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51-611: Most forces are divided into at least three BCUs and some have many more. Most BCUs are further subdivided into smaller units. The BCU is usually commanded by a Chief Superintendent . Until recently the Metropolitan Police used the term Borough Operational Command Unit (BOCU) for regional units within Frontline Policing (previously known as Territorial Policing), the subdivision of the Met responsible for day-to-day policing within

102-458: A Chief Superintendent . This law enforcement –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This United Kingdom -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chief superintendent Chief superintendent is a senior rank in police forces, especially in those organised on the British model. In Australia, a chief superintendent

153-535: A police authority and operational units: Prefectural Public Safety Commissions (PPSC) and Prefectural Police Headquarters (PPH). Prefectural Public Safety Commissions ( 都道府県公安委員会 , todōfuken kōan īnkai ) are administrative committees established under the jurisdiction of prefectural governors to provide citizen oversight for police activities. A committee consists of three members in an ordinary prefecture and five members in urban prefectures. The members of prefectural public safety commission are appointed by

204-655: A chief superintendent of police (CSP) ranks between a senior superintendent (SSP) and an assistant commissioner of police (ACP). A CSP is usually a district commander (DC) or a branch or bureau commander (e.g. Narcotics Bureau). The commandant of the police tactical unit is also a CSP. In the Garda Síochána , the Republic of Ireland's national police force, the rank of chief superintendent is between superintendent and assistant commissioner . Chief superintendents usually command divisions, while detective chief superintendents head

255-655: A general affairs department ( 総務部 , sōmu-bu ) and a community police department ( 地域部 , chiiki-bu ) . There are some 289,000 police officers nationwide, about 97% of whom were affiliated with Prefectural Police Headquarters. In the Japanese police, community policing is treated as being close to crime prevention , and in rural prefectural police, community safety departments in charge of crime prevention sometimes concurrently handle community policing. Community policing officers are organised into several police stations ( 警察署 , Keisatsu-sho ) . Each station includes

306-519: A new uniform was adopted. The jacket became the turned-down collar style with three buttons, and the vent was done away with. Also, at this time, the summer clothes became grey, but in 1968 it was changed to greyish blue. On 1 April 1994, current uniform design was adopted across all of Japan. Through the campaign against the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan at

357-562: A response to these problems, complete restructuring created a more centralized system under the 1954 amended Police Law ( 警察法 , Keisatsu-hō ) . All operational units except for the Imperial Guard were reorganized into the prefectural police departments for each prefecture and the National Police Agency was established as the central coordinating agency for these police departments. Each prefectural police department comprises

408-466: Is in turn organized into four Core Policing Teams (CPTs) that manage its different core functions: Investigation , Neighbourhood , Response and Community Action and Priority Team (CAPT) . Warwickshire Police has abolished BCUs, the first British territorial police force to do so. The force is now divided directly into five Districts, each headed by a Chief Inspector . These were formerly grouped into two Areas (BCUs), North and South, each headed by

459-509: Is normally a metropolitan superintendent or the director of a police division. The rank is between superintendent and assistant commissioner . In the Philippines, chief superintendent is a rank in the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Bureau of Fire Protection . It is above senior superintendent and below bureau director and is regarded as the equivalent of brigadier general in

510-600: Is senior to the rank of superintendent in all the Australian police forces excepting the Western Australia Police . It is junior to the rank of commander (Victoria Police, South Australia Police) and the rank of assistant commissioner (New South Wales Police, Queensland Police). Officers wear the insignia of a crown over two Bath stars (or in the case of the New South Wales Police, a crown over two stars)

561-915: Is the Remington 158 grain lead round nose. And some elite detectives, bodyguards, or counter-terrorism units such as the Special Assault Team being equipped with 9×19mm Parabellum  calibre semi-automatic pistols such as the Heckler & Koch USP . From sometime in the 1970s, the Special Armed Police (ancestor of the Special Assault Team of the TMPD) introduced Heckler & Koch MP5A5/SD6/K submachine guns. From 2002, local counter-terrorism units (anti-firearms squads) were started to be equipped with MP5F, and there are also assault rifles in

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612-512: The British police , a chief superintendent (Ch Supt; or colloquially "chief super") is senior to a superintendent and junior to an assistant chief constable (or a commander in the Metropolitan Police or City of London Police ). The rank of chief superintendent was first introduced into the Metropolitan Police in 1949, when superintendents were regraded to the new rank, and has since been adopted in all British police forces. However,

663-585: The Honda NSX , Subaru Impreza , Subaru Legacy , Mitsubishi Lancer , Nissan Skyline , Mazda RX-7 , and Nissan Fairlady Z are all used in various prefectures for highway patrols and pursuit uses. With the exception of unmarked vehicles, all PPHs vehicles are painted and marked in the same ways. Ordinary police vehicles are painted black and white with the upper parts of the vehicle painted white. Motorcycles are usually all white. Vehicles for riot police units are painted blue and white, and especially vehicles for

714-669: The Howa M1500 . In the Special Assault Teams , Heckler & Koch PSG1 and L96A1 also been deployed. For Japanese police, service pistols are generally left at work when they are not on duty. In Japan , there are about 40,000 police vehicles nationwide with the most common patrol cruisers being Toyota Crowns , Subaru Legacys and similar large sedans, although small compact and micro "keI" cars are used by rural police boxes and in city centers where they are much more maneuverable. Pursuit vehicles depend on prefectures with

765-622: The Japan Coast Guard is in charge of law enforcement outside ports, police watercraft are primarily used to patrol ports and rivers , though they are sometimes also used to assist land-based units or patrol islands. All Prefectural Police Headquarters, except for the Hokkaidō Prefectural Police Department (due to the prefecture's large size) and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (due to

816-650: The Philippine Army . It was formerly used by the Philippine National Police . Chief superintendent ( Portuguese : superintendente-chefe ) is the highest officer rank in the Public Security Police (PSP) of Portugal. It is senior to the police rank of superintendent, being roughly equivalent to a general officer in the armed forces. Chiefs superintendents can exercise the roles of national director, deputy national directors, inspector general of

867-808: The governor with the consent of the prefectural assembly. In Tokyo , the Prefectural Police Headquarters ( 警察本部 , keisatsu-honbu ) specifically refers to the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department ( 警視庁 , Keishi-chō , TMPD) . Also, Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters is known as dō-keisatsu-honbu ( 道警察本部 ) , and those in Ōsaka and Kyoto Prefectures are known as fu-keisatsu-honbu ( 府警察本部 ) , and are distinguished from other Prefectural Police Headquarters ( 県警察本部 , ken-keisatsu-honbu ) . The Chiefs of Prefectural police headquarters ( 警察本部長 , keisatsu-honbu-chō ) are appointed officials at

918-483: The 1960s, procurement began to migrate to the domestic Minebea "New Nambu" M60 . When the production of the M60 was completed in the 1990s, deployment of small semi-automatic pistols was considered, but this plan was abandoned after small numbers of SIG Sauer P230 were deployed. Finally, imports from the United States were resumed, with S&W M37 and M360 revolvers having been purchased for uniformed officers. Their duty ammo

969-479: The 32 London boroughs . Between 2017 and 2019 the 32 BOCUs were reorganised to form 12 new Basic Command Units , each incorporating between two and four of the original BOCUs (see the article on Collar numbers ). The term Operational Command Unit (OCU) is used for specialised units, for example the Aviation Security OCU . West Midlands Police is split into 10 Local Policing Units (LPUs). Each LPU

1020-576: The Allied Powers suggested them to be equipped with firearms. Because of the insufficient stocks and lack of domestically produced handguns, Japanese police started to receive service pistols leased from the Allies from 1949, and by 1951, all officers were issued pistols. In the beginning, the makes and models of these sidearms varied, but M1911 pistols and M1917 revolvers , Smith & Wesson Military & Police and Colt Official Police were issued as

1071-418: The Metropolitan Police, and between 1953 and 1974 it was immediately senior to superintendent grade I. Traditionally, chief superintendents have commanded divisions , but since widespread reorganisation in the 1990s many forces have abandoned divisions for different forms of organisation and the areas commanded by chief superintendents vary widely from force to force. In most forces, however, they still command

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1122-469: The National Rural Police ( 国家地方警察 , Kokka Chihō Keisatsu ) was responsible for smaller towns, villages and rural areas. However, most Japanese municipalities were too small to have an effectively large police force, so sometimes they were unable to deal with large-scale violence. In addition, excessive fragmentation of the police organisation reduced the efficiency of police activities. As

1173-545: The PSP and commanding officers of major police commands. The basic rank insignia of a chief superintendent consists of dark blue epaulets bordered with silver leaves of oak and with two PSP stars (six points silver stars with the SP monogram in the center) in the middle. If exercising the role of national director or deputy national director / inspector general, the chief superintendents use instead, respectively, four and three PSP stars. In

1224-701: The Police Affairs Bureau ( 警保局 , Keiho-kyoku ) of the Home Ministry at their core. After the surrender of Japan , the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers regarded this centralized police system as undemocratic. During the occupation of Japan , the principle of decentralisation was introduced by the 1947 Police Law ( 警察法 , Keisatsu-hō ) (now commonly referred to as "Old Police Law"). Cities and large towns had their own municipal police services ( 自治体警察 , jichitai keisatsu ) , and

1275-699: The Rescue Squads of the TMPD are painted green and white. In Japan, the deployment of police helicopters began in 1960. They are extensively used for traffic reporting , searches for suspects, search and rescue , airlift , and other missions. Approximately 80 police helicopters are operated nationwide. Some helicopters are equipped with stabilised TV camera and microwave link systems. Police watercraft of Japan are divided into five groups: 23-meter type, 20-meter type, 17-meter type, 12-meter type, 8-meter type. As of 2014, 159 vessels are deployed nationwide. Since

1326-629: The SAT and urban AFS units. Tactical units of crime branches ( Special Investigation Team of the TMPD, for example) also introduced a semi-automatic pistol-caliber carbine variant of MP5K (unofficially called the MP5SFK). Initially, the sniper team was established in the 1960s, the Howa Golden Bear (original model of the Weatherby Vanguard ) has been used as a sniper rifle, then, it has been updated to

1377-419: The TMPD and some prefectures), a mobile investigation unit, and an identification division ( 鑑識課 , kanshiki-ka ) . The mobile investigation units ( 機動捜査隊 , kidō sousa-tai ) are first responders for initial criminal investigations, distributed among the region with unmarked cars . The special investigation teams ( 特殊事件捜査係 , tokushu-jiken sousa-kakari ) are specialised detective units of

1428-462: The administration of the police radio networks, they provide inter-regional patrol units and air support: automobile patrols ( 自動車警ら隊 , jidōsha-keira-tai ) and a police aviation unit ( 警察航空隊 , keisatsu-kōku-tai ) , and many other assets. Originally traffic policing was mainly done by community policing officers. However, with the progress of motorization since the 1950s, traffic accidents have increased dramatically, resulting in

1479-557: The affairs of the security departments. The Special Assault Teams ( 特殊急襲部隊 , Tokushu Kyūshū Butai ) are the national-level units and Anti-Firearms Squads ( 銃器対策部隊 , Jūki-taisaku-butai ) are the local units. These units are established within the RPU basically, but the SAT of the TMPD and Osaka PPH are under direct control of their Security Bureau (TMPD) or Department (Osaka PPH). Police officers are divided into nine ranks: The National Police Agency Commissioner General holds

1530-495: The central oversight and control of the National Police Agency . As of 2020, the total strength of the prefectural police is approximately 260,000 sworn officers and 28,400 civilian staff, a total of 288,400 employees. In the Empire of Japan , territorial police forces were organised as departments of police of each prefectural offices ( 府県警察部 , fuken-keisatsu-bu ) . They were placed under complete centralized control, with

1581-455: The commanders of other headquarters departments. The rank badge, worn on the epaulettes, is a bath star ("pip") below a crown, the same rank badge worn by a lieutenant-colonel in the British Army . Metropolitan Police chief superintendents wore a crown over two stars until the abolition of the rank of superintendent grade I in 1974, after which they changed to the latter's rank badge, which

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1632-534: The end of the 1960s, helmets and protective gear for riot police officers were improved. On the other hand, general police officers were wearing blade-deflecting vests under uniforms so that they would not be noticeable, but since 2005, a strong stab vest to overlay on the uniform was adopted. And in the case of gun violence , bulletproof vests and helmets are also equipped. Ordinary police officers, riot police officers, SWAT detectives, and counter-terrorism operators use different vests of different standards. In

1683-634: The establishment of the 1954 amended Police Law, these departments are supervised by the Criminal Affairs Bureau of the National Police Agency . Criminal investigation departments or criminal investigation bureaus maintain two investigation divisions ( 捜査課 , sousa-ka ) (third or even fourth divisions are established in some urban prefecture), an organised crime investigation division ( 組織犯罪対策課 , soshikihanzai-taisaku-ka ) (reinforced as an independent department or headquarters in

1734-787: The expressway advanced, the establishment of the Expressway Traffic Police Units ( 高速道路交通警察隊 , Kōsoku-dōro kōtsu-keisatsu-tai ) was also decided in 1971. In the Empire of Japan , the criminal investigation was presided over by prosecutors , like the ministère public does in French law . With the 1947 Police Law ( ja ) and the 1948 Code of Criminal Procedure ( ja ), the responsibility of investigation has been defined to be uniquely assigned to police officers. In order to fulfil this responsibility, criminal investigation departments or criminal investigation bureaus ( judiciary police ) were set up in each police organisation. After

1785-436: The first investigation divisions, well acquainted with new technology and special tactics including tactical capabilities. They are mandated for critical incidents except for terrorism, but in some rural but well-versed prefectural police like Aomori Prefectural Police , these detectives can form a counterterrorism task force together with uniformed officers and riot specialists. In the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department,

1836-422: The following sections: Officers of the community police affairs sections are distributed in their jurisdictions, working at police boxes ( 交番 , Kōban ) , residential police boxes ( 駐在所 , Chūzai-sho ) , radio mobile patrols, etc. These community policing officers are supported by the community police department or the community safety department of the prefectural police headquarters. In addition to

1887-598: The highest position of the Japanese police . His title is not a rank, but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the other hand, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Superintendent General represents not only the highest rank in the system but also assignment as head of the TMPD. In the pre- war period, police officers wore jackets with a stand-up collar. In 1946, the jacket

1938-464: The jurisdiction for public security policing is divided into the Public Security Bureau ( 公安部 , Kōan-bu ) and Security Bureau ( 警備部 , Keibi-bu ) , being responsible for investigation activities and security forces operations, respectively. In other PPHs, their security departments are in charge of all public security policing matters; but in the departments, they are divided in

1989-529: The largest territorial subdivisions, often known generally as basic command units (BCUs). The rank of chief superintendent was abolished on 1 April 1995 following recommendations made in the Sheehy Report , later confirmed by the Police Act 1996 , although officers already holding the rank could continue to hold it. The Home Office officially reintroduced the rank of chief superintendent on 1 January 2002, under

2040-613: The mostly standard sidearms. The .38 calibre revolvers were well-received, but .45 calibre handguns were too large to carry for somewhat small officers, especially women . And M1917 revolvers in particular were obsolete, deteriorated significantly, and so malfunction or reduced accuracy had been a problem. As a response to these issues, the National Rural Police Headquarters started to import small .38 Special  calibre revolvers such as Smith & Wesson Chiefs Special and Colt Detective Special . During

2091-498: The national budget even if they belong to local police departments. Designation and dismissal of these high-ranking officers are delegated to the National Public Safety Commission . Each Prefectural police headquarters contains administrative departments (bureaus in the TMPD) corresponding to those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency as follows: In addition, urban prefectural police departments comprise

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2142-524: The pre-war period, most Japanese law enforcement officials only had a sabre . Only some elite detectives , bodyguards , or tactical units such as the Emergency Service Unit of the TMPD were issued pistols. The FN Model 1910 or Colt Model 1903 were used for open-carry uses, and Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket or FN M1905 for concealed carry . During the Occupation , the Supreme Commander for

2193-428: The rank had been used previously to this in some forces in certain circumstances. For example, in 1920 the deputy head of Shropshire Constabulary bore the official title of "chief superintendent and deputy chief constable" and in 1927, Lancashire Constabulary had two chief superintendents who were junior to the assistant chief constable. Between 1949 and 1968, chief superintendent was junior to deputy commander in

2244-659: The same as a colonel in the army. In the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Ontario Provincial Police , a chief superintendent wears two Bath stars (or pips) below a crown, equivalent to a colonel. In the RCMP, the rank falls between superintendent and assistant commissioner. The OPP rank is between superintendent and deputy commissioner or provincial commander. In the Hong Kong Police Force ,

2295-596: The same way as they are done by the MPD. They are supervised by the Security Bureau of the National Police Agency . Within their security departments or bureaus, each PPH maintains Riot Police Units ( 機動隊 , kidō-tai ) , which serve as a rapid reaction force capable of fulfilling riot police , police tactical unit , and search and rescue roles. Full-time riot police can also be augmented by regular police trained in riot duties. Counterterrorism operations are also

2346-458: The so-called traffic war , the system of traffic police was also strengthened. From the mid-1960s, mobile patrol units were installed at several PPHs, and in 1972 they were installed at all traffic departments of the PPHs as Mobile Traffic Units ( 交通機動隊 , Kōtsu-kidō-tai ) . Traffic cars (including unmarked cars ) and police motorcycles are deployed in these units. And as the development of

2397-514: The terms of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 . The senior detective and commander of the criminal investigation department in most forces is a detective chief superintendent (DCS or Det Ch Supt) (although in the Metropolitan Police, a DCS may only command a branch of the CID and the head of CID in each district was formerly also a DCS) and the rank of chief superintendent may also be used by

2448-496: The top of the chain of command in each Prefectural Police Headquarters. In the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, the name of Superintendent General ( 警視総監 , Keishi-sōkan ) is used. These police departments are responsible for every police actions within their jurisdiction in principle, but most important activities are regulated by the National Police Agency . Police officers whose rank are higher than assistant commissioner ( 警視正 , keishi-sei ) are salaried by

2499-497: The various investigative branches. The rank marking is two red and gold pips over a red and gold bar. The Japanese Prefectural police forces formerly used this rank. It has now been replaced by the rank of commissioner. A chief superintendent was chief of a prefectural police force and equivalent in rank to a Japanese army major general . In the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary , a chief superintendent

2550-518: Was already worn by chief superintendents elsewhere in the country. Prefectural police In the law enforcement system in Japan , prefectural police ( 都道府県警察 , todōfuken-keisatsu ) are prefecture -level law enforcement agencies responsible for policing , law enforcement , and public security within their respective prefectures of Japan . Although prefectural police are, in principle, regarded as municipal police , they are mostly under

2601-426: Was changed to four-buttons, open-collar style with vent and in 1950, a new police duty belt to wear gun and baton was adopted. But at this point, the uniforms of the National Rural Police and the municipal police differed in details. During a reorganization in 1954, uniforms were to be unified across the country, but because that would take time, only the class chapter was unified at this time. After that, in 1956,

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