Barış Youth Symphony Orchestra ( Turkish : Barış Çocuk Senfoni Orkestrası , literally: Peace Children Symphony Orchestra) is a youth orchestra founded at İzmir , Turkey in 2015. The orchestra has nearly one hundred members. Various classic music artists have joined the orchestra for its concerts.
63-602: Turkish soprano Selmin Öney Günöz was inspired by the El Sistema free music education program in Venezuela. She launched the Barış Youth Symphony Orchestra project in 2015 to provide free music education to children with limited opportunities living in troubled neighborhoods in İzmir . The program aims to keep children away from violence, crime, and addiction. The initial children were provided with 20 violins with
126-753: A fringe programme in community venues. A programme attracted over 30,000 people to more than seventy events throughout north east Scotland each year. Concerts, dance shows and galas in Aberdeen were held in venues such as His Majesty's Theatre , The Music Hall and The Lemon Tree as well as smaller venues such as churches (such as Queen's Cross Church, Aberdeen ) and also featured a touring programme taking events to rural venues. The AIYF programme included symphony orchestras and steel bands, song recitals and jazz, traditional music, world music, ballet, contemporary and traditional dance. The festival also produced an opera, ( Opera Garden ) as well as performances developed by
189-552: A goal and plan to more than double in size and to engage 10,000 children and youth in New Brunswick over the life of the plan. Sistema NB is generously supported by the Province of New Brunswick and many individuals, businesses, charitable foundations and others. Sistema Toronto was founded in 2011 by businessman and community activist Robert Eisenberg. Sistema Toronto's first centre opened at Parkdale Junior and Senior Public School;
252-885: A graduate-level degree program based on the tenets of El Sistema, including Master of Arts in Teaching in Music degree. First Notes in Vail Valley, Colorado; CityMusic in Cleveland, Ohio; Club O in Fort Wayne, Indiana; Kid Ovation program in Des Moines, Iowa; and Orchestrating Diversity in Saint Louis, Missouri are also inspired by El Sistema. Other El Sistema-inspired programs in the US include: In 2024, El Sistema USA launched A Musician’s Guide to Reaching for
315-620: A meal, choir, orchestra, and social programming. Sistema Winnipeg performs regularly with the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra and is led by Music Director Naomi Woo , also assistant conductor of the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra. YONA-Sistema (Youth Orchestra of Northern Alberta – Sistema) ( Edmonton , Alberta) was established in September 2013. It serves students at Delton School and Mother Teresa Elementary School in Edmonton, Alberta and
378-402: A modern structure that has various spaces distributed in musical instruction areas, instrumental rehearsal and choral practice rooms; in addition to a library, recording booths, dressing rooms, cafeterias, administrative and health services. Among the areas open to the public, the large Simón Bolívar Room stands out, with a capacity of 1,100 people and equipped with a large tubular organ donated by
441-724: A new Chief Executive, Stephen Stenning was appointed. Developments during this time include the creation of Grampian Youth Orchestra . In 2007 Stewart Aitken, formerly Artistic Director of Wigan Pier Theatre Company became the Chief Executive. Opera Garden was the Aberdeen International Youth Festival's Opera Project. Named after the Aberdonian opera singer, Mary Garden , the project aspired to continue her work, providing new challenges and performances for young singers. Conceived by Artistic Director Gidon Saks ,
504-541: A number of former students at El Sistema had told him that there was underage sex between students and teachers, "sexualized grooming" and "trad[ing] [of] musical benefits ... for sex" at the institution. Overseas affiliates of El Sistema in England and Canada expressed concern at the allegations in the Washington Post article. El Sistema expressed "absolute solidarity with the victims and their families" and said it would ask
567-609: A partnership In Harmony, which will result in children from both England and Venezuela to work together in a series of music-making projects. The Nucleo Project was founded by Lucy Maguire in February 2013, in a basement in Notting Hill. It is a social action programme in North Kensington that uses the pursuit of musical excellence as a way to enrich the lives of children, young people and their families. Beginning with five children,
630-420: A release order dated from 18 June. In court, her mother was asked not to make her daughter's case public because "it was going to be resolved soon." Palacios was released on 16 July 2019. In November 2014, British musicologist Geoffrey Baker published a newspaper article and a book that disputed many of the claims made by and about El Sistema and suggested that much of the publicly circulating information about
693-683: A violin in prison, Wuilly decided to sing, reaching the point where other prisoners asked him for songs, especially vallenatos . The place where he spent most of his time was in the bohío, where he ended his imprisonment, an octagonal cell in the General Command of the National Guard in Caracas, where there were about 14 prisoners. While he was imprisoned he had nowhere to write, it was forbidden to receive or send letters, there were no visitors, they were isolated and without ventilation. Even so, he composed
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#1732880598098756-517: A vital and critical project, both orchestrally and socially. The program has a reputation for rescuing young people in impoverished circumstances, directing them away from lives of drug abuse and crime, into which they would likely otherwise be drawn. The Venezuelan government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez began fully financing Abreu's orchestra after its success, in 1976, at the " International Festival of Youth Orchestras " in Aberdeen , Scotland. From
819-795: A wide geographical area ranging from Kidznotes in North Carolina, JAMM (Juneau Alaska Music Matters) in that state, and ICAN (Incredible Children's Art Network) in Santa Barbara, California. In 2011, Longy School of Music of Bard College , Bard College , and the Los Angeles Philharmonic formed Take a Stand to promote and support the El Sistema-inspired music education movement in the United States. Based in Los Angeles, it also offers
882-895: Is a publicly financed, voluntary sector , music-education program, founded in Venezuela in 1975 by Venezuelan educator, musician, and activist José Antonio Abreu . It later adopted the motto "Music for Social Change." El Sistema-inspired programs provide what the International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies describes as "free classical music education that promotes human opportunity and development for impoverished children." El Sistema has inspired similar programmes in more than 60 other countries. By 2015, according to official figures, El Sistema included more than 400 music centers and 700,000 young musicians. The original program in Venezuela involves four after-school hours of musical training and rehearsal each week, plus additional work on
945-664: Is made possible through its many partnerships with local community supporters like: OCDSB, and the National Arts Centre . Quintissimo ( Belleville, Ontario ) was established in January 2023. Its mission is to create positive social change by providing free music education to underserved children in the Bay of Quinte area. Lessons are currently offered out of Prince Edward Collegiate Institute . Saint James Music Academy ( Vancouver , British Columbia) Canada's first El-sistema program,
1008-716: Is offered through a partnership between the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra , the Edmonton Catholic School District, the Edmonton Public School Board, and the Inner City Children's Program. In Harmony is a British government-led music education and community development project which is based on El Sistema It was begun in 2009 with Julian Lloyd Webber appointed chairman of its steering group. The project receives funding from
1071-524: Is still widely known by the FESNOJIV acronym. Abreu has said that "music has to be recognized as an agent of social development in the highest sense because it transmits the highest values – solidarity, harmony, mutual compassion," crediting it with the ability to "unite an entire community and express sublime feelings." Abreu led the program for nearly four decades with the backing and material support of seven consecutive Venezuelan governments, ranging across
1134-538: The Caracas Symphony Youth Orchestra and a newly constituted National Children's Orchestra consisting of 358 musicians. On 3 May 2017, 18-years-old El Sistema violist Armando Cañizales was killed when he was shot by a spherical metallic projectile by security forces while participating in a demonstration in Caracas . Conductor Gustavo Dudamel condemned Nicolás Maduro 's response to the protests for
1197-641: The Joe Chithalen Memorial Music Instrument Lending Library (Joe's MILL). Sistema New Brunswick (Moncton, New Brunswick) A program of the New Brunswick Youth Orchestra , Sistema NB was started in 2009 in Moncton and has since grown to include centres all across the province. It is an intensive music education program engaging more than 1,200 children and youth, 2–3 hours after school, 5 days per week during
1260-532: The Paris Opera Ballet School and the Kirov and Bolshoi companies. A Dance Summer School was held annually as part of the Aberdeen International Youth Festival. The school offered an intensive course in dance for students aged 12–16, a performance course for advanced level students in full-time training for a career in dance, a music theatre course and a 'taster day' for younger dance students. Patrons of
1323-692: The Polaris Dawn space mission Sarah Gillis performed a concert in the Crew Dragon capsule alongside El Sistema music students from around the world including Brazil, Haiti, Sweden, Uganda, USA, and Venezuela. She played the solo violin part of "Rey's Theme" by John Williams from the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens to raise money for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and El Sistema. El Sistema-based programs exist in almost every province of Canada, with over 20 programs in existence and more being started each year. El Sistema Aeolian ( London, Ontario )
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#17328805980981386-609: The Conservatory Lab Charter School in Boston and other musical institutions in the United States to create a Pan-American movement. "The New World," he said, "is nothing less than all three Americas. And so what we are in the process of creating is really an expression of a new, transcontinental social and musical culture." The Conservatory Lab school is associated with the New England Conservatory of Music , and
1449-522: The Department for Education and Arts Council England. On 22 November 2007, Julian Lloyd Webber noted the following in regard to the UK government's announcement of an infusion of £332 million dedicated to music education: We also have an impoverished South American nation to thank. Last August, in the midst of school holidays, when an uncomfortable number of British children seemed even more disaffected than usual,
1512-554: The Polar Foundation; in addition to a theater, chamber music rooms and an outdoor acoustic shell, located in the southern area of the building, which is part of Los Caobos Park; as well as musical instrument manufacturing workshops and a space for the “Inocente Carreño” National Audiovisual Music Center (CNAMIC) On 6 June 2007, the Inter-American Development Bank announced the granting of a US$ 150 million loan for
1575-495: The Public Prosecutor’s Office "to support opening investigations of any complaint related to any form of violence or human abuse". El Sistema USA is a membership organization, which supports and encourages more than 80 El Sistema-inspired programs throughout the United States, a number which are growing rapidly. Its philosophy and aspirations are expressed on its website: A visionary global movement that transforms
1638-1112: The Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra arrived from Venezuela to deliver performances at the Edinburgh Festival and the London Proms that were, quite simply, miraculous" Lloyd Webber visited Venezuela in late 2009 and reported on what he saw there. The project has centers in Lambeth (led by Lambeth Council's Children and Young People's Service), Leeds, (led by Opera North ), Liverpool (led by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra ), Newcastle Gateshead, (led by The Sage Gateshead ), Nottingham, (led by Nottingham City Council), Norwich, (led by NORCA and Sistema in Norwich ), and Telford and Stoke-on-Trent (led by Telford and Wrekin Music) In 2013, El Sistema announced
1701-750: The Simón Bolívar B" The Simón Bolívar B is now the touring orchestra and, in 2007, made its debut at the BBC Proms in London's Royal Albert Hall and later at Carnegie Hall under the baton of Gustavo Dudamel , receiving enthusiastic reviews. 2009 saw the orchestra touring in the US, but also in Europe as well. In the spring of 2010, however, a tour to the Lucerne Easter Festival drew comments from reviewers, such as Tom Service of London's The Guardian, that
1764-714: The Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra was "youthful no longer." This struck home, and Abreu decided, as he put it, "the time is once again ripe for new, younger national orchestras." And so, he set about creating new ensembles. The Teresa Carreño Symphony Youth Orchestra , named for the famous Venezuelan pianist , started international touring in the autumn of 2010 with appearances at the Beethoven Fest in Bonn, followed by Vienna, Berlin, Salzburg Festival , Milan, Amsterdam, Madrid, and London. Other new youth orchestras include
1827-569: The Stars, an online curriculum developed in collaboration with the violinist and astronaut Sarah Gillis and the Polaris Program , designed to encourages teachers, parents, students to explore the connections between music and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) as well as social-emotional skills. The curriculum offers five Mission Readiness Zone modules, each with a fun challenge activity for students to attempt. In September 2024 during
1890-543: The bank calculated that every dollar invested in El Sistema was reaping about $ 1.68 in social dividends. Supported by the government, El Sistema started introducing its music program into the public-school curriculum, aiming to be in every school and to support 500,000 children by 2015. The project has also been extended to the penal system. On 25 May 2008, Leidys Asuaje wrote for Venezuelan daily El Nacional : "The plan to humanize jails through music began 11 months ago under
1953-520: The beginning, El Sistema came not under the ministry of culture, but under the umbrella of social-services ministries, which has strategically helped it survive. The current Maduro administration has been El Sistema's most generous patron so far, covering almost its entire annual operating budget, as well as additional capital projects. Abreu received the National Music Prize for his work in 1979 and became Minister of Culture in 1983. In 1995, Abreu
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2016-496: The construction of seven regional centers of El Sistema throughout Venezuela. Many bankers within the IDB originally objected to the loan on the grounds that classical music is for the elite. But then the bank has conducted studies on the more than 2,000,000 young people, educated in El Sistema, linking participation in the program to improvements in school attendance and reduction in juvenile delinquency and crime rates. Weighing such benefits,
2079-452: The first time the day after the killing, writing in social media: "I raise my voice against violence and repression. Nothing can justify bloodshed. Enough of ignoring the just clamor of a people suffocated by an intolerable crisis." Violinist Wuilly Arteaga [ es ] also participated and played his instrument during the protests that year. On 24 May, a National Guardsman officer ripped and broke his violin. His images crying over
2142-484: The leadership of José Antonio Abreu (7 May 1939 – 24 March 2018) with 11 students in an underground parking garage. For many years, its official name was Fundación del Estado para el Sistema Nacional de las Orquestas Juveniles e Infantiles de Venezuela, ( FESNOJIV ), which is sometimes translated into English as "National Network of Youth and Children's Orchestras of Venezuela." The organizations has recently changed its name to Fundación Musical Simón Bolívar ( FMSB ), but
2205-512: The lives of children through music. A new model for social change. Abreu appeared in a public symposium on El Sistema on 7 November 2007 in Boston, Massachusetts, where he gave the keynote speech of the public symposium on El Sistema on the WGBH Forum Network. A significant panel of speakers was present. At the November 2007 symposium, Abreu expressed delight at the prospect of joining with
2268-504: The mid-1990s, Abreu formed the National Children's Youth Orchestra, and many young musicians graduated from it to the Simón Bolívar which grew considerably in size. This became an opportunity to re-create the ensemble as two separate performing entities. The first generation of members was designated the Simón Bolívar A; the younger, newer members, who had recently been brought in from the new National Children's Orchestra, now constituted
2331-418: The orchestra in 2018, with the orchestra taking name "Yorglass Barış Youth Symphony Orchestra". As of May 2022, 98 children played in the orchestra's concerts, and around 50 more were enrolled in music education. Most of the applicants to enter the orchestra are girls. The orchestra has given concerts with musicians including the flutist Ayla Caymaz, the Ümit Bulut Choir, drummer Burhan Öçal, Savaş Özkök, and
2394-533: The participating companies working together over the course of the Festival. In November 2017 it was announced that Aberdeen City Council was to cease funding the event. In March 2018, it was announced that the festival trust was to be wound up. Aberdeen had hosted the International Festival of Youth Orchestras from 1973 to 1980. A dispute between the managers and the local organising committee regarding
2457-535: The participation of South African performers resulted in the event moving to Exeter. At the same time, the local organising committee in Aberdeen began a new incarnation of the event, the Aberdeen International Festival of Music and the Performing Arts. In 1983 the name was changed to Aberdeen International Youth Festival. In 2003 the Festival established a full-time office base in Aberdeen and
2520-583: The political spectrum from center-right to the current leftist presidency of Nicolás Maduro . Abreu has been "careful to keep El Sistema separate from partisan politics". "Play and Fight" was the title of the El Nacional news story about the National System of Youth and Children's Orchestras of Venezuela that appeared on 2 February 1976. The organization soon adopted that phrase as its motto, expressing its members' determination and commitment to El Sistema as
2583-489: The president's office took direct control. El Sistema's mission runs parallel to Mr. Chávez's program to provide subsidies and services to the poor." The institution's closeness to the government has caused the perception that the institution and the orchestra serve as a propaganda instrument of Nicolás Maduro's government. Since 2011, El Sistema has operated in the National Center for Social Action for Music in Caracas,
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2646-450: The program was hyperbolic or false. The book's allegations included a culture of authoritarianism, hyper-discipline, exploitation, competition, and gender discrimination. It argued that the program was deeply conservative beneath its progressive exterior and that its claims of social transformation were unproven and exaggerated. For example, Baker's work alleges that the IADB's claim that El Sistema
2709-480: The project brought together young singers from across the world and in three weeks produced a full-scale opera production. Opera Garden staged Così fan tutte , Eugene Onegin , Don Giovanni , Carmen , The Magic Flute , Falstaff , The Turn of the Screw and Hansel and Gretel . The Festival's Dance Summer School ran for 25 years and welcomed teachers from major schools and companies worldwide including
2772-951: The project grew rapidly, with over 200 children of ages 2–18 in six different orchestras. Sistema Scotland was established with a grant from the Scottish Arts Council in 2008, as a result of an initiative by its chairman Richard Holloway in the economically deprived area of Raploch , in Stirling . They run 'Big Noise' programmes across Scotland, which are high-quality music education and social change programmes that work intensively with children, young people and families within targeted communities. The charity now run six Big Noise programmes, in Raploch (Stirling), Govanhill (Glasgow), Torry (Aberdeen), Douglas (Dundee), Fallin (Stirling), and Wester Hailes (Edinburgh). Aberdeen International Youth Festival Aberdeen International Youth Festival
2835-441: The school year. It comprises a network of 1) local children's orchestras in 9 communities throughout the province of New Brunswick, 2) regional youth orchestras, and 3) a renowned provincial youth orchestra. Sistema NB serves urban and rural communities, operates in both English and French, and engages children and youth from under-resourced, indigenous and newcomer communities. In 2021, Sistema NB launched ’10,000 Children’, with
2898-669: The second opened in 2013 at Jane/Finch's Yorkwoods Public School. Sistema Toronto has since opened two centres at Military Trail Public School and St. Martin de Porres Catholic School in Scarborough's Kingston-Galloway-Orton Park neighbourhood. As of 2017, enrollment is 240 children aged 6–13. Sistema Winnipeg was started in 2011 as a partnership between the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra , Winnipeg School Division , and Sevenoaks School Division. The programme runs every day after school for approximately 130 students, and includes
2961-576: The situation and at the abuse of the security forces. Later, on 1 June 2019, Karen would be detained by officials from the Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence (DGCIM) and charged with the crime of instigation to hatred. She was detained in the National Institute for Female Orientation (INOF), in Los Teques , Miranda state, and confined to a highly dangerous cell, despite having
3024-612: The song " Cárcel de libertad " (Freedom Prison) along with his best friend Aarón, also detained. Clarinetist Karen Palacios signed in favor of the referendum organized by the opposition led National Assembly . She was later notified that her contract with the Philharmonic Orchestra was canceled because her political position was not convenient for the orchestra. Palacios denounced the incident on her Twitter account and it went viral. The clarinetist started to receive attacks and threats on social networks and during that year's protests her tweets began to be cited, where she expressed anger at
3087-521: The supervision of the Ministry of Family, Health and Sports. A goal of El Sistema is to use music for the protection of children through training, rehabilitation, and prevention of criminal behavior. In September 2007, with Abreu present on the television talk-show, Aló Presidente , Hugo Chávez announced a new government program, Misión Música, designed to provide tuition and music instruments to Venezuelan children. It has been noted that "various ministries oversaw El Sistema until two years ago, when
3150-538: The support of volunteers. The first concert took place accompanied by the concert pianist Gülsin Onay . With the concert revenue, more music instruments were purchased, and the number of children in training increased to 60. In 2017, Öney Günöz founded the "Barış Çocuk Orkestrası Koruma ve Geliştirme Derneği" (English: Barış Children's Orchestra Conservation and Development Association ) which manages grant money, instrument maintenance, and acquisition of new instruments. The glass processing company Yorglass began sponsoring
3213-409: The tutelage of the Ministry of the Interior and Justice and FESNOJIV...." A 2022 investigation by Connectas, with the help of the International Center for Journalists , concluded that the regional centers funded by the IDB were never built and therefore the bank's long-term project to decentralize El Sistema had failed. An important product of El Sistema is the Simon Bolivar Symphony Orchestra. In
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#17328805980983276-431: The violin went viral, and several people offered to give him a violin to replace the broken one, including singers Oscarcito, Chyno Miranda and Marc Anthony , flutist Huáscar Barradas and former baseball player Melvin Mora . Wuilly was imprisoned in July for 19 days on charges of public instigation and possession of incendiary substance. During his detention he was transferred four times and subjected to torture. When he
3339-404: The weekends. The institution's closeness to the government has caused the perception that the institution and conductor Gustavo Dudamel serve as propaganda instruments of Maduro's government. Several musicians of El Sistema participated in the antigovernment 2017 protests . According to an OAS report, an 18-year-old violist was shot and killed by the National Guard. El Sistema began under
3402-439: The young concert pianist Can Çakmur. They have also done concerts with the concert pianist İdil Biret and conductors Howard Griffiths and Gürer Aykal . Their concerts are held at the Ahmed Adnan Saygun Arts Center in Konak, İzmir . The children in the orchestra are aged between 7 and 17. They train and practice twice a week in the center at Eşrefpaşa. El Sistema El Sistema (which translates to The System)
3465-434: Was a festival of performing arts and one of Scotland 's major international cultural events, which ran from 1981 to 2017. Each year the festival brought over 1000 young people in performing arts companies and music groups from across the globe. It provided a showcase for their talents, bringing them together with professionals and artists. As well as the ticketed events the Festival staged a parade, open-air performances and
3528-423: Was appointed Special Ambassador for the Development of a Global Network of Youth and Children Orchestras and Choirs by UNESCO . He also became a special representative for the development of orchestras within the framework of UNESCO's "World Movement of Youth and Children Orchestras and Choirs." At the time, its network of 102 youth and 55 children's orchestras (including approximately 100,000 youngsters) came under
3591-461: Was arrested, they burned his hair with a lighter for having very long hair, he was beaten with sticks and helmets when he was transferred to Fort Tiuna , and before arriving at the last prison he was hit in the back of the head with a metal tube, causing him internal bleeding and leaving him deaf in his right ear. During his detention he denounced that he witnessed how they raped a young woman detained on top of him inside an armoured vehicle. Not having
3654-545: Was established in 2012 serving students at two South London schools. In 2018, the program expanded to serve schools in St. Thomas, Ontario. Also in 2018, a new program entitled Ability Through Drumming was established to provide drumming lessons to children in London with physical and developmental disabilities. OrKidstra ( Ottawa , Ontario) was established in October 2007. It serves 400 students from Centretown inner-city schools through in-school programming (150 students) and after school programming (250 students). The program
3717-491: Was established in November 2011 and grew out of The Aeolian Performing Arts Centre, in London, Ontario. It serves approximately 75 students attracted from the greater London area. Currently, the program runs 4 days per week and includes youth string orchestra, choir, an adult orchestra, a full meal/snack, Indonesian gamelan , free donated pianos/lessons and gives between 15 and 20 performances per year. El Sistema South London (ESSL) ( London, Ontario and St. Thomas, Ontario )
3780-459: Was established in September 2007. It serves 480 students from Downtown Eastside inner-city schools through its outreach (280 students) and after school program (200 students). The program is an official community partner of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra . Sistema Kingston is a program based at Molly Brant Elementary School in Kingston , Ontario. The program's partnership includes The Dan School of Drama & Music at Queen's University and
3843-425: Was reaping about $ 1.68 in social dividends for each $ 1 invested was based on dubious calculations and had been withdrawn by the bank itself. In his review of Baker's book, Damian Thompson , arts editor of The Spectator , said Baker contended that the alleged sexual abuse of young musicians in El Sistema is part of "classical music's dirty little secret" that exists in other musical institutions. Baker's research
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#17328805980983906-448: Was supported in a 2016 article by Lawrence Scripp in which he interviewed the Venezuelan violinist Luigi Mazzocchi , who studied for 15 years at El Sistema starting at age nine. In 2018, Baker analysed external evaluations of El Sistema dating from 1996 to 1997, and concluded they confirmed many of the issues he had reported earlier. Baker and William Cheng published an opinion piece in the Washington Post in 2021, in which they said
3969-518: Was the first El Sistema-infused charter school in Massachusetts. It has been estimated that there were five or six El Sistema-based programs in the US in early 2009, but "by mid-2011, there were at least 50 such programs – and list is increasing by the week..." In addition, many of the original Abreu Fellows who came together at the New England Conservatory as a result of Abreu's TED Prize , have gone into their local communities to start new programs or to expand upon or within existing ones. These cover
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