125-544: The Baseball Network was an American television broadcasting joint venture between ABC , NBC and Major League Baseball (MLB). Under the arrangement, beginning in the 1994 season , MLB produced its own broadcasts in-house which were then brokered to air on ABC and NBC. The Baseball Network was the first television network in the United States to be owned by a professional sports league. The package included coverage of games in prime time on selected nights throughout
250-424: A cable converter box with decoding equipment in homes , the latter also enables subscription -based channels, pay-tv and pay-per-view services. In his essay, John Durham Peters wrote that communication is a tool used for dissemination. Peters stated, " Dissemination is a lens—sometimes a usefully distorting one—that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and time ... on
375-482: A dish antenna . The term broadcast television can refer to the television programs of such networks. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule . As with all technological endeavors, a number of technical terms and slang have developed. A list of these terms can be found at List of broadcasting terms . Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable , often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having
500-521: A Yankees game, this meant that nobody in New York could see that night's Mets game and vice versa. Furthermore, Chicago's NBC affiliate, WMAQ-TV was unable to televise any Friday night Cubs game from Wrigley Field . Even though Wrigley Field had lights installed and was capable of holding night games since 1988 , a city ordinance at the time, prohibited regular season Friday and Saturday night games to be played there. The Baseball Network regardless, owned
625-408: A change of x percent in a quantity results in a final amount that is 100 + x percent of the original amount (equivalently, (1 + 0.01 x ) times the original amount). Percent changes applied sequentially do not add up in the usual way. For example, if the 10% increase in price considered earlier (on the $ 200 item, raising its price to $ 220) is followed by a 10% decrease in
750-400: A clip from another game is shown on another screen and vice versa. The theory was that by inserting highlights, even live action from other games, into the natural lulls, The Baseball Network could produce an exciting, technology-enhanced experience. Despite the frustration of not being able to see both League Championship Series on a national level, the 1995 LCS averaged a 13.1 rating. Besides
875-445: A denominator of 100 became increasingly standard, such that from the late 15th century to the early 16th century, it became common for arithmetic texts to include such computations. Many of these texts applied these methods to profit and loss, interest rates, and the Rule of Three . By the 17th century, it was standard to quote interest rates in hundredths. The term "percent" is derived from
1000-450: A dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium , but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum ( radio waves ), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began with AM radio , which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers . Before this, most implementations of electronic communication (early radio , telephone , and telegraph ) were one-to-one , with
1125-429: A hundred') is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign (%), although the abbreviations pct. , pct , and sometimes pc are also used. A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number), primarily used for expressing proportions, but percent is nonetheless a unit of measurement in its orthography and usage. For example, 45% (read as "forty-five percent")
1250-529: A local sport." Costas added "Baseball says the wild card is supposed to save baseball, but TBN shows you as little as possible." According to Curt Smith 's book, The Voice – Mel Allen's Untold Story , the longtime New York Yankees broadcaster and This Week in Baseball host was quoted as saying "You wonder how anything would be worse [than CBS]. What kind of show cancels a twenty-six-week-season's first fourteen weeks?" (in response to TBN's tagline, "Welcome to
1375-512: A lower impact if fans had missed the early part of the game. To put things into further perspective, McDonough believed that even with a staggered starting time from the American League Championship Series game, many fans would not have seen parts of Game 7 of the 1992 NLCS had it been broadcast under The Baseball Network's regionalized plan. Shortly after the start of the strike, Stanford University 's Roger Noll argued that
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#17330945282921500-584: A market with another team. All of the 1994 games aired on ABC; due to the strike NBC was unable to air its slate of games, which were supposed to begin on August 26. Hi everyone, and welcome to Baseball Night in America , I'm Al Michaels . And those of us at ABC are delighted to be back in the business of broadcasting baseball for the first time since the 1989 World Series . And it's a brand new concept, we'll have six regular season games on ABC, including tonight and again on Monday night . Then, we'll bring you
1625-400: A national cable package for one or two nights a week without undercutting the value of some teams' local television deals. This of course, would soon happen when Major League Baseball signed a deal to broadcast games on ESPN , but prior to this, Ueberroth envisioned the owners pooling games already being shown on regional pay-television services . Viewers would see (and pay for) the telecast of
1750-586: A number of stations jumped to Fox from CBS (for example, in Detroit , WWJ-TV replaced long-standing CBS Affiliate WJBK when Fox moved there from WKBD ). Key figures involved in the creation and production for The Baseball Network: This wasn't the first time that Major League Baseball considered creating its very own television network. Back in 1988, then commissioner Peter Ueberroth contemplated creating an all-baseball basic cable channel that would show as many as four games each night. Ueberroth wanted to set up
1875-492: A numeral, as in "5 percent" and not "five percent", the only exception being at the beginning of a sentence: "Ten percent of all writers love style guides." Decimals are also to be used instead of fractions, as in "3.5 percent of the gain" and not " 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 percent of the gain". However the titles of bonds issued by governments and other issuers use the fractional form, e.g. " 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 % Unsecured Loan Stock 2032 Series 2". (When interest rates are very low,
2000-412: A party obtains 41% of the vote and this is said to be a 2.5% increase, does that mean the earlier result was 40% (since 41 = 40 × (1 + 2.5 / 100 ) ) or 38.5% (since 41 = 38.5 + 2.5 )? In financial markets, it is common to refer to an increase of one percentage point (e.g. from 3% per annum to 4% per annum) as an increase of "100 basis points". In most forms of English , percent
2125-557: A percentage of a percentage, convert both percentages to fractions of 100, or to decimals, and multiply them. For example, 50% of 40% is: It is not correct to divide by 100 and use the percent sign at the same time; it would literally imply division by 10,000. For example, 25% = 25 / 100 = 0.25 , not 25% / 100 , which actually is 25 ⁄ 100 / 100 = 0.0025 . A term such as 100 / 100 % would also be incorrect, since it would be read as 1 percent, even if
2250-410: A price of $ 2.50 is an increase by a fraction of 0.15 / 2.50 = 0.06. Expressed as a percentage, this is a 6% increase. While many percentage values are between 0 and 100, there is no mathematical restriction and percentages may take on other values. For example, it is common to refer to 111% or −35%, especially for percent changes and comparisons. In Ancient Rome , long before
2375-482: A primary reason for its failure was its abandoning of localized markets in favor of more lucrative and stable advertising contracts afforded by turning to a national model of broadcasting, similar to the National Football League's television package , which focuses on localized games, with one or two "national" games. Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to
2500-442: A signal that will reach the target audience . Broadcasters typically arrange audiences into entire assemblies. In terms of media broadcasting, a radio show can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific disc jockey . The disc jockey follows the script for their radio show and just talks into the microphone . They do not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message
2625-722: A single station or television station , it is sent through the studio/transmitter link to the transmitter and hence from the television antenna located on the radio masts and towers out to the world. Programming may also come through a communications satellite , played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may simulcast the same programming at the same time, originally via microwave link, now usually by satellite. Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as magnetic tape , compact disc (CD), DVD , and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when electronic news gathering (ENG) returns
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#17330945282922750-476: A story to the station for inclusion on a news programme . The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a radio station or television station to an antenna and radio receiver , or may come through cable television or cable radio (or wireless cable ) via the station or directly from a network. The Internet may also bring either internet radio or streaming media television to
2875-549: A veteran presence at NBC, had been NBC's secondary baseball play-by-play announcer behind Vin Scully during the 1980s. Morgan, who was also working for ESPN at the time, had spent two years at NBC in the mid-1980s and two years at ABC from 1988 to 1989. Uecker, the longtime voice of the Milwaukee Brewers , returned to national television for the first time since he worked for ABC in the 1970s and early 1980s. Greg Gumbel hosted
3000-564: A wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves , showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio. Audio radio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay , Nova Scotia, Canada, became
3125-726: Is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but the listeners cannot always respond immediately, especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time. Conversely, receivers can select opt-in or opt-out of getting broadcast messages using an Excel file, offering them control over the information they receive Broadcast engineering is the field of electrical engineering , and now to some extent computer engineering and information technology , which deals with radio and television broadcasting. Audio engineering and RF engineering are also essential parts of broadcast engineering, being their own subsets of electrical engineering. Broadcast engineering involves both
3250-513: Is carried out and taught in different ways depending on the prerequisites and requirements. In this way, the usual formulas can be obtained with proportions, which saves them from having to remember them. In so-called mental arithmetic, the intermediary question is usually asked what 100% or 1% is (corresponds to). Example: 42 kg is 7%. How much is (corresponds to) 100%? Given are W (percentage) and p % (percentage). We are looking for G (basic value). Due to inconsistent usage, it
3375-544: Is equal to the fraction 45 / 100 , the ratio 45:55 (or 45:100 when comparing to the total rather than the other portion), or 0.45. Percentages are often used to express a proportionate part of a total. (Similarly, one can also express a number as a fraction of 1,000, using the term " per mille " or the symbol " ‰ ".) If 50% of the total number of students in the class are male, that means that 50 out of every 100 students are male. If there are 500 students, then 250 of them are male. An increase of $ 0.15 on
3500-483: Is not always clear from the context what a percentage is relative to. When speaking of a "10% rise" or a "10% fall" in a quantity, the usual interpretation is that this is relative to the initial value of that quantity. For example, if an item is initially priced at $ 200 and the price rises 10% (an increase of $ 20), the new price will be $ 220. Note that this final price is 110% of the initial price (100% + 10% = 110%). Some other examples of percent changes : In general,
3625-401: Is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio concert performance. Similar situations have occurred in television production (" The Cosby Show is recorded in front of a live television studio audience ") and news broadcasting . A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the radio studio at
3750-593: Is referred to as over the air (OTA) or terrestrial broadcasting and in most countries requires a broadcasting license . Transmissions using a wire or cable, like cable television (which also retransmits OTA stations with their consent ), are also considered broadcasts but do not necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well. In 1894, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing
3875-476: Is that the public may learn the outcome of an event before the recording is broadcast, which may be a spoiler . Prerecording may be used to prevent announcers from deviating from an officially approved script during a live radio broadcast, as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s. Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often recorded live (sometimes called " live -to- tape "). This
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4000-428: Is the same for a decrease of x percent, followed by an increase of x percent; the final amount is p (1 - 0.01 x )(1 + 0.01 x ) = p (1 − (0.01 x ) ) . This can be expanded for a case where one does not have the same percent change. If the initial amount p leads to a percent change x , and the second percent change is y , then the final amount is p (1 + 0.01 x )(1 + 0.01 y ) . To change
4125-517: Is to say that the interest rate increased by 5%, which could theoretically mean that it increased from 10% per annum to 10.5% per annum. It is clearer to say that the interest rate increased by 5 percentage points (pp). The same confusion between the different concepts of percent(age) and percentage points can potentially cause a major misunderstanding when journalists report about election results, for example, expressing both new results and differences with earlier results as percentages. For example, if
4250-714: Is usually associated with radio and television , though more recently, both radio and television transmissions have begun to be distributed by cable ( cable television ). The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment (e.g., a radio or television set) can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as public radio , community radio and public television , and private commercial radio and commercial television . The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines broadcasting as "transmissions intended for reception by
4375-530: Is usually written as two words ( per cent ), although percentage and percentile are written as one word. In American English , percent is the most common variant (but per mille is written as two words). In the early 20th century, there was a dotted abbreviation form " per cent. ", as opposed to " per cent ". The form " per cent. " is still in use in the highly formal language found in certain documents like commercial loan agreements (particularly those subject to, or inspired by, common law), as well as in
4500-421: Is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values). Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and video to the general public: There are several means of providing financial support for continuous broadcasting: Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these business models . For example, in
4625-619: The Hansard transcripts of British Parliamentary proceedings. The term has been attributed to Latin per centum . The symbol for percent (%) evolved from a symbol abbreviating the Italian per cento . In some other languages, the form procent or prosent is used instead. Some languages use both a word derived from percent and an expression in that language meaning the same thing, e.g. Romanian procent and la sută (thus, 10% can be read or sometimes written ten for [each] hundred , similarly with
4750-593: The 1994 All-Star Game and Game 6 of the 1995 World Series , arguably, the most famous Baseball Network broadcast was Game 5 of the 1995 American League Division Series between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners , broadcast on ABC. It ended with the Mariners winning in 11 innings (via Edgar Martínez 's game winning double ), to clinch both their first postseason series win, and their first ever trip to
4875-565: The American League dugout) and Johnny Bench (reporting from the National League dugout). The 1994 All-Star Game reportedly sold out all its advertising slots. This was considered an impressive financial accomplishment, given that one 30-second spot cost US$ 300,000. Peoria 's NBC station WEEK-TV suffered misfortunes of significant transmitter difficulties throughout most of the 1994 All-Star Game, forcing WEEK's signal to be knocked off
5000-703: The American League Championship Series . However, because the public would only be permitted to see one postseason game per day, the Division Series between the Mariners and Yankees would only be seen in its entirety by 20 % of the country. Meanwhile, 30% could see the Braves - Rockies series, 27% could see the Reds - Dodgers series, and 23% could see the Red Sox - Indians series. For example, in New York City , WNBC-TV broadcast
5125-586: The Division playoffs in October, part of baseball's new expanded playoff format, and the World Series in late October. Baseball Night in America , a regionalized concept, you'll see a game in your region that's important to those of you in those particular areas. It also gives us the capability of updating games as never before. So sit back, relax, and enjoy the premiere of Baseball Night in America as we take you out to
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5250-547: The East Coast at 8:30 p.m. at the earliest. This meant that Joe Carter 's dramatic World Series clinching home run in 1993 occurred after midnight in the East. As CBS' baseball coverage progressed, the network dropped the 8 p.m. pregame coverage (in favor of airing sitcoms such as Evening Shade ) before finally starting its coverage at 8:30 p.m. Eastern Time. The first pitch would generally arrive at approximately 8:45 p.m. ABC won
5375-569: The Goodyear Blimp , and an unmanned camera directly above home plate. Coaches would wear wireless microphones . Trecker did however, point out that times, the broadcasters seemed to be ahead of the production people, especially when they wanted to talk about Raul Mondesi 's speed getting to a drive into the right field corner. They never showed it. Trecker also believed that ABC's usage of dugout reporters (in this case, Lesley Visser , John Saunders , and Rick Dempsey ), even in showcase games like
5500-580: The International System of Units and the ISO 31-0 standard require a space. The word "percentage" is often a misnomer in the context of sports statistics, when the referenced number is expressed as a decimal proportion, not a percentage: "The Phoenix Suns ' Shaquille O'Neal led the NBA with a .609 field goal percentage (FG%) during the 2008–09 season." (O'Neal made 60.9% of his shots, not 0.609%.) Likewise,
5625-757: The Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television . It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the cathode-ray tube invented by Karl Braun . The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II , interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium, using VHF and UHF spectrum. Satellite broadcasting
5750-638: The Red Sox were in the playoffs (which would incidentally, actually happen under the watch of The Baseball Network in 1995 ), then a Boston native located in Atlanta would have missed the games. He also believed that his call of Sid Bream 's slide to clinch the National League pennant for the Atlanta Braves in Game 7 of the 1992 National League Championship Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates would have had
5875-567: The ballgames . In even-numbered years, NBC would have the rights to the All-Star Game and both League Championship Series while ABC would have the World Series and newly created Division Series . In odd-numbered years, the postseason and All-Star Game television rights were supposed to alternate. When ABC and NBC last covered baseball together from 1976 to 1989, ABC had the rights to the World Series in odd-numbered years while NBC would cover
6000-434: The ratio of female computer science majors to all computer science majors. We know that 60% of all students are female, and among these 5% are computer science majors, so we conclude that 60 / 100 × 5 / 100 = 3 / 100 or 3% of all students are female computer science majors. Dividing this by the 10% of all students that are computer science majors, we arrive at
6125-414: The studio and transmitter aspects (the entire airchain ), as well as remote broadcasts . Every station has a broadcast engineer , though one may now serve an entire station group in a city. In small media markets the engineer may work on a contract basis for one or more stations as needed. Percentage In mathematics , a percentage (from Latin per centum 'by
6250-411: The winning percentage of a team, the fraction of matches that the club has won, is also usually expressed as a decimal proportion; a team that has a .500 winning percentage has won 50% of their matches. The practice is probably related to the similar way that batting averages are quoted. As "percent" it is used to describe the grade or slope, the steepness of a road or railway , formula for which
6375-535: The 15-inning long second game of the Mariners-Yankees series. A major problem with Baseball Night in America was the idea that viewers could not watch "important" games. Marty Noble put it in perspective by saying "With the Network determining when games will begin and which games are made available to which TV markets , Major League Baseball can conduct parts of its pennant races in relative secrecy." What added to
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#17330945282926500-439: The 1990–1993 seasons). NBC and ABC were to create a loss-free environment for each other and keep an emerging Fox , which had recently made an aggressive and ultimately successful $ 1.58 billion bid for the television rights for National Football Conference games (thus, becoming a major player in the sports broadcasting game in the process), at bay. As a result of Fox's NFL gain, CBS was weakened further by affiliate changes , as
6625-479: The All-Star Game and both League Championship Series in said years. Likewise, this process would alternate in even numbered years, with ABC getting the All-Star Game and both League Championship Series in years that NBC had the World Series. The networks also promised not to begin any World Series weekend broadcasts after 7:20 p.m. Eastern Time. When CBS held the television rights, postseason games routinely aired on
6750-528: The All-Star Game, was overkill. Visser in particular, was singled out for asked such lengthy questions of Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Hideo Nomo that it was almost farcical when his answers came back in translation. For the 1995 World Series, ABC and NBC shared 17 cameras and 13 tape machines, two of the "Super Slo-Mo" variety. Among the key sponsors for The Baseball Network were Anheuser-Busch , MCI Inc. , Sherwin-Williams , Texaco , and Russell Athletic . The sponsorship with Anheuser-Busch in particular,
6875-510: The Baseball Network deal (and the bargain-basement ESPN cable renewal, which went from $ 100 million to $ 42 million because of their losses) reflected "poor business judgment on the part of management about the long-run attractiveness of their product to national broadcasters." He added that the $ 140 million that owners expected to share for the 1994 season (before the strike) from TBN was underestimated by "one-third to one-half" and fell below
7000-519: The English one out of ten ). Other abbreviations are rarer, but sometimes seen. Grammar and style guides often differ as to how percentages are to be written. For instance, it is commonly suggested that the word percent (or per cent) be spelled out in all texts, as in "1 percent" and not "1%". Other guides prefer the word to be written out in humanistic texts, but the symbol to be used in scientific texts. Most guides agree that they always be written with
7125-518: The Latin per centum , meaning "hundred" or "by the hundred". The sign for "percent" evolved by gradual contraction of the Italian term per cento , meaning "for a hundred". The "per" was often abbreviated as "p."—eventually disappeared entirely. The "cento" was contracted to two circles separated by a horizontal line, from which the modern "%" symbol is derived. The percent value is computed by multiplying
7250-545: The National League Championship Series ( Atlanta - Cincinnati ) for at least the first two games on ABC. While ABC and NBC would provide some production personnel and their own announcers for the games, all of would be coordinated from the office of Ken Schanzer, the chief executive officer of The Baseball Network and former executive vice president for NBC Sports . The graphics, camera placements, and audio quality were intended on looking and sounding about
7375-838: The Red Sox–Indians series. Viewers of WLWT in Cincinnati and all other cities would receive the Reds–Dodgers series. The remaining telecasts, on WSYX , the ABC affiliate in Columbus, would be of the Indians series. In South Dakota , viewers would get the Braves-Rockies series, while North Dakotans would have access to the Red Sox-Indians series. Only about 20% of the country in itself, had access of
7500-453: The Royals for breach of contract resulting from their broadcasts being "overexposed" and violating its territorial exclusivity. Sports Illustrated columnist Tom Verducci for one, was very harsh on The Baseball Network, dubbing it both "America's regional pastime" and an "abomination." ABC Sports president Dennis Swanson, in announcing the dissolution of The Baseball Network, said "The fact of
7625-603: The Show"). During the 1995 Division Series, the fan frustration with The Baseball Network was so bad that the mere mention of it during the Mariners – Yankees ALDS from public address announcer Tom Hutyler at Seattle 's Kingdome brought boos from most of the crowd. To further put things into perspective, 55% of the country was able to get the American League Championship Series ( Cleveland -Seattle) while 45% got
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#17330945282927750-625: The United States, National Public Radio (NPR) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS, television) supplement public membership subscriptions and grants with funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), which is allocated bi-annually by Congress. US public broadcasting corporate and charitable grants are generally given in consideration of underwriting spots which differ from commercial advertisements in that they are governed by specific FCC restrictions, which prohibit
7875-405: The above example, after an increase of x = 10 percent and decrease of y = −5 percent , the final amount, $ 209, is 4.5% more than the initial amount of $ 200. As shown above, percent changes can be applied in any order and have the same effect. In the case of interest rates , a very common but ambiguous way to say that an interest rate rose from 10% per annum to 15% per annum, for example,
8000-421: The advocacy of a product or a "call to action". The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as recorded or live . The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like sports television can include some of
8125-405: The agenda of any future communication theory in general". Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialogue in between. It is possible for the message to be changed or corrupted by government officials once the main source releases it. There is no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb
8250-441: The air until one hour after the conclusion. The station would later air an abbreviated version of the game the following weekend due to its transmitter problems on NBC's live broadcast. ABC, meanwhile, was able to have its primary broadcast team from 1989 return intact. Al Michaels served as the play-by-play announcer once again. Tim McCarver , who had just spent four years at CBS, returned as an analyst along with Jim Palmer . On
8375-662: The annual average of $ 165 million needed to renew the TBN deal after two years. Meanwhile, Andy Zimbalist, author of Baseball and Billions , and a players' union consulting economist, insisted that baseball could have done better than the TBN deal with some combination of CBS (which offered $ 120 million last-ditch bid for renewal), Fox and TBS . Baseball shut out CBS and could have waited longer before closing them out." Five years after The Baseball Network dissolved, NBC Sports play-by-play announcer Bob Costas wrote in his book Fair Ball: A Fan's Case for Baseball that The Baseball Network
8500-399: The answer: 3% / 10% = 30 / 100 or 30% of all computer science majors are female. This example is closely related to the concept of conditional probability . Because of the commutative property of multiplication, reversing expressions does not change the result; for example, 50% of 20 is 10, and 20% of 50 is 10. The calculation of percentages
8625-521: The aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the live television telecast. American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s, requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: Effects of time on North American broadcasting ). This restriction
8750-427: The broadcast crew of Al Michaels , Jim Palmer , and Tim McCarver paced their broadcast as if they had never been away, and the different looks, especially ground level cameras, had always been a trademark of effective work by ABC. ABC also according to him, made effective use of graphics to recap season leaders. ABC Sports' technical coverage as a whole, included 21 cameras from all vantage points , including one in
8875-566: The broadcasting rights to those entire dates. Even in markets with only one team, the ABC or NBC affiliate could still not broadcast that team's game if the start time was not appropriate for the time zone. For example, if the Detroit Tigers (the only team in their market) played a road game in Seattle , Oakland or Anaheim beginning at 8 p.m. Pacific Time (a late game), Detroit's Baseball Network affiliate (either WXYZ-TV or WDIV , depending on
9000-457: The cancellation of that year's World Series , ABC was denied its remaining Baseball Night in America telecasts and NBC was shut out of its game broadcast slate (which in 1994, was scheduled to begin on August 26) altogether. It is known that ABC's lead broadcast team of Al Michaels, Jim Palmer, and Tim McCarver were scheduled to broadcast a game between the Chicago Cubs and Los Angeles Dodgers
9125-439: The central high-powered broadcast tower transmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analog (signal
9250-457: The coverage according to Trecker, proceeded as if fans have followed the game with the same attention as in the past. As for the graphics, Trecker argued that not only were the game graphics provided by The Baseball Network not there all the time as was the case with ESPN's , but it was too big. Trecker would however, praise ABC's production of the 1995 All-Star Game in Arlington . He said that
9375-559: The development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard. On 25 March 1925, John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges . Baird's device relied upon
9500-532: The divisional series and the League Championship Series now merited scarcely higher priority than regional coverage provided for a Big Ten football game between Wisconsin and Michigan . When Costas was preparing call the 1995 American League Division Series between Boston-Cleveland for NBC, he told the New York Times that "It's baseball's objective to market itself nationally, but TBN makes it
9625-404: The end of the telecasts. All in all, The Baseball Network was said to have more than 20 corporate sponsors and advertisers. In the event of a strike, these sponsors either had the option of taking back the money that they otherwise, would've used to support The Baseball Network and be able to spend it elsewhere or, they would've been able to delay any spending on baseball telecasts until the strike
9750-467: The entire nation all at once. Other sponsors for The Baseball Network included Gillette , Avis (who paid The Baseball Network approximately $ 6.5 million), Chevrolet , Fruit of the Loom , Gatorade , General Motors (who was expected to pay The Baseball Network at least $ 40 million), Upper Deck , and Toyota . Chevrolet in particular, sponsored the "player of the game" award that would be announced towards
9875-465: The existence of the decimal system, computations were often made in fractions in the multiples of 1 / 100 . For example, Augustus levied a tax of 1 / 100 on goods sold at auction known as centesima rerum venalium . Computation with these fractions was equivalent to computing percentages. As denominations of money grew in the Middle Ages , computations with
10000-415: The failed trial with CBS, Major League Baseball was desperately grasping for every available dollar. To put things into proper perspective, in 1991 , the second year of Major League Baseball's contract with CBS, CBS reported a loss of around $ 169 million in the third quarter of the year. A decline in advertiser interest caused revenue from the sale of commercials during CBS's baseball telecasts to plummet. All
10125-810: The first two games of the Yankees-Mariners series, while WABC-TV aired the final three contests. In the neighboring Hartford – New Haven television market in Connecticut , NBC affiliate WVIT aired the first two games of the Boston–Cleveland series, but ABC station WTNH would alternate with the Yankees in Game 3, the Red Sox in Game 4, and the Yankees in Game 5. In Ohio , NBC stations in Cleveland , Steubenville , Columbus , Toledo , and Youngstown would get to see
10250-544: The first two years. ABC Sports president Dennis Swanson, in announcing the dissolution of The Baseball Network, said: The fact of the matter is, Major League Baseball seems incapable at this point in time, of living with any longterm relationships, whether it's with fans, with players, with the political community in Washington , with the advertising community here in Manhattan , or with its TV partners. Others would argue that
10375-552: The first year for the wild card) would increase the national broadcast revenue for Major League Baseball in the foreseeable future. On May 28, 1993, Major League Baseball's owners overwhelmingly approved a new network television deal without CBS involved. After a four-year hiatus, ABC and NBC (who last aired Thursday Night Baseball games and the Saturday afternoon Game of the Week respectively) returned to Major League Baseball under
10500-830: The games in Canada, they re-broadcast the BNIA feed across their network. Typically, if the Blue Jays were idle for the day, the Expos would be featured on TSN. Also, CBET (the CBC affiliate in Windsor, Ontario ) would air Blue Jays games if the Detroit Tigers were not playing at home that night or if the Blue Jays were scheduled to play in Detroit. Whether or not the game would air in the opposing team's market would depend on which time zone they were from, or if they shared
10625-423: The general public, either direct or relayed". Private or two-way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, amateur ("ham") and citizens band (CB) radio operators are not allowed to broadcast. As defined, transmitting and broadcasting are not the same. Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by radio waves
10750-412: The general public: The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks more than quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007, from 432 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information, to 1.9 zettabytes . This is the information equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986, and 175 newspapers per person per day by 2007. In a broadcast system,
10875-619: The ill-fated Baseball Network. The Baseball Network kicked off its coverage on July 12, 1994, on NBC with the All-Star Game from Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh . This was NBC's first telecast of a Major League Baseball game since Game 5 of the 1989 National League Championship Series between the San Francisco Giants and Chicago Cubs on October 9 of that year . The NBC broadcast team consisted of Bob Costas on play-by-play, with Joe Morgan and Bob Uecker as analysts. Costas,
11000-448: The instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves . In contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized values which imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information and entertainment programming from various sources to
11125-462: The intent was to say 100%. Whenever communicating about a percentage, it is important to specify what it is relative to (i.e., what is the total that corresponds to 100%). The following problem illustrates this point. In a certain college 60% of all students are female, and 10% of all students are computer science majors. If 5% of female students are computer science majors, what percentage of computer science majors are female? We are asked to compute
11250-461: The league's new national broadcast partner beginning in 1996. After the fallout from CBS 's financial problems from their exclusive, four-year-long (lasting from 1990 to 1993), US$ 1.8 billion television contract with Major League Baseball (a contract that ultimately cost CBS approximately $ 500 million), Major League Baseball decided to go into the business of producing the telecasts themselves and market these to advertisers on its own. In reaction to
11375-455: The matter is, Major League Baseball seems incapable at this point in time, of living with any long term relationships, whether it's with fans, with players, with the political community in Washington , with the advertising community here in Manhattan , or with its TV partners." While on assignment at the 1993 World Series , CBS Sports broadcaster Sean McDonough told the New York Times that The Baseball Network's strategy of regionalizing
11500-455: The message intended for a single recipient. The term broadcasting evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about. It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials or by telegraph. Examples applying it to "one-to-many" radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898. Over-the-air broadcasting
11625-405: The message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting. Broadcasting focuses on getting a message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Peters also states that broadcasting is used to address an open-ended destination. There are many forms of broadcasting, but they all aim to distribute
11750-530: The network which held the rights to the game) could not air the game because the start time was too late for the Detroit area (11 p.m. Eastern Time). Detroit viewers only had the option of viewing the early game of the night. Some local broadcasters also objected the policies of The Baseball Network. KSMO-TV in Kansas City , the primary over-the-air station for the Kansas City Royals , went as far as to sue
11875-433: The number 0 is included if the interest rate is less than 1%, e.g. " 0 + 3 ⁄ 4 % Treasury Stock", not " 3 ⁄ 4 % Treasury Stock".) It is also widely accepted to use the percent symbol (%) in tabular and graphic material. In line with common English practice, style guides—such as The Chicago Manual of Style —generally state that the number and percent sign are written without any space in between. However,
12000-426: The numeric value of the ratio by 100. For example, to find 50 apples as a percentage of 1,250 apples, one first computes the ratio 50 / 1250 = 0.04, and then multiplies by 100 to obtain 4%. The percent value can also be found by multiplying first instead of later, so in this example, the 50 would be multiplied by 100 to give 5,000, and this result would be divided by 1,250 to give 4%. To calculate
12125-406: The playoffs irked him because with both League Championship Series now being played simultaneously, no market would be able see both games; rather, the two playoff series would be regionalized into areas of natural interest. The only exception would be Games 6 and 7 of the two series, which would have staggered starting times. McDonough said that this would affect out-of-state viewers, for example if
12250-440: The pre game show; this was one of his first assignments for NBC after having left CBS Sports following that network's coverage of the 1994 College World Series . Gumbel had also previously served as the secondary play-by-play announcer (behind Sean McDonough ) for CBS's baseball coverage, calling the 1993 American League Championship Series along the way with Jim Kaat . Helping with interviews were Hannah Storm (reporting from
12375-411: The price (a decrease of $ 22), then the final price will be $ 198— not the original price of $ 200. The reason for this apparent discrepancy is that the two percent changes (+10% and −10%) are measured relative to different initial values ($ 200 and $ 220, respectively), and thus do not "cancel out". In general, if an increase of x percent is followed by a decrease of x percent, and the initial amount
12500-482: The process, hoped to offer important games for divisional races to the overall market. Owners also hoped that this particular technique, combined with the additional division races created through league expansion (the Colorado Rockies and Florida Marlins had begun play the year prior) and the quest for wild card spots for the playoffs ( 1994 was the first year of three divisions for each league and would have been
12625-423: The recipient, especially with multicasting allowing the signal and bandwidth to be shared. The term broadcast network is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast over-the-air television signals that can be received using a tuner inside a television set with a television antenna from so-called networks that are broadcast only via cable television ( cablecast ) or satellite television that uses
12750-476: The regular season (under the branding Baseball Night in America ), along with coverage of the postseason and the World Series . Unlike previous broadcasting arrangements with the league, there was no national " game of the week " during the regular season; these would be replaced by multiple weekly regional telecasts on certain nights of the week. Additionally, The Baseball Network had exclusive coverage windows; no other broadcaster could televise MLB games during
12875-601: The remaining games would be aired nationally. Ken Schanzer, The Baseball Network's president said "We've been given a responsibility to broadcast the games regionally and, within that context, we tried to come up with a plan that makes it as exciting as possible". On that end, The Baseball Network implemented a strategy that included cutting in to one game with highlights from other games—sometimes between batters, and more often, between pitches. Therefore, viewers watching one divisional series or League Championship Series game would often see action continuing on one reduced screen while
13000-562: The rights to the first dibs at the World Series in August 1993 after ABC Sports president Dennis Swanson won a coin toss by calling "heads." Ken Schanzer, who was the CEO of The Baseball Network, handled the coin toss. Schanzer agreed to the coin toss by ABC and NBC at the outset as the means of determining the order in which they would divide up the playoffs. What separated The Baseball Network from previous television deals with Major League Baseball, and
13125-472: The same night that The Baseball Network was televising games. The arrangement did not last long; due to the effects of a players' strike on the remainder of the 1994 season, and poor reception from fans and critics over how the coverage was implemented, The Baseball Network was disbanded after the 1995 season. While NBC would maintain rights to certain games, the growing Fox network (having established its own sports division two years earlier in 1994) became
13250-493: The same on both networks. When critiquing The Baseball Network's coverage of the 1995 postseason, Jerry Trecker of the Hartford Courant wrote that the broadcasts suffered from having too many men in the booth, sloppy camera work, and a lack of consistency in graphics. Trecker also felt that the ABC and NBC crews during the World Series, spent too much time in story-telling and not enough in nuts-and-bolts game setup. Instead,
13375-676: The subject of Michaels returning to baseball for the first time since the Loma Prieta earthquake interrupted the 1989 World Series , Jim Palmer said, "Here Al is, having done five games since 1989 , and steps right in. It's hard to comprehend how one guy could so amaze." After the All-Star Game was complete, ABC took over coverage with what was to be their weekly slate of games. ABC was scheduled to televise six regular season games on Saturdays or Mondays in prime time . NBC would then pick up where ABC left off by televising six more regular season Friday night games. Every Baseball Night in America game
13500-455: The surface, to benefit NBC and ABC (who each contributed $ 10 million in start-up funds) since it gave them a monopoly on broadcasting Major League Baseball games. The deal was similar to a time-buy , instead of a traditional rights fee situation. It also stood to benefit the networks because they reduced the risk associated with purchasing the broadcast rights outright (in stark contrast to CBS's disastrous contract with Major League Baseball from
13625-578: The team in their market if a game was scheduled; otherwise, they would be sent games of regional or divisional interest. Eventually, baseball could have also shared the channel with the NHL or NBA in the off-season. It wasn't until January 1, 2009 (nearly 14 years since the cancellation of the Baseball Network) that an all-baseball cable channel, MLB Network (created and backed by MLB) would finally come to fruition and would prove to be much more successful than
13750-636: The troubles of The Baseball Network was the fact that Baseball Night in America held exclusivity over every market. This most severely impacted markets with two teams, specifically New York City ( Mets and Yankees ), to the Greater Los Angeles Area ( Dodgers and Angels ), Chicago ( Cubs and White Sox ), the San Francisco Bay Area ( Giants and A's ), and to a lesser extent, the state of Texas ( Houston Astros and Texas Rangers ). For example, if Baseball Night in America showed
13875-535: The two lead announcers from the opposing teams call the games involving their teams together. Games involving either of the two Canadian-based MLB teams at the time, the Toronto Blue Jays and Montreal Expos , were not always included in the Baseball Night in America package. Canadian rightsholders were allowed to broadcast the games. When TSN (which owned the cable rights to the Blue Jays and Expos) covered
14000-455: The umbrella of a revenue sharing venture called The Baseball Network . Under a six-year plan (with an option for two additional years), Major League Baseball was intended to receive 85 % of the first US$ 140 million in advertising revenue (or 87.5% of advertising revenues and corporate sponsorship from the games until sales topped a specified level), 50% of the next $ 30 million, and 80% of any additional money. Prior to this, Major League Baseball
14125-411: The week that the strike began. Both networks elected to dissolve the partnership with Major League Baseball on June 22, 1995. Both networks figured that as the delayed 1995 baseball season opened without a labor agreement, there was no guarantee against another strike. Under the terms of the agreement, it could be voided by any party if the venture did not produce a minimum of $ 330 million in revenue over
14250-504: The while, CBS was still contractually obligated to pay Major League Baseball around $ 260 million a year through 1993 . Before Major League Baseball decided to seek the services of other networks, CBS offered US$ 120 million in annual rights fees over a two-year period, as well as advertising revenues in excess of $ 150 million a season. As part of MLB's attempt to produce and market the games in-house, it hoped to provide games of regional interests to appropriate markets. Major League Baseball in
14375-533: The world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers. World War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications . After the war, commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. World War II again accelerated
14500-438: Was p , the final amount is p (1 + 0.01 x )(1 − 0.01 x ) = p (1 − (0.01 x ) ) ; hence the net change is an overall decrease by x percent of x percent (the square of the original percent change when expressed as a decimal number). Thus, in the above example, after an increase and decrease of x = 10 percent , the final amount, $ 198, was 10% of 10%, or 1%, less than the initial amount of $ 200. The net change
14625-506: Was "stupid and an abomination." Costas further wrote that the agreement involving the World Series being the only instance of The Baseball Network broadcasting a nationally televised game was an unprecedented surrender of prestige, as well as a slap to all serious fans. He also acknowledged that the most impassioned fans in baseball were now prevented from watching many of the playoff games that they wanted to see, as all playoff games had been broadcast nationally for decades. Costas added that both
14750-514: Was allowed to telecast a Major League Baseball game on those dates. Baseball Night in America (which premiered on July 16, 1994) usually aired up to fourteen games based on the viewers' region (affiliates chose games of local interest to carry) as opposed to a traditional coast-to-coast format. Normally, announcers who represented each of the teams playing in the respective games were paired with each other. More specifically, on regional Saturday night broadcasts and all non-"national" broadcasts, TBN let
14875-728: Was by far the most controversial part of the deal, was that not all postseason games (aside from the World Series) were guaranteed to be shown nationally. To increase viewership by preventing games from being played in the afternoon (the league was the only professional sports league in the country to play postseason games on weekday afternoons), the National League and American League's division and championship series games were instead played simultaneously in primetime, and affiliates could only air one game each night, which were again determined regionally. If one playoff series had already concluded,
15000-450: Was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburg disaster at Lakehurst, New Jersey , in 1937. During World War II , prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio radio stations around the world. A disadvantage of recording first
15125-495: Was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellites) emerging in the 1980s. Originally, all broadcasting was composed of analog signals using analog transmission techniques but in the 2000s, broadcasters switched to digital signals using digital transmission . An analog signal is any continuous signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal ,
15250-511: Was projected to take a projected 55% cut in rights fees and receive a typical rights fee from the networks. When compared to the previous television deal with CBS, The Baseball Network was supposed to bring in 50% less of the broadcasting revenue. The advertisers were reportedly excited about the arrangement with The Baseball Network because the new package included several changes intended to boost ratings , especially among younger viewers. Arranging broadcasts through The Baseball Network seemed, on
15375-497: Was resolved. At the time of the actual strike 's start on August 12, 1994, The Baseball Network was reportedly able to sell approximately $ 130 million in advertisement time. Unfortunately, about $ 100 million of that was expected to run through the entire postseason, including the World Series , which would ultimately be canceled on September 14, 1994. The long-term plans for The Baseball Network began to crumble after players and owners went on strike on August 12, 1994. In addition to
15500-568: Was scheduled to begin at 8 p.m. Eastern Time (or 8 p.m. Pacific Time if the game occurred on the West Coast ). A single starting time gave the networks the opportunity to broadcast one game and then, simultaneously, cut to another game when there was a break in action. The networks had exclusive rights for the twelve regular season dates, in that no regional or national cable service (such as ESPN or superstations like Chicago 's WGN-TV or Atlanta 's WTBS ) or over-the-air broadcaster
15625-407: Was worth over $ 20 million for two years with an option of a third. Budweiser was announced as the presenter during the starting line-up were announcements during The Baseball Network's telecasts. According to Busch Media president Tony Ponturo, Anheuser-Busch liked The Baseball Network's idea of broadcasting games, including the Division Series and League Championship Series regionally instead of to
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