Muslim rule in the form of Sultanates, and later the Mughal Empire . Sheldon Pollock characterises the decline of Sanskrit as a long-term "cultural, social, and political change". He dismisses the idea that Sanskrit declined due to "struggle with barbarous invaders", and emphasises factors such as the increasing attractiveness of vernacular language for literary expression. With the fall of Kashmir around

19236-489: The Muslim rulers. Hindu rulers such as Shivaji of the Maratha Empire , reversed the process, by re-adopting Sanskrit and re-asserting their socio-linguistic identity. After Islamic rule disintegrated in South Asia and the colonial rule era began, Sanskrit re-emerged but in the form of a "ghostly existence" in regions such as Bengal. This decline was the result of "political institutions and civic ethos" that did not support

19465-510: The Muslims or to the Malayan Tuan Alla punia Kraja. This is because Bahalà ang May Kapál means "God will take care", a meaning given also in a dictionary to the phrase Bathalà May Kapal . The fact that the phrase Bathalà May Kapál was so often encountered made Rizal presume that it may only have been a copy, and that another source where the word Bathala was used without the denomination May Kapál could not be found. Rizal believed that

19694-554: The Philippine Commission to publish his Defensor de Filipinas , which was refused. On October 31, he appeared before the commission, with Pedro Paterno and Pascual H. Poblete to seek permission to form a political party, the Partido Nacionalista , which was also denied. He wanted to push for a party that would push for independence within the framework of US occupation. Eventually, Poblete persistently managed to form

19923-559: The Philippines who still have some priestesses serving them, such as the Mandayas, offer an explanation. They assert that, as opposed to men, women are more appealing and persuasive toward gods and evil spirits, who are mostly males. Other places in the afterlife besides Kaluwálhatian include Maca or " kasanáan ng tuwa " ("a thousand joys"), where good souls temporarily stay pending reincarnation , and " kasanáan ng hírap " ("a thousand pains"), where bad souls go. Whether or not Dian Masalanta

20152-557: The Philippines, the Unión Obrera Democrática . He is popularly known today as the "Father of Philippine Folklore", the "Father of the Philippine Labor Movement", and the "Father of Filipino Socialism". As a young man, de los Reyes followed his mother 's footsteps by initially turning to writing as a career; his works were part of the 1887 Exposicion General de las Islas Filipinas in Madrid . He later became

20381-399: The Philippines. He believed that once the Americans were repelled, they would be granted autonomy, and should Spain renege, then the already armed Filipinos could take matters to their own hands. He had received assurances from the governor-general Basilio Augustín regarding autonomy, and together with other Filipinos in Spain, offered to return to the Philippines to organize militias to fight

20610-500: The Roman Catholic rite, to which de los Reyes agreed. With his own family spanning Roman Catholic and Aglipayan traditions, de los Reyes was tolerant of religious diversity among his children. Isabelo de los Reyes Jr. (1900–1971), a son from his second marriage with Lopez and whom he shares the same death day with at October 10, although baptized Roman Catholic, was ordained an Aglipayan priest and later became Obispo Máximo IV of

20839-488: The Saṃskṛta language, both in its vocabulary and grammar, to the classical languages of Europe. In The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World , Mallory and Adams illustrate the resemblance with the following examples of cognate forms (with the addition of Old English for further comparison): The correspondences suggest some common root, and historical links between some of

21068-616: The South India, such as the great Vijayanagara Empire , so did Sanskrit. There were exceptions and short periods of imperial support for Sanskrit, mostly concentrated during the reign of the tolerant Mughal emperor Akbar . Muslim rulers patronized the Middle Eastern language and scripts found in Persia and Arabia, and the Indians linguistically adapted to this Persianization to gain employment with

21297-543: The South. Moreover, the Tagalogs did not remember the word Bathala, Batala , or Badhala until it was popularized again by Filipinos when they learned from lightly written chronicles that the indigenous Tagalog God was called Bathalà. 1. Mulayari (Boxer Codex: Mulayri [42r], Molaiari [59r], Molayare [62r]) – In the transcription and translation of the Boxer Codex (1590) by George Bryan Souza and Jeffrey Scott Turley (2015),

21526-454: The Spanish colonial patriarchy. This left Isabelo without a mother as Elías entrusted his six-year-old son to the care of Don Marcelino Crisólogo , a wealthy relative who was also a writer in the vernacular. Crisólogo was married to Felipa Florentino, sister to Leona. Beluco, as he was called in his youth, was enrolled in a grammar school attached to the local seminary run by Augustinians ( Seminario de Vigan ); their harsh discipline made him

21755-490: The Tagalog name for God the Creator in contrast with idols, to which the dictionary gives the collective names anito and lic-ha , or statues. The friars believed that the anitos were demons who led the Tagalogs away from the worship of God, but Bathala was the exception to this as he was similar to the Christian concept of the Creator. The people learned to incorporate Catholic elements into some of their traditional rituals such as

21984-745: The Tagalogs and Kapampangans of Luzon used the word "anito" instead of the word "diwata", which was more predominant in the Visayan regions. This indicated that those peoples of Luzon were less influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist beliefs of the Madjapahit empire than the Visayans were. In modern Tagalog, diwata means fairy or nymph. It refers particularly to feminine nature spirits of extraordinary beauty, like Maria Makiling . 3. Maykapál ( Meicapal , Meycapal ) – "Owner of what has been shaped". The title or epithet Maykapal

22213-417: The Tagalogs never pronounced the name of their God, just as they did not pronounce the names of their parents, especially before strangers whom they considered their greatest enemies. He believed that they only called him Maykapál , a designation still used and understood by most Tagalogs today. He also pointed out that there was no trace at all of the name Bathalà among the Tagalogs in the local towns despite

22442-470: The Tagalogs' religion, as they observed that, despite the people's belief and respect to the omnipotent Bathala, they also offered sacrifices to ancestral spirits called anitos . Miguel de Loarca (Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas, 1582) asked Tagalogs why holocausts were offered to anitos and not to Bathala. The Tagalogs answered that Bathala was a great lord, and no one could speak to him directly because he lived in heaven ( Kaluwálhatian ), so he sent down

22671-459: The Tagalogs, 2018), no sun deity allegedly worshipped or venerated by the ancient Tagalogs was mentioned in Spanish chronicles. The ancient Indian [ Indio i.e. the Tagalogs] name for God was Bathala , to whom they attributed the creation of the world. Remnants of the old idolatry remain among the people, and the names of some of the idols are preserved. A few phrases are still retained, especially in

22900-518: The Tirurays worshipped Linog , meaning "earthquake", who, as the god of marriage, advised the first man and woman to mate and populate the earth. Bathala Meycapal , therefore, is identified with the Tiruray's god of marriage, linking him to another Tagalog deity named Dian Masalanta . Dian Masalanta is an idol who was mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos" (1589) as

23129-439: The UOD's membership was estimated at twenty thousand. As conceived by de los Reyes, the UOD's aim was to "achieve the longed-for alliance between capital and labor" by bringing together workers and employers in a spirit of friendship, mutual respect, and recognized interdependence. De los Reyes also wished to enlighten the masses as a prerequisite to modern nationhood. In this end, he organized veladas instructivo-recreativas as

23358-447: The Vedic Sanskrit in these books of the Ṛg-veda "hardly presents any dialectical diversity", states Louis Renou – an Indologist known for his scholarship of the Sanskrit literature and the Ṛg-veda in particular. According to Renou, this implies that the Vedic Sanskrit language had a "set linguistic pattern" by the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE. Beyond the Ṛg-veda, the ancient literature in Vedic Sanskrit that has survived into

23587-451: The Vedic Sanskrit's bahulam framework, to respect liberty and creativity so that individual writers separated by geography or time would have the choice to express facts and their views in their own way, where tradition followed competitive forms of the Sanskrit language. The phonetic differences between Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit, as discerned from the current state of the surviving literature, are negligible when compared to

23816-730: The Virgin Mary. In 1884, de los Reyes was married to Josefa Hizon Sevilla, his first wife. Sevilla was the daughter of Gregorio Sevilla, the capitan of Malabon. Shortly after, the couple started a pawnshop, which failed. They also opened a bookstore, which similarly failed because de los Reyes "refused to sell the good ones". Eventually, they were able to build a modest fortune as a commercial agent of rice, tobacco, indigo, and other products. During this time, de los Reyes published in rapid succession multiple works: Ilocandias (1887), Articulos Varios (1887), Las Islas Visayas en la epoca de la conquista (1889), Historia de Filipinas (1889), and

24045-455: The alphabet, the structure of words, and its exacting grammar into a "collection of sounds, a kind of sublime musical mold" as an integral language they called Saṃskṛta . From the late Vedic period onwards, state Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus, resonating sound and its musical foundations attracted an "exceptionally large amount of linguistic, philosophical and religious literature" in India. Sound

24274-461: The ancient Tagalogs got the idea of the origin of earthquakes. In modern Tagalog mythology, earthquakes are caused by a messianic figure named Bernardo Carpio , the King of the Tagalogs, who was trapped between the boulders in the mountains of Montalban . In contrast to the gigantic subterranean crocodile, the ancient Tagalogs also believed in the existence of a gigantic celestial bird which made its nest in

24503-422: The ancient Tagalogs that killing one was considered taboo. When a crocodile died, they anointed it with sesame oil, enshrouded it in a mat and buried it. This is also reported about the tuko (gecko), a venomous lizard. San Buenaventura questioned the Tagalogs for tolerating monitor lizards ( bayawak ), saurians fond of eggs and chicken and therefore dangerous to poultry: "Ano’t di ninyo siluin itong bayawak?" (How

24732-455: The ancient Tagalogs’ creation myth, the first man and woman sprang forth from a bamboo, which was the most common writing material of pre-Hispanic Filipinos. 8. Anatala – A corruption of the Arabic expression ‘Allah-ta’ala which means "God, be exalted". It probably reached Tagalog through Malay or Maranao , where the Arabic expression is read "Alataala" . Because the expression ended in "-a", Spanish inquisitors thought that it referred to

24961-413: The anitos to provide for them. They placed their ancestors, the invocation of whom was the first thing in all their work and dangers, among these anitos. The function of the anitos, therefore, was similar to that of liminal deities in polytheistic religions who serve as intermediaries between mortals and the divine, such as Agni (Hindu) and Janus (Roman) who hold the access to divine realms, hence

25190-498: The bird tigmamanukin ( tigmamanuquin ) to which they also attributed the name Bathala. Plasencia (1589), Chirino (1604), and Colin (1663) described this bird as blue in color and as large as a thrush or turtledove. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson identified this bird as the Philippine fairy-bluebird ( Irena cyanogastra ). Although the Boxer Codex described it as "reddish blue and black", Antonio de Morga spoke of

25419-426: The bird as "yellow colored", which was the color of beauty for the early Tagalogs and had religious significance to them. According to Morga, the bird tigmamanukin —as described by Chirino and Colin—could be either inexistent or extinct, since there is no known blue bird of the same size as a thrush; however, there is a similar yellow (though not completely so) bird called kuliawan ( golden oriole ). The name Bathala

25648-423: The birds and fish to see what should be done with these two, and it was decided that they should marry. Many children were born to the couple, and from them came all the different races of people. After a while the parents grew very tired of having so many idle and useless children around, and they wished to be rid of them, but they knew of no place to send them to. Time went on and the children became so numerous that

25877-440: The capacity to understand the old Prakrit languages such as Ardhamagadhi . A section of European scholars state that Sanskrit was never a spoken language. However, evidences shows that Sanskrit was a spoken language, essential for oral tradition that preserved the vast number of Sanskrit manuscripts from ancient India. The textual evidence in the works of Yaksa, Panini, and Patanajali affirms that Classical Sanskrit in their era

26106-462: The civil service, and filed resolutions urging immediate and absolute independence of the Philippines. De los Reyes also met and married María Lim, a mestiza de sangley from Tondo. They married in the independent Aglipayan Church, which de los Reyes had helped found. She would eventually die in childbirth in 1923. As she was dying, she asked de los Reyes that they be married in the Roman Catholic rite, to which he agreed. Beginning his campaign for

26335-538: The climate. After a few months, he brought her to Tokyo to recuperate. Lopez died on February 10, 1910, while giving birth to twin daughters. In 1912 at the age of 48, de los Reyes was elected a board member (councilor) of Manila , and began his political career. Winning re-election, he served until 1919. He ran as a candidate for the labor-based group called the Union Reformista . As board member, he worked on social welfare ordinances, pushed for "Filipinization" of

26564-517: The close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages , vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages , and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna. The pre-history of Indo-Aryan languages which preceded Vedic Sanskrit is unclear and various hypotheses place it over a fairly wide limit. According to Thomas Burrow, based on

26793-419: The clouds. It is not clear, however, whether this bird is associated with the primordial kite/glede that initiated the series of events which led to the creation of the world and humankind. According to Colin, the Tagalogs believed that the first man and woman sprang from a bamboo pole pecked by a bird they called Tigmamanokin to which they applied the name of their god Bathala. According to Father San Agustin,

27022-509: The concerns of mortal men . The early Tagalogs believed that, on the birth of every child, the god Bathala appointed a lesser spirit, whom they also called Bathala , as guardian or Bathala Catotobo ( Katutubo ), identified by Father Noceda as a guardian angel . The god Bathala also guided people through omens and prophetic dreams . The souls of those who perished by the sword, were devoured by crocodiles, or killed by lightning immediately would ascend to Kaluwálhatian (glory) by means of

27251-609: The context of a speech or language, is found in verses 5.28.17–19 of the Ramayana . Outside the learned sphere of written Classical Sanskrit, vernacular colloquial dialects ( Prakrits ) continued to evolve. Sanskrit co-existed with numerous other Prakrit languages of ancient India. The Prakrit languages of India also have ancient roots and some Sanskrit scholars have called these Apabhramsa , literally 'spoiled'. The Vedic literature includes words whose phonetic equivalent are not found in other Indo-European languages but which are found in

27480-545: The country in 1902. He also was active in seeking independence from the United States . After serving in the Philippine Senate in the 1920s, he settled into private life and religious writing. De los Reyes wrote on diverse topics in history, folklore, language, politics, and religion. He had a total of 27 children with three successive wives from getting widowed each time; he survived all his wives. Isabelo de los Reyes

27709-467: The country to rally people to the new church. He also directed the Church publications Boletin de la Iglesia Filipina Independiente and La Iglesia Filipina Independiente: Revista Catolica . He also turned his residence into a temporary seminary. In 1929, de los Reyes was appointed an honorary bishop, a position he held until his death. In this capacity, he wrote multiple devotional and doctrinal texts such as

27938-406: The creator and preserver of all things), Mulayri , Molaiari , Molayare , and Dioata in the Boxer Codex (1590), Anatala and Ang Maygawâ in "Carta sobre la idolatria de los naturales de la provincia de Zambales, y de los del pueblo de Santo Tomas y otros circunvecinos" (1686–1688) by Felipe Pardo, O.P. , and Bathala mei Capal and Diuata in "The history of Sumatra: containing an account of

28167-529: The crocodile/cayman/alligator ( buwaya ). Excerpts from the Boxer Codex (1590): The Moors [i.e. the Tagalogs from Manila] of the Philippines have that the world, earth, and sky, and all other things that are in them, were created and made by only one god, whom they calls in their language Bachtala , napal nanca , calgna salahat , which means "God, creator and preserver of all things", and by another name they call him Mulayri . They said that this god of theirs

28396-591: The crystallization of Classical Sanskrit. As in this period the Indo-Aryan tribes had not yet made contact with the inhabitants of the South of the subcontinent, this suggests a significant presence of Dravidian speakers in North India (the central Gangetic plain and the classical Madhyadeśa) who were instrumental in this substratal influence on Sanskrit. Extant manuscripts in Sanskrit number over 30 million, one hundred times those in Greek and Latin combined, constituting

28625-467: The detailed and sophisticated treatise then transmitted it through his students. Modern scholarship generally accepts that he knew of a form of writing, based on references to words such as Lipi ('script') and lipikara ('scribe') in section 3.2 of the Aṣṭādhyāyī . The Classical Sanskrit language formalized by Pāṇini, states Renou, is "not an impoverished language", rather it is "a controlled and

28854-463: The diabolical astuteness of the cunning Romanists had introduced to corrupt the moral purity and sacredness of the doctrines of Christ... On his return to the Philippines in 1901, de los Reyes campaigned for the establishment of a Filipino Church independent from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church . On August 3, 1902, with the help of Pascual H. Poblete and other members of the UOD,

29083-467: The differences between the Vedic and Classical Sanskrit. Louis Renou published in 1956, in French, a more extensive discussion of the similarities, the differences and the evolution of the Vedic Sanskrit within the Vedic period and then to the Classical Sanskrit along with his views on the history. This work has been translated by Jagbans Balbir. The earliest known use of the word Saṃskṛta (Sanskrit), in

29312-456: The distant major ancient languages of the world. The Indo-Aryan migrations theory explains the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages by proposing that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in South Asia from a region of common origin, somewhere north-west of the Indus region , during the early 2nd millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes

29541-480: The era's standards, which later on marshalled to his support for Philippine revolution as an adult. In 1887, at the age of 23, del Pan compiled de los Reyes' articles and submitted them to the Exposición General de las Islas Filipinas in Madrid , where he won a silver medal. These articles would eventually become one of his most important contributions to Philippine studies, El Folk-lore Filipino . Folk-Lore

29770-519: The exclusion of Chinese immigrant labor, and parity of Filipinos and Americans in the civil service. De los Reyes left the Philippines in February 1903 for a vacation, going to Japan and Hong Kong. He also sought to continue his translation of the bible and to oversee its printing in Yokohama , although others suggest that his true purpose was to meet with Filipino revolutionary general Artemio Ricarte , who

29999-423: The fact that they used words such as Tikbalang , Asuang , Anito , Nunò , Tiyanak , etc. and retained many pagan usages, traditions, legends, and stories. He believed that the old missionaries did not take much interest in getting to know the religion of the Tagalogs. On account of their religious zeal, the missionaries considered the Tagalogs' religion unworthy and diabolical, and as a result, they never undertook

30228-497: The father of Batla, is the source of the omnipotent virtue called Busao , which takes possession of the Baylans (Priestesses) and the Baganis (Warriors) while they are in a trance , making them strong and valiant above other men. In other ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines, the term Busao refers to demons, monsters, and/or the spirit or god of calamity. In the Mandayan language,

30457-543: The first language of the respective speakers. The Sanskrit language brought Indo-Aryan speaking people together, particularly its elite scholars. Some of these scholars of Indian history regionally produced vernacularized Sanskrit to reach wider audiences, as evidenced by texts discovered in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Once the audience became familiar with the easier to understand vernacularized version of Sanskrit, those interested could graduate from colloquial Sanskrit to

30686-478: The first man and woman were produced from a bamboo pole which burst in the island of Sumatra, and they quarreled about their marriage. A paper by Catalina Villaruz, written in about 1920 and now in the H. Otley Beyer manuscript collection, reports that the Southern Luzon Tagalogs believed that the first man started his life inside a bamboo pole. He grew, the bamboo cracked, and out he came. The same story

30915-556: The first names ever given to god, which developed into the Dewas and Diwatas of all the Malayan nations. Masalanta (devastating) comes from the root word salanta , which is listeded in the "Noceda and Sanlucar Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala (1754)" and the "San Buenaventura dictionary (1613)" as meaning "poor, needy, crippled, and blind". Generally, the words magsalanta and nasalanta , which mean "is destroyed/devastated", are used to refer to

31144-470: The folklore of Ilocos, Malabon, and Zambales. His father Elias died in 1883, thus allowing him to visit his feminist mother for the first time in around 14 years. Before his mother Leona passed away a year later due to tuberculoses, Isabelo, who was around aged 20 at the time, reconnected ties with her as mother and son. Leona died on October 4, 1884 and was buried in her hometown of Vigan. Her progressive ideals and feminist literary works were given recognition

31373-412: The foundation of Vyākaraṇa, a Vedānga . The Aṣṭādhyāyī was not the first description of Sanskrit grammar, but it is the earliest that has survived in full, and the culmination of a long grammatical tradition that Fortson says, is "one of the intellectual wonders of the ancient world". Pāṇini cites ten scholars on the phonological and grammatical aspects of the Sanskrit language before him, as well as

31602-537: The gods Varuna, Mitra, Indra, and Nasatya found in the earliest layers of the Vedic literature. O Bṛhaspati, when in giving names they first set forth the beginning of Language, Their most excellent and spotless secret was laid bare through love, When the wise ones formed Language with their mind, purifying it like grain with a winnowing fan, Then friends knew friendships – an auspicious mark placed on their language. — Rigveda 10.71.1–4 Translated by Roger Woodard The Vedic Sanskrit found in

31831-460: The government, laws, customs and manners of the native inhabitants, with a description of the natural productions, and a relation of the ancient political state of that island." (1784) by William Marsden . The true name of this deity, however, is actually unknown, and the ancient Tagalogs usually referred to and addressed him under several titles and epithets. Jose Rizal , in his letter to his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt (17 April 1890), wrote that

32060-572: The highest supreme being. In Bla'an mythology, Diwatà is one of the four primordial beings. According to some Bla'ans, Diwatà and Melu (the Creator) were brothers, and because Diwatà was older than Melu , Christian Bible translators chose Diwatà to refer to the Christian God. Among the Tagbanwa people , Diwatà is another name for the supreme deity Mangindusa . In the Kaharingan religion of Borneo ,

32289-431: The historic Sanskrit literary culture and the failure of new Sanskrit literature to assimilate into the changing cultural and political environment. Sheldon Pollock states that in some crucial way, "Sanskrit is dead ". After the 12th century, the Sanskrit literary works were reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses. This contrasted with

32518-429: The house later became the chiefs of the islands; and those who concealed themselves in the walls became slaves. Those who ran outside were free men; and those who hid in the fireplace became negroes; while those who fled to the sea were gone many years, and when their children came back they were the white people. These creation myths refer to what is known by theologians as a "second creation". This conception presupposes

32747-478: The intense change that must have occurred in the pre-Vedic period between the Proto-Indo-Aryan language and Vedic Sanskrit. The noticeable differences between the Vedic and the Classical Sanskrit include the much-expanded grammar and grammatical categories as well as the differences in the accent, the semantics and the syntax. There are also some differences between how some of the nouns and verbs end, as well as

32976-432: The largest cultural heritage that any civilization has produced prior to the invention of the printing press. — Foreword of Sanskrit Computational Linguistics (2009), Gérard Huet, Amba Kulkarni and Peter Scharf Sanskrit has been the predominant language of Hindu texts encompassing a rich tradition of philosophical and religious texts, as well as poetry, music, drama , scientific , technical and others. It

33205-412: The linguistic expression and sets the standard for the Sanskrit language. Pāṇini made use of a technical metalanguage consisting of a syntax, morphology and lexicon. This metalanguage is organised according to a series of meta-rules, some of which are explicitly stated while others can be deduced. Despite differences in the analysis from that of modern linguistics, Pāṇini's work has been found valuable and

33434-503: The literary works. The Indian tradition, states Winternitz , has favored the learning and the usage of multiple languages from the ancient times. Sanskrit was a spoken language in the educated and the elite classes, but it was also a language that must have been understood in a wider circle of society because the widely popular folk epics and stories such as the Ramayana , the Mahabharata ,

33663-404: The man came out of one joint, and the woman out of the other. These were soon after married by consent of their god, Bathala Meycapal , which caused the first trembling of the earth; and from thence are descended the different nations of the world. From Philippine Folktales (1916) by Mabel Cook Cole : When the world first began there was no land, but only the sea and the sky, and between them

33892-451: The men and their generations that are in the world. these people feared and revered a god, maker of all things, who some call him Bathala , others Molaiari , others Dioata and, although they confess this god as the maker of all things, they do not even know nor do they know when or how he did or what for, and that his dwelling place is in heaven. Every time the chiefs eat, they put a little of everything they eat or drink in small plates on

34121-501: The modern age include the Samaveda , Yajurveda , Atharvaveda , along with the embedded and layered Vedic texts such as the Brahmanas , Aranyakas , and the early Upanishads . These Vedic documents reflect the dialects of Sanskrit found in the various parts of the northwestern, northern, and eastern Indian subcontinent. According to Michael Witzel, Vedic Sanskrit was a spoken language of

34350-429: The more advanced Classical Sanskrit. Rituals and the rites-of-passage ceremonies have been and continue to be the other occasions where a wide spectrum of people hear Sanskrit, and occasionally join in to speak some Sanskrit words such as namah . Classical Sanskrit is the standard register as laid out in the grammar of Pāṇini , around the fourth century BCE. Its position in the cultures of Greater India

34579-401: The most advanced analysis of linguistics until the twentieth century. Pāṇini's comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the start of Classical Sanskrit. His systematic treatise inspired and made Sanskrit the preeminent Indian language of learning and literature for two millennia. It is unclear whether Pāṇini himself wrote his treatise or he orally created

34808-593: The most archaic poems of the Iranian and Greek language families, the Gathas of old Avestan and Iliad of Homer . As the Rigveda was orally transmitted by methods of memorisation of exceptional complexity, rigour and fidelity, as a single text without variant readings, its preserved archaic syntax and morphology are of vital importance in the reconstruction of the common ancestor language Proto-Indo-European . Sanskrit does not have an attested native script: from around

35037-409: The mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across northern Pakistan and into northwestern India. Vedic Sanskrit interacted with the preexisting ancient languages of the subcontinent, absorbing names of newly encountered plants and animals; in addition, the ancient Dravidian languages influenced Sanskrit's phonology and syntax. Sanskrit can also more narrowly refer to Classical Sanskrit ,

35266-412: The name could also mean "the blinding light" ( Sun ?) assuming that the original spelling of the name in Tagalog was Diyang Masalanta, from Sanskrit Dia or Diya meaning "lamp or light"/ In the Malay language, Dian means candle. Dia is also the name of the supreme god of the early Visayans according to Blumentritt, which some scholars believed was derived from Sanskrit Dyu "bright shining sky", one of

35495-435: The northwest in the late Bronze Age . Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism , the language of classical Hindu philosophy , and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism . It was a link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture , and of

35724-535: The numbers are thought to signify a wish to be aligned with the prestige of the language. Sanskrit has been taught in traditional gurukulas since ancient times; it is widely taught today at the secondary school level. The oldest Sanskrit college is the Benares Sanskrit College founded in 1791 during East India Company rule . Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial and ritual language in Hindu and Buddhist hymns and chants . In Sanskrit,

35953-530: The opinion of these chroniclers (some of whom might be Crypto-Jews ) that the ancient Tagalogs worshipped the anitos as gods and goddesses ( aniteria ), arguing that "in actual prayers, they were petitioned directly, not as intermediaries". Scott cites the example of a farmer's prayer to the anito named Lakapati , where a child would be held over a field, and the farmer would pray: " Lakapati, pakanin mo yaring alipin mo; huwag mong gutumin [Lakapati feed this thy slave; let him not hunger]". However, Scott—who himself

36182-403: The oral transmission of the texts is reliable: they are ceremonial literature, where the exact phonetic expression and its preservation were a part of the historic tradition. However some scholars have suggested that the original Ṛg-veda differed in some fundamental ways in phonology compared to the sole surviving version available to us. In particular that retroflex consonants did not exist as

36411-431: The other." Reinöhl further states that there is a symmetric relationship between Dravidian languages like Kannada or Tamil, with Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali or Hindi, whereas the same relationship is not found for non-Indo-Aryan languages, for example, Persian or English: A sentence in a Dravidian language like Tamil or Kannada becomes ordinarily good Bengali or Hindi by substituting Bengali or Hindi equivalents for

36640-406: The parents enjoyed no peace. One day, in desperation, the father seized a stick and began beating them on all sides. This so frightened the children that they fled in different directions, seeking hidden rooms in the house—some concealed themselves in the walls, some ran outside, while others hid in the fireplace, and several fled to the sea. Now it happened that those who went into the hidden rooms of

36869-401: The patron of lovers and procreation. Dian Masalanta is also correlated by some scholars to an unnamed Tagalog deity, referred to by the contemporary of Plasencia as Alpriapo . This deity is often misidentified as the goddess of childbirth by modern writers , despite the fact that Plasencia used the masculine patron instead of the feminine patrona (patroness). The true anito of childbirth

37098-453: The people of Manila Moros for a very long time, as it served as a reason or justification for the Spaniards to seize and enslave them. The English translation of the Boxer Codex (1590) by Souza and Turley renders " Bachtala, napalnanca, calgna salahat " as " Bathala na may kapangyarihan sa lahat " which is translated into English as "God who has power over everything". The exact translation of "God, creator and preserver of all things" in Tagalog

37327-522: The political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting impact on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Old Indo-Aryan language varieties. The most archaic of these is the Vedic Sanskrit found in the Rigveda , a collection of 1,028 hymns composed between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE by Indo-Aryan tribes migrating east from

37556-414: The possible influence of Dravidian on Sanskrit is only one of many items of syntactic assimilation, not least among them the large repertoire of morphological modality and aspect that, once one knows to look for it, can be found everywhere in classical and postclassical Sanskrit". The main influence of Dravidian on Sanskrit is found to have been concentrated in the timespan between the late Vedic period and

37785-452: The prefix man indicates paternity, being or dominion, while the word silatan means 'east', the direction of the rising sun. Among the ancient Tagalogs, there existed a doctrine—which, according to Chirino (1601–1604), was sown by the Devil—that a woman who did not have a lover, whether married or single, could not be saved. They said that this man, in the other world, would hasten to offer

38014-520: The press parts were fabricated by Vigan artisans and he hired Ilocanos as printshop personnel. Aside from El Ilocano , de los Reyes also published the periodicals La Lectura Popular (1890–1892), a Tagalog biweekly joint venture with Jose de Jesus, and El Minicipio Filipino (1894), a short-lived Spanish-Tagalog magazine devoted to colonial jurisprudence. As the Philippine Revolution of 1896 began, multiple personalities suspected of being

38243-439: The previous 1,500 years when "great experiments in moral and aesthetic imagination" marked the Indian scholarship using Classical Sanskrit, states Pollock. Scholars maintain that the Sanskrit language did not die, but rather only declined. Jurgen Hanneder disagrees with Pollock, finding his arguments elegant but "often arbitrary". According to Hanneder, a decline or regional absence of creative and innovative literature constitutes

38472-480: The problems of interpretation and misunderstanding. The purifying structure of the Sanskrit language removes these imperfections. The early Sanskrit grammarian Daṇḍin states, for example, that much in the Prakrit languages is etymologically rooted in Sanskrit, but involves "loss of sounds" and corruptions that result from a "disregard of the grammar". Daṇḍin acknowledged that there are words and confusing structures in Prakrit that thrive independent of Sanskrit. This view

38701-424: The rainbow ( balangaw ). Bathala is the subject of sacred songs such as Diona and Tulingdao , wherein performers invoke him to prevent flood, drought, and pests and to grant them plentiful harvest and a beautiful field. The people of Indang and Alfonso, Cavite conducted Sanghiyang rituals as an offering to Bathala for a bountiful harvest, healing, a recovery from illness, or deliverance from death. The ritual

38930-514: The reason why they are invoked first and are the first to receive offerings, regardless of the deity that one wants to pray to. The anitos—just like the loa of Haitian Vodou —are not considered gods and goddesses but merely messengers, intermediaries, and advocates ( abogado ) of the people to the Supreme Being . This is similar in concept to Neoplatonism wherein spiritual beings called daimones carry divine things to mortals and mortal things to

39159-596: The regional Prakrit languages, which makes it likely that the interaction, the sharing of words and ideas began early in the Indian history. As the Indian thought diversified and challenged earlier beliefs of Hinduism, particularly in the form of Buddhism and Jainism , the Prakrit languages such as Pali in Theravada Buddhism and Ardhamagadhi in Jainism competed with Sanskrit in the ancient times. However, states Paul Dundas , these ancient Prakrit languages had "roughly

39388-490: The relationship between various Indo-European languages, the origin of all these languages may possibly be in what is now Central or Eastern Europe, while the Indo-Iranian group possibly arose in Central Russia. The Iranian and Indo-Aryan branches separated quite early. It is the Indo-Aryan branch that moved into eastern Iran and then south into South Asia in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. Once in ancient India,

39617-629: The remoter parts, as for example, "Magpabathala ca" (Let the will of Bathala be done), and the priest have been generally willing to recognize the name as not objectionable in substitution for Dios . The Tagal word adopted for Idolatry is Pagaanito , but to the worship of images they give the term Anito . During the conversion of the Tagalogs to Christianity, the katalonan (shamans) were condemned by Spaniard missionaries as witches and were forced to convert. Ancestral and nature spirits were demonised, sometimes conflated with Biblical demons. The dictionary of Fray Domingo de los Santos gives Bathala as

39846-558: The role of language, the ontological status of painting word-images through sound, and the need for rules so that it can serve as a means for a community of speakers, separated by geography or time, to share and understand profound ideas from each other. These speculations became particularly important to the Mīmāṃsā and the Nyaya schools of Hindu philosophy, and later to Vedanta and Mahayana Buddhism, states Frits Staal —a scholar of Linguistics with

40075-535: The same idea signified in the words Diwa and uata differing only in their transposition.... In closing, we may note that Dewa in Malay, Déwa in Javanese, Sunda, Makasar, and Day[ak?], Deva in Maguindanao, and Djebata in Bornean, signify 'the supreme God,’ or 'Divinity." In the Tagalog language, diwa means "spirit, thought, idea, central point, sense". According to Demetrio, Cordero-Fernando, and Nakpil Zialcita,

40304-491: The same relationship to Sanskrit as medieval Italian does to Latin". The Indian tradition states that the Buddha and the Mahavira preferred the Prakrit language so that everyone could understand it. However, scholars such as Dundas have questioned this hypothesis. They state that there is no evidence for this and whatever evidence is available suggests that by the start of the common era, hardly anybody other than learned monks had

40533-422: The schism, before realizing the futility of staying outside it. In September 1902, he accepted de los Reyes' offer for the position of Obispo Maximo ( Supreme Bishop ) and subsequently got consecrated to episcopacy and in turn, also consecrated some other bishops for the new church. De los Reyes, who was also later excommunicated formally by the Roman Catholic Church as a schismatic apostate , traveled all over

40762-415: The sea and the sky in peace. Now at this time the land breeze and the sea breeze were married, and they had a child which was a bamboo. One day when this bamboo was floating about on the water, it struck the feet of the kite which was on the beach. The bird, angry that anything should strike it, pecked at the bamboo, and out of one section came a man and from the other a woman. Then the earthquake called on all

40991-551: The semi-nomadic Aryans . The Vedic Sanskrit language or a closely related Indo-European variant was recognized beyond ancient India as evidenced by the " Mitanni Treaty" between the ancient Hittite and Mitanni people, carved into a rock, in a region that now includes parts of Syria and Turkey. Parts of this treaty, such as the names of the Mitanni princes and technical terms related to horse training, for reasons not understood, are in early forms of Vedic Sanskrit. The treaty also invokes

41220-551: The senate in 1921, in 1922, de los Reyes won a Senate seat in an election serving alongside Santiago Fonacier , and later with Elpidio Quirino , to represent the First Senatorial District . As senator, he brokered projects, appointments, and other forms of patronage for his constituents. He was known for crying out "Enough of this nonsense!" whenever he was exasperated with debates on the Senate floor. De los Reyes suffered

41449-526: The short-lived Partido Nacionalista (predecessor of the Nacionalista Party ), which de los Reyes had also joined. He was eventually named its leader. In tandem with party building, de los Reyes also set about organizing a workers' movement in the Philippines. In 1901 to 1902, Hermenegildo Cruz and other members of the Carmelo and Bauermann publishing house approached de los Reyes to seek advice in forming

41678-404: The sky, which, in order to keep it in bounds, and that it should not get uppermost, loaded the water with a number of islands, in which the glede might settle and leave them at peace. Mankind they said, sprang out of a large cane with two joints, that, floating about in the water, was at length thrown by the waves against the feet of the glede, as it stood on shore, which opened it with its bill, and

41907-555: The sky-world's own anito (deity) is the Sun which is symbolized by a bird. However, there is no evidence or documentations directly referring to or describing Bathala as a solar deity. The Hiligaynon anthropologist F. Landa Jocano mentioned Apolaki as the solar and war god of the ancient Tagalogs, who is actually the supreme god of the ancient Pangasinans, alternatively addressed by them as Anagaoley or Ama-Gaoley (Supreme Father). According to Jean-Paul G. Potet (Ancient Beliefs and Customs of

42136-594: The social structures such as the role of the poet and the priests, the patronage economy, the phrasal equations, and some of the poetic metres. While there are similarities, state Jamison and Brereton, there are also differences between Vedic Sanskrit, the Old Avestan, and the Mycenaean Greek literature. For example, unlike the Sanskrit similes in the Ṛg-veda, the Old Avestan Gathas lack simile entirely, and it

42365-467: The sun in Vedic religion). The ancient Tagalogs believed that the rainbow ( balangaw ) was either Bathala's bridge ( balaghari ) or loincloth ( bahaghari ). The rainbow was regarded as a divine sign, and it was considered blasphemy to point one's finger at it. The Tagalogs today still use the expression harinawa , which means "God willing" or "may God wills it". In an article written by Lorenz Lasco in Dalumat Ejournal, he cited that, in Philippine mythologies,

42594-439: The supreme god Hatala (represented as a hornbill Tingang ) gave his reflection on the primeval waters the name Jata (represented as a watersnake Tambon ). In unity, they were known as Jatatala which was considered a male deity as a whole. However, Jata represented the Underworld, the Earth, and the feminine aspect of God, while Hatala represented the Upperworld, the Sun, and the masculine aspect of God. The name "Jata"

42823-542: The table as an offering to the anitos and the Molayare or Batala , creator of all things. Excerpt from Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas by Miguel de Loarca (1582): According to the religion formerly observed by these Moros, they worshiped a deity called among them Batala , which properly means "God." They said that they adored this Batala because he was the Lord of all, and had created human beings and villages. They said that this Batala had many agents under him, whom he sent to this world to produce, in behalf of men, what

43052-420: The term kalaylayan (your reverence), which early Tagalog men with children used to address their fathers. 7. Lumikhâ – "Creator". In the Old Tagalog language, the word likhâ also referred to the statuettes of the anitos . In modern Tagalog, including Filipino, it mainly refers to and means "creation". The word likhâ was derived from the Sanskrit word lekha , which means "drawing, picture or writing". In

43281-532: The term is widely associated with Indonesian Dharmism which developed in ancient Java and Bali more than a millennium ago. However, the term actually has an older origin: it has its root in indigenous animistic and dynamistic beliefs of the Austronesian people inhabiting the Nusantara archipelago. The Hyang concept is indigenously developed in the archipelago and is not considered to have originated from Indian dharmic religions. The early Tagalogs believed that Bathala revealed his will through omens by sending

43510-417: The titles of their chapters on the Tagalog religion suggest that they intended to portray the religion as a "false religion" or "superstition", despite their constant wondering whether or not the "new peoples" they claimed to have discovered already had some knowledge of the Gospel . Although Bathala can only be reached through the agency of the anitos, he is not a distant deity too mighty to be bothered with

43739-535: The turn of the 1st-millennium CE, it has been written in various Brahmic scripts , and in the modern era most commonly in Devanagari . Sanskrit's status, function, and place in India's cultural heritage are recognized by its inclusion in the Constitution of India 's Eighth Schedule languages . However, despite attempts at revival, there are no first-language speakers of Sanskrit in India. In each of India's recent decennial censuses, several thousand citizens have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue, but

43968-421: The two components, as in Malay, points at the Bruneian period for the time when it was coined". The word yari also means "made, finished or complete, etc." Thus, the meaning of Mulayari is also similar to that of Mulajadi ("Beginning of Becoming"), which is the name of the creator deity of the Batak people of Indonesia . The Tagalog and Malay word mula is derived from Sanskrit mula , meaning "root", while

44197-423: The two-volume Historia de Ilocos (1890). These and other works won him a measure of recognition as a scholar. By 1889, he was listed as a corresponding or honorary member of societies such as the Imperial y Real Sociedad Geografica de Vienna , Academia Indo-China de Francia , and the Sociedad Española de Geografia Comercial . In 1889 he founded El Ilocano , said to be the first newspaper written solely in

44426-408: The variants in the usage of Sanskrit in different regions of India. The ten Vedic scholars he quotes are Āpiśali, Kaśyapa , Gārgya, Gālava, Cakravarmaṇa, Bhāradvāja , Śākaṭāyana, Śākalya, Senaka and Sphoṭāyana. In the Aṣṭādhyāyī , language is observed in a manner that has no parallel among Greek or Latin grammarians. Pāṇini's grammar, according to Renou and Filliozat, is a classic that defines

44655-564: The vernacular Prakrits. Many Sanskrit dramas indicate that the language coexisted with the vernacular Prakrits. The cities of Varanasi , Paithan , Pune and Kanchipuram were centers of classical Sanskrit learning and public debates until the arrival of the colonial era. According to Lamotte , Sanskrit became the dominant literary and inscriptional language because of its precision in communication. It was, states Lamotte, an ideal instrument for presenting ideas, and as knowledge in Sanskrit multiplied, so did its spread and influence. Sanskrit

44884-451: The woman his hand at the passage of a very perilous stream which had no other bridge than a very narrow beam, which was traversed to reach the repose that they call Kaluwálhatian i.e. Bathala's abode. Hence, virginity was not recognized or esteemed among them; rather, they considered it a misfortune and a humiliation. This doctrine explains why most religious ministers ( catalonas ) among the ancient Tagalogs were women. Some minority tribes in

45113-435: The woman into the man’s arm. Only thus were they married and the earth populated". Francisco Colin identified the "earthquake" in the creation myth as a god. Based on the version of the creation myth provided by William Marsden (1784), the ancient Tagalogs viewed the "earthquake" as a  manifestation of Bathala Maykapal . However, Pedro Chirino in his writings did not speak of the "earthquake", nor did he believe that it

45342-423: The word May-ari ("Owner" or "Owner of Property") is used instead of the original spelling Mulayri . The footnote explains: "Q&G, 419, gloss this Tagalog term as "an indirect appellation of God"". According to the author Jean-Paul G. Potet (Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs, 2018) "Its compounds are mula "origin" and yari "power", therefore it means " Source of Power ". The absence of linker between

45571-440: The word Bathala was an error of Chirino or some missionary older than or ahead of him who had been copied by subsequent historians, because, according to him, the majority of the historians of the Philippines were mere copyists. He believed that the phrase Bathalà/Maykapál that was adopted by other historians after Chirino was nothing more than the phrase Bahala ang Maykapal wrongly written; that is, equivalent to Alla or Alah of

45800-446: The Ṛg-veda is distinctly more archaic than other Vedic texts, and in many respects, the Rigvedic language is notably more similar to those found in the archaic texts of Old Avestan Zoroastrian Gathas and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey . According to Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton – Indologists known for their translation of the Ṛg-veda – the Vedic Sanskrit literature "clearly inherited" from Indo-Iranian and Indo-European times

46029-418: Was "one way by which [he] could contribute to the liberalization of dogmatic religion." At the onset of the Spanish–American War , de los Reyes was employed as Counselor of the Ministry of the Colonies ( Consejero del Ministerio de Ultramar ), which he held until 1901. In this capacity, de los Reyes helped rally Filipino support against the Americans, thinking that this would create conditions favorable to

46258-400: Was a kite (a bird something like a hawk). One day the bird which had nowhere to light grew tired of flying about, so she stirred up the sea until it threw its waters against the sky. The sky, in order to restrain the sea, showered upon it many islands until it could no longer rise, but ran back and forth. Then the sky ordered the kite to light on one of the islands to build her nest, and to leave

46487-435: Was a prominent Filipino patriot, politician, writer, journalist, and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He was the original founder and proclaimer of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente , the first-ever Filipino independent Christian Church in history in the form of a nationalist church , which was proclaimed in 1902. He was also the founder and first president of the first-ever labor union federation in

46716-408: Was a spoken language ( bhasha ) used by the cultured and educated. Some sutras expound upon the variant forms of spoken Sanskrit versus written Sanskrit. Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang mentioned in his memoir that official philosophical debates in India were held in Sanskrit, not in the vernacular language of that region. According to Sanskrit linguist professor Madhav Deshpande, Sanskrit

46945-427: Was a spoken language in a colloquial form by the mid-1st millennium BCE which coexisted with a more formal, grammatically correct form of literary Sanskrit. This, states Deshpande, is true for modern languages where colloquial incorrect approximations and dialects of a language are spoken and understood, along with more "refined, sophisticated and grammatically accurate" forms of the same language being found in

47174-472: Was adopted voluntarily as a vehicle of high culture, arts, and profound ideas. Pollock disagrees with Lamotte, but concurs that Sanskrit's influence grew into what he terms a "Sanskrit Cosmopolis" over a region that included all of South Asia and much of southeast Asia. The Sanskrit language cosmopolis thrived beyond India between 300 and 1300 CE. Today, it is believed that Kashmiri is the closest language to Sanskrit. Reinöhl mentions that not only have

47403-438: Was also attributed to comets and other heavenly bodies which the Tagalog people believed predicted events. Other animals that were observed for omens include the balatiti or balantikis , uwak (crow/raven), kuwago (owl), bahaw (mountain owl), butiki (lizard), malimakan snail, and the tigmamanok (white-collared kingfisher, also known as salaksak among the Ilocanos). These birds, crocodiles and lizards were so sacred to

47632-568: Was also the language of some of the oldest surviving, authoritative and much followed philosophical works of Jainism such as the Tattvartha Sutra by Umaswati . The Sanskrit language has been one of the major means for the transmission of knowledge and ideas in Asian history. Indian texts in Sanskrit were already in China by 402 CE, carried by the influential Buddhist pilgrim Faxian who translated them into Chinese by 418 CE. Xuanzang , another Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, learnt Sanskrit in India and carried 657 Sanskrit texts to China in

47861-438: Was an appointed lay missionary in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America —may be using the Protestant definition or idea of intercession and worship in contrast to that of the Catholic explorers and missionaries, who described the role of the anitos as an advocate ( abogado ) or intercessor. Most chronicles (and isolated descriptions by explorers and missionaries) present one supreme deity analogous to

48090-415: Was applied to the greater Hindu gods in Java . Betara was also assumed by the ruler of Majapahit . Dr. Pardo de Tavera , a linguist, states that bhattala could have come from avatara , avatar; that is, the descent of a god on earth in a visible form, such as the ten avatars of Vishnu . According to John Crawfurd, the Malay word Batara is derived from avatara both in "sense and orthography", and

48319-481: Was barred from leaving Spain and became a drifter in Barcelona. It was during this time that he came to know radicals such as Francisco Ferrer , Alejandro Lerroux , and others. He began reading the works of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , Mikhail Bakunin , and other socialist thinkers. He also joined protest actions and was imprisoned for a short time by police authorities. He was released and was forced to relocate from Barcelona to Madrid. During his time in Madrid, he

48548-506: Was born to Leona Florentino and Elías de los Reyes in Vigan , Ilocos Sur and baptized as Roman Catholic . His mother, of mixed Spanish and Filipino descent and forced in marriage at the age of 14, is recognized as the first significant female poet of the Philippines for her works in both Spanish and Ilocano and is recognized as the "mother of Philippine women's literature" and a pioneer in Philippine lesbian literature. De los Reyes may have been distantly related to Ventura de los Reyes,

48777-481: Was considered as God, as, according to the Tagalogs and the Mandayas of Mindanao who informed him, the "earthquake" was nothing more than the effect of the movement of a huge animal in the entrails of the earth. According to some, this animal was an alligator ; to others, a boar which scratched his body against the trunk of the earth. This is also the belief of the mountain people of Palawan and Camarines . San Buenaventura (1663:76) threatened his congregation with

49006-402: Was constructed in that location. From The History of Sumatra (1784) by William Marsden : Their notions of the creation of the world, and formation of mankind, had something ridiculously extravagant. They believed that the world at first consisted only of sky and water, and between these two, a glede; which, weary with flying about, and finding no place to rest, set the water at variance with

49235-665: Was given the condition that he would henceforth shy away from labor organizations. While in prison, de los Reyes tendered his resignation from the UOD on September 14, 1902, and was later replaced by Dominador Gómez. After leaving the UOD, de los Reyes tried to patch up internal rivalries within the organization but ultimately failed. The UOD was dissolved and in its place was the Unión del Trabajo de Filipinas , headed by writer Lope K. Santos . After this, de los Reyes focused on his Redencion del Obrero while contributing to papers like El Comercio , Grito del Pueblo , and others. He took up causes such as labor rights, universal suffrage,

49464-423: Was in exile at the time. Details are unclear whether de los Reyes met with Ricarte in Yokohama or in Hong Kong, although it was certain that a meeting took place between the two in Manila. De los Reyes relayed to him the Philippine situation and tried to dissuade him from resuming hostilities with the US. In 1905, de los Reyes once again left for Spain where he stayed until 1909. During this time, he worked as

49693-416: Was in prison. When his son, Jose, broke the news to him, de los Reyes wept unabashedly. He was permitted to attend his wife's funeral. De los Reyes was pardoned on May 17, the King's birthday, but was arrested again shortly after complaining about the injustice of his arrest and reminding the governor-general of the Memoria that he sent. De los Reyes was deported aboard the SS Alicante in June 1897, and

49922-432: Was in the atmosphere before there was heaven or earth or anything else, that he was ab eterno (from eternity) and not made or created by anybody from anything, and that he alone made and created all that we have mentioned simply by his own volition because he wanted to make something so beautiful as the heaven and earth, and that he made and created one man and one woman out of the earth, from whom have come and descended all

50151-473: Was interred at the Montjuïc Castle in Barcelona for six months, before being released as part of the terms of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato . During his time in Montjuïc, de los Reyes read works by anarchists and syndicalists who influenced his thought. A sympathetic guard supplied him with anarchist books and newspapers. De los Reyes also met Ramon Sempau, a Spanish poet-journalist who left an impression on de los Reyes. After his release in 1898, de los Reyes

50380-413: Was listed. There was no feast without at least one pig being killed and roasted. This pig was always a holocaust, and consuming its flesh as a group was certainly regarded as a form of communion with the deity to whom it had been sacrificed. The water buffalo ( anwang ), which is the greatest holocaust among Malays, was never used as such by the Tagalogs. Despite all of this, the Spaniards continued to call

50609-424: Was named after his honor. Albeit an anti-friar, de los Reyes was a very religious person. De los Reyes was involved with the secular Filipino clergy as early as 1899, when he became a part of negotiations with the Holy See . On January 22, 1899, de los Reyes, representing the "Committee of Paris", visited the Papal Nuncio Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè in Madrid to convey the Aguinaldo government's desire for

50838-403: Was particularly familiar to union organizers. The UOD was the first labor union federation in the Philippines, soon being joined by neighborhood associations from Cavite , Quiapo , Santa Cruz and Sampaloc ; company guilds from the San Miguel Brewery and L.R. Yangco Shipping Company; and trade associations of printers, tabaqueros , tailors, sculptors, seamen, and cooks. At its peak in 1903,

51067-419: Was published in Diario de Manila and garnered him a prize. In 1886, de los Reyes worked as Manila correspondent for El Eco de Panay , a newspaper in Iloilo , but was replaced by Wenceslao Retana when his reports began to appear too liberal. His reputation as an independent-minded writer was such that in 1887, La Opinion hired him as a foil for their ultra-conservative staff writer, Camilo Millan. As

51296-628: Was published in 1889 in two volumes. De los Reyes' interest in folklore continued. He collected materials, wrote for periodicals, and issued an open letter calling on readers to collect, publish, and organize a folklore society, which did not materialize. De los Reyes wrote Folk-Lore not just as a book for legends and fables, but eventually as "a general archive at the service of all sciences", expanding his definition of "folklore" to include "popular knowledge relevant to all sciences", including sections on religion, customs, literature, and articles on Diego Silang , millenarian revolts, and local miracles of

51525-493: Was repatriated to Manila on July 1, 1901. Given guarantees by the American consul in Barcelona that he will not be harassed upon his arrival in the Philippines, he left Spain on September 14 aboard the steamer Montevideo . De los Reyes arrived in Manila on October 15, 1901. On his return, de los Reyes quickly set about to launching several initiatives that he already had in mind while still in Spain. On October 25, 1901, ten days after he returned to Manila, he sought authority from

51754-441: Was something that the friars who arrived later on repudiated, as the religion of the people of Manila was so different from what they recognized as Islamic that they could not possibly identify it as Islam, all the more so as pigs (often called "unclean animals" by Spanish chroniclers, possibly crypto-Jews ) were listed among the chief holocausts to their deities, and, other than the rooster ( manok na kalakyan ), no other animal

51983-427: Was taken in by Doña Justa Jugo Vidal and met with other Filipinos to discuss the Philippine situation. He also met Señorita María Ángeles López Montero and married her on Christmas Eve in 1898. He published La Religion del Katipunan , which he wrote during his stay in Montjuïc, and he was commissioned by the British and Foreign Bible Society to translate the Bible to Iloko . De los Reyes later said that this work

52212-405: Was vehemently contested by other family members asserting that de los Reyes no longer had full control of his faculties that time due to deteriorating health and old age. It is still debated up to this day whether he retracted his Aglipayan beliefs and died a Catholic. He had both funeral blessings from Gregorio Aglipay at the Funeraria Nacional, Manila and then according to Roman Catholic rites at

52441-442: Was visualized as "pervading all creation", another representation of the world itself; the "mysterious magnum" of Hindu thought. The search for perfection in thought and the goal of liberation were among the dimensions of sacred sound, and the common thread that wove all ideas and inspirations together became the quest for what the ancient Indians believed to be a perfect language, the "phonocentric episteme" of Sanskrit. Sanskrit as

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