90-488: Janet Anne Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon , PC (born 20 August 1955), is a British Labour Co-operative Party politician. A former secretary and adviser to Neil Kinnock , Royall was appointed to the House of Lords in 2004 after having stood unsuccessfully to be MEP for The Cotswolds and MP for Ipswich and Ogmore . She was Leader of the House of Lords for the last eighteen months of Gordon Brown 's premiership. Royall
180-634: A Community of Sanctuary . In May 2024 Royall instructed Thames Valley Police , who were monitoring pro-Palestine protests, to leave the grounds of Somerville College. In 2024, the UK Campaign Against Anti-Semitism wrote a formal letter of complaint after the Somerville College magazine, with a foreword by Royall, omitted any mention of Jewish victims in three articles on the Holocaust. It was announced that she would be standing down from
270-501: A TB outbreak on their farm, and these are mandatory and uncompensated. A TB outbreak costs the farmer a median £6,600. As of 2024, the United Kingdom has culled 210,000 badgers at a cost of £58.8 million. In the same period, it culled 330,000 cattle. Bovine TB compensation paid to farmers costs the UK taxpayer around £150 million per annum. The risk of humans contracting bTB from milk
360-437: A breeding bull), with higher values for pedigree animals, ranging up to £5,267. Farmers bear other costs from a TB outbreak on their farm, and these are mandatory and uncompensated. After compensation, a TB outbreak costs the farmer a median £6,600. As of 2024, the United Kingdom has culled 210,000 badgers at a cost of £58.8 million. In the same period, it culled 330,000 cattle. Bovine TB compensation paid to farmers costs
450-643: A cow; the badgers preferred to be 50 m away. Experts were quoted as saying expansion of the cull “flies in the face of scientific evidence ” and that the cull is a “monstrous” waste of time and money. Under the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats , the culling of badgers is only permitted as part of a bTB reduction strategy if no satisfactory alternative exists. Widespread public support has arisen for an alternative to culling. In October 2012, MPs voted 147 in favour of
540-424: A cull and the scale and length of time required to implement it, with no guarantee of success and the potential for making the disease worse. Benn went on to highlight other measures that would be taken, including allocating £20M to the development of an effective injectable TB vaccine for both cattle and badgers, and an oral badger vaccine. In 2010, a scientific report was published in which bTB incidence in cattle
630-450: A cull. The incoming DEFRA Secretary of State, Caroline Spelman , began her Bovine TB Eradication Programme for England, which she described as "a science-led cull of badgers in the worst-affected areas". The Badger Trust put it differently, saying, "badgers are to be used as target practice". Shadow Environment Secretary Mary Creagh said it was prompted by "short-term political calculation". The Badger Trust brought court action against
720-782: A few institutions in the United Kingdom . The Judicial Committee also hears very occasional appeals from a number of ancient and ecclesiastical courts. These include the Church Commissioners , the Arches Court of Canterbury , the Chancery Court of York , prize courts, the High Court of Chivalry , and the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports . This committee usually consists of members of
810-685: A field trial into the vaccination of badgers is under way in the Republic of Ireland , as yet, neither culling nor vaccination is carried out in Northern Ireland , although the Northern Ireland Assembly has carried out a review into bTB that recently recommended an immediate investigation into the viability of culling and/or vaccination. In autumn 2009, Scotland was declared officially tuberculosis-free under EU rules, so there are no proposals to cull badgers there. Although vaccinating cattle
900-608: A five-year vaccination programme following a review of the science. As an attempt to reduce the economic costs of live cage-trapping followed by shooting used in the RBCT, the post-2010 culls in England also allowed for the first time, "free shooting", i.e. shooting free-roaming badgers with firearms. Licences to cull badgers under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992 are available from Natural England , which require applicants to show that they have
990-400: A government e-petition. In July 2008, Hilary Benn , the then-Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, made a statement that highlighted actions other than culling, including allocating funding of £20M to the development of an effective TB injectable vaccine for cattle and badgers, and an oral badger vaccine. In March 2010, DEFRA licensed a vaccine for badgers, called
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#17330852564061080-408: A motion to stop the 2012/2013 badger cull and 28 against. The debate had been prompted by a petition on the government's e-petition website, which at the time had exceeded 150,000 signatories, and which had by June 2013 gathered around a quarter of a million signatories. By the time it closed on 7 September 2013, it had 303,929 signatures, breaking the record for the largest number of people ever to sign
1170-418: A report of his own, which concluded that culling could indeed make a useful contribution to controlling bTB. This was criticised by scientists, most notably in the editorial of Nature , which implied King was being influenced by politics. In July 2008, Hilary Benn, the then-Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, refused to authorise a badger cull because of the practicalities and cost of
1260-653: A resurgence. In August 2015, culling was announced to be rolled out in Dorset, with a target of 615 to 835 badgers being culled there, while also being continued in Gloucestershire and Somerset. Licences were granted to allow six weeks of continuous culling in the three counties until 31 January. In December 2015, Defra released documents confirming the badger cull had "met government targets" with 756 animals culled in Dorset, 432 in Gloucestershire and 279 in Somerset. In 2009,
1350-648: A secretary of state. The Committee, which last met in 1988, is concerned with the design and usage of wafer seals . The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the executive committee of the Privy Council and the senior decision-making body of British Government . The Judicial Committee serves as the final court of appeal for the Crown Dependencies , the British Overseas Territories , some Commonwealth countries, military sovereign base areas and
1440-530: A series of trials. The government then ordered an independently run series of trials, known as the Randomised Badger Culling Trials (RBCT). These trials, in which 11,000 badgers in selected areas were cage-trapped and killed, were conducted from 1998 to 2005, although they were briefly suspended due to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth in 2001 . The incidence of bTB in and around 10 large (100 km ) areas in which annual badger culling occurred
1530-540: A set area and timescale, as a way to reduce badger numbers in the hope of controlling the spread of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). Humans can catch bTB, but public health control measures, including milk pasteurisation and the BCG vaccine , mean it is not a significant risk to human health. The disease affects cattle and other farm animals, some species of wildlife including badgers and deer, and some domestic pets such as cats. Geographically, bTB has spread from isolated pockets in
1620-556: A smaller working committee which evolved into the modern Cabinet . By the end of the English Civil War , the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber , the House of Commons , instituted a Council of State to execute laws and to direct administrative policy. The forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons;
1710-446: Is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign of the United Kingdom . Its members, known as privy counsellors , are mainly senior politicians who are current or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords . The Privy Council formally advises the sovereign on the exercise of the royal prerogative . The King-in-Council issues executive instruments known as Orders in Council . The Privy Council also holds
1800-535: Is a recognised method of avoiding killing wildlife, but reducing the prevalence, incidence, and spread of bTB in the cattle population, it could also reduce the severity of a herd infection – regardless of whether infection is introduced by wildlife or cattle – ; it has three problems: As of 2011, DEFRA has invested around £18 million in the development of cattle vaccines and associated diagnostic tools. Many badgers in Europe were gassed during
1890-574: Is extremely low if certain precautions are taken, and scientists have argued that badger culling is unnecessary. The low risk is accepted by DEFRA, which wrote in a report published in 2011: "The risk to public health is very low these days, largely thanks to milk pasteurisation and the TB surveillance and control programme in cattle". Animal welfare groups such as the Badger Trust and the Royal Society for
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#17330852564061980-564: Is greater than it is from badgers. M. bovis was shown to be hosted and transmitted to humans by cats in March 2014 when Public Health England announced two people in England developed bTB infections after contact with a domestic cat. The two human cases were linked to 9 cases of bTB infection in cats in Berkshire and Hampshire during 2013. These are the first documented cases of cat-to-human TB transmission. Research reported in 2016 indicates that bTB
2070-410: Is not a sufficient response However, in England, the government views badger vaccination as a necessary part of a package of measures for controlling bTB, because it estimates the cost of vaccination to be around £2,250 /km /yr, and notes that most landowners and farmers have little interest in paying this cost themselves. In Wales , badger vaccination is carried out in preference to culling. Whilst
2160-430: Is not transmitted by direct contact between badgers and cattle, but through contaminated pasture and dung. This has important implications for farm practices such as the spreading of slurry . Using a GPS collar small enough to be worn by badgers, the researchers tracked more than 400 cattle when they were in the territories of 100 badgers. In 65,000 observations, only once did a badger get within 10 m (33 ft) of
2250-678: Is the current Principal of Somerville College, Oxford and was a candidate in the 2024 University of Oxford Chancellor election but lost to William Hague. Royall grew up in Gloucestershire in Hucclecote and Newnham on Severn and was educated at the Royal Forest of Dean Grammar School and Westfield College, London , where she gained a 2.2 ( BA ) degree in Modern Languages (Spanish and French) in 1977. Royall's first job after graduating
2340-447: Is to test the assumption that controlled shooting is a humane culling technique." The statement makes no indication that the cull would assess the effectiveness of reducing bTB in the trial areas. A Badger Trust statement indicated the 2012/13 badger cull had these specific aims: Again, the statement made no indication that the cull would assess the effectiveness of reducing bTB in the trial areas. Permission to allow free shooting for
2430-454: The Mycobacterium bovis bacterium, which causes the disease "bovine TB" (bTB). Between 1994 and 2011, 570 human cases of bovine TB were reported in humans. Most of these cases are thought to be in older people who could have been infected before milk pasteurisation became common in the UK. One route of transmission to humans is drinking infected, unpasteurised milk ( pasteurisation kills
2520-516: The 2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak , which led to thousands of cattle being slaughtered and farmers all over the UK having to buy new stock. Apparently, undiscovered bTB remained in some of these replacement animals. Action on eradicating bTB is a devolved issue. DEFRA works with the Devolved Administrations in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland for coherent and joined-up policies for
2610-561: The Badgers Act 1973 , making it an offence to attempt to kill, take, or injure badgers, or interfere with their setts without a licence. These laws are now contained in the Protection of Badgers Act 1992 . In 1997, an independent scientific body issued the Krebs Report . This concluded a lack of evidence remained about whether badger culling would help control the spread of bTB and proposed
2700-626: The Cabinet . With the creation of the United Kingdom on 1 January 1801, a single Privy Council was created for Great Britain and Ireland, although the Privy Council of Ireland continued to exist until 1922, when it was abolished upon the creation of the Irish Free State as an independent Dominion outside the United Kingdom, but within the British Empire . The Privy Council of Northern Ireland
2790-543: The Free Speech Union . She also oversaw an expansion of scholarship provision at Somerville College and initiated outreach to local primary schools . Royall served as Chair of Conference of Colleges from 2020-23, and for two years prior as Deputy Chair. In 2021, Royall led a campaign for Somerville to become a College of Sanctuary, offering a pathway to Oxford for students displaced by war or internal unrest. The University of Oxford has now adopted this campaign, forming
Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon - Misplaced Pages Continue
2880-688: The Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Act 2023 citing concerns about the bureaucracy the Bill would entail as well as her opposition to proposed fines. Royall has spoken in the Lords about the importance of free speech in universities and her belief that existing legislation is sufficient. In October 2024, the Free Speech Union commented that Royall had an "apparently lackadaisical approach to free speech." In February 2017, Somerville College, Oxford , announced
2970-474: The House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 ). The Crown-in-Council was formerly the supreme appellate court for the entire British Empire , but a number of Commonwealth countries have now abolished the right to such appeals. The Judicial Committee continues to hear appeals from several Commonwealth countries, from British Overseas Territories , Sovereign Base Areas and Crown Dependencies . The Judicial Committee had direct jurisdiction in cases relating to
3060-742: The National Trust in Devon, the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust , and a joint project by the National Farmers' Union and the Badger Trust. Given the current uncertainty about the ability of badger vaccination to reduce TB in cattle, the high cost of deploying it and its estimated effect on the number of TB-infected badgers and thus the weight of TB infection in badgers when compared to culling ... we have concluded that vaccination on its own
3150-664: The Scotland Act 1998 , the Government of Wales Act 1998 and the Northern Ireland Act 1998 , but this was transferred to the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in 2009. The Scottish Universities Committee considers proposed amendments to the statutes of Scotland's four ancient universities . Badger culling in the United Kingdom Badger culling in the United Kingdom is permitted under licence, within
3240-905: The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and senior judges of the Commonwealth of Nations who are Privy Counsellors. Within the United Kingdom, the Judicial Committee hears appeals from ecclesiastical courts , the Admiralty Court of the Cinque Ports, Prize Courts and the Disciplinary Committee of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons , appeals against schemes of the Church Commissioners and appeals under certain Acts of Parliament (e.g.,
3330-640: The Welsh Assembly authorised a nonselective badger cull in the Tuberculosis Eradication (Wales) Order 2009; the Badger Trust sought a judicial review of the decision, but their application was denied. The Badger Trust appealed in Badger Trust v Welsh Ministers [2010] EWCA Civ 807; the Court of Appeal ruled that the 2009 Order should be quashed. The Welsh Assembly replaced proposals for a cull in 2011 with
3420-420: The final court of appeal for the entire British Empire (other than for the United Kingdom itself). It continues to hear judicial appeals from some other independent Commonwealth countries , as well as Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories . The Privy Council of the United Kingdom, created on 1 January 1801, was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland , the Privy Council of England , and
3510-404: The 1960s and 1970s to control rabies . M. bovis was discovered in 1882, but until 1960, no compulsory tests for the disease had been brought in; previously, testing was voluntary. Herds that were attested TB free were tested annually and received a premium of 1d per gallon for their milk. Those not tested were able to carry on trading without testing. A programme of test-and-slaughter began and
3600-480: The Badger BCG. The vaccine is only effective on animals that do not already have the disease and it can only be delivered by injection. It is available on prescription, subject to a licence to trap badgers from Natural England, but only where injections are carried out by trained vaccinators. DEFRA funded a programme of vaccinations in 2010/11, and other organisations that have funded smaller vaccination programmes include
3690-591: The Civil Service (Amendment) Order in Council 1997, permitted the Prime Minister to grant up to three political advisers management authority over some Civil Servants. In the 1960s, the Privy Council made an order to evict an estimated 1,200 to 2,000 inhabitants of the 55-island Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, in preparation for the establishment of a joint United States–United Kingdom military base on
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3780-472: The Council — which later became the Court of the Star Chamber — was during the 15th century permitted to inflict any punishment except death, without being bound by normal court procedure . During Henry VIII 's reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation. The legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIII's death. By 1540
3870-740: The Court of Appeal were persuaded by this argument, but in 2007 the Law Lords of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords found the original decision to be flawed and overturned the ruling by a 3–2 decision, thereby upholding the terms of the Order in Council. As of 2023, negotiations between the Mauritian and UK governments that included the sovereignty of the Chagossians were still ongoing. The Privy Council has committees: The Baronetage Committee
3960-520: The King-in-Council, although in practice its actual work of hearing and deciding upon cases is carried out day-to-day by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . The Judicial Committee consists of senior judges appointed as privy counsellors: predominantly justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and senior judges from the Commonwealth . The Privy Council formerly acted as
4050-679: The Lord Protector, subject to Parliament's approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy , the Protector's Council was abolished. King Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. The formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 combined the Privy Councils of England and Scotland,
4140-709: The Opposition in the House of Lords. In 2016, she chaired an investigation into allegations of antisemitism in Oxford University Labour Club and was subsequently one of two Vice-Chairs of the Chakrabarti Inquiry into antisemitism in the UK Labour Party . Royall's report concluded that people thrown out of the Labour Party for anti-semitic views should not be banned for life. Royall voted against
4230-438: The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals are opposed to what they consider random slaughter of badgers — which have special legal protection in the UK — in return for what they describe as a relatively small impact on bTB. Cattle and badgers are not the only carriers of bTB. The disease can infect and be transmitted by domestic animals such as cats and dogs, wildlife such as deer, and farm livestock such as horses and goats. Although
4320-398: The Privy Council of Great Britain (1708–1800). Its continued existence has been described as "more or less a constitutional and historical accident". The key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below: In Anglo-Saxon England , the Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England . During the reigns of the Norman monarchs , the English Crown
4410-463: The RBCT, and many are likely to cause detrimental effects. Given its high costs and low benefits, we therefore conclude that badger culling is unlikely to contribute usefully to the control of cattle TB in Britain, and recommend that TB control efforts focus on measures other than badger culling. In October 2007, after considering the report and consulting other advisors, the government's then-chief scientific advisor, Professor Sir David King , produced
4500-474: The UK as a whole. The Chief Veterinary Officers and lead TB policy officials from each country meet on a monthly basis to discuss bTB issues through the UK bTB Liaison Group. Culling is intended to manage the cost of BTB both to farmers and to the taxpayer. DEFRA compensates farmers for culled cattle, paying between £82 (for a young calf) and £1,543 (for a breeding bull), with higher values for pedigree animals, ranging up to £5,267. Farmers bear other costs from
4590-408: The UK taxpayer around £150 million per annum. European badgers ( Meles meles ) are not an endangered species, but they are amongst the most legally protected wild animals in the UK, being shielded under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992 , the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 , and the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats . Prior to the 2012/13 badger cull,
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#17330852564064680-504: The UK, Jim Dougal, told BBC Wales that the appointment was above board and that proper procedures were followed at every stage. Royall did not respond to the demands for her resignation and turned down all requests for interviews. On 25 June 2004, she was created a life peer as Baroness Royall of Blaisdon , of Blaisdon in the County of Gloucestershire . She spoke for the Labour party on Health , International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs . On 24 January 2008 Royall
4770-478: The bacterium). European badgers can be infected and transmit the disease to cattle, thereby posing a risk to the human food chain. Culling is used in parts of the UK to reduce the number of badgers and thereby reduce the incidence and spread of bTB that might infect humans. BTB spreads through exhalations and excretions of infected individuals. Modern cattle housing, which has good ventilation, reduces transmission, but in older-style cattle housing or in badger setts,
4860-459: The badger colonies and the migration of infected badgers to previously uninfected areas. Whilst culling produced a decreased badger population locally, it disrupted the badgers’ territorial system, causing any surviving badgers to range more widely, which itself led to a substantial increase in the incidence of the disease, and its wider dispersal. It also reported that a culling policy "would incur costs that were between four and five times higher than
4950-448: The body was headed by Oliver Cromwell , de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector , and the Council was reduced to between thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs. The Council became known as the Protector's Privy Council ; its members were appointed by
5040-606: The dates of bank holidays . The Privy Council formerly had sole power to grant academic degree-awarding powers and the title of university , but following the Higher Education and Research Act 2017 these powers have been transferred to the Office for Students for educational institutions in England. Before the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 the Civil Service was governed by powers of royal prerogative . These powers were usually delegated to ministers by Orders in Council , and were used by Margaret Thatcher to ban GCHQ staff from joining trade unions. Another,
5130-466: The delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. It advises the sovereign on the issuing of royal charters , which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, and city or borough status to local authorities. Otherwise, the Privy Council's powers have now been largely replaced by its executive committee, the Cabinet of the United Kingdom . Certain judicial functions are also performed by
5220-399: The disease can spread rapidly. Badgers range long distances at night, potentially spreading bTB widely. Badgers mark their territory with urine , which can contain a high proportion of bTB bacteria. According to the RSPCA, the infection rate among badgers is 4–6%. BTB is mostly concentrated in the west and south-west of England and eastern Wales. It is thought to have re-emerged because of
5310-414: The economic benefits gained" and "if the predicted detrimental effects in the surrounding areas are included, the overall benefits achieved would fall to approximately one-fortieth of the costs incurred". In summary, the report argued that it would be more cost effective to improve cattle control measures, with zoning and supervision of herds, than it would be to cull badgers. In 2007, the final results of
5400-408: The financial costs of culling an idealized 150 km area would exceed the savings achieved through reduced bTB by factors of 2,0 to 3.5. The report concluded, "These results, combined with evaluation of alternative culling methods, suggest that badger culling is unlikely to contribute effectively to the control of cattle TB in Britain." In November 2008, the Bovine TB Eradication Group for England
5490-436: The frequency of infection from other mammals is generally much less than in cattle and badgers, other species of wildlife have been shown as a possible carriers of bTB. In some areas of south-west England, deer, especially fallow deer due to their gregarious behaviour, have been implicated as a possible maintenance host for transmission of bTB. In some localised areas, the risk of transmission to cattle from fallow deer arguably
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#17330852564065580-450: The government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) stated that badger control was needed because "...we still need to tackle TB in order to support high standards of animal health and welfare, to promote sustainable beef and dairy sectors, to meet EU legal and trade requirements and to reduce the cost and burden on farmers and taxpayers." This report listed these reasons for bTB control:- Humans can be infected with
5670-553: The government. On 12 July 2012, their case was dismissed in the High Court; the trust appealed unsuccessfully. Meanwhile, the Humane Society International pursued a parallel case through the European Courts, which was also unsuccessful. Rural Economy and Land Use Programme fellow Angela Cassidy has identified one of the major forces underlying the opposition to badger culls as originating in the historically positive fictional depictions of badgers in British literature. Cassidy further noted that modern negative depictions have recently seen
5760-541: The largest island in the archipelago, Diego Garcia . In 2000, the High Court of Justice ruled that the inhabitants had a right to return to the archipelago. In 2004, the Privy Council, under Jack Straw 's tenure, overturned the ruling. In 2006, the High Court of Justice found the Privy Council's decision to be unlawful. Justice Kentridge stated that there was no known precedent "for the lawful use of prerogative powers to remove or exclude an entire population of British subjects from their homes and place of birth", and
5850-477: The late 1980s to cover large areas of the west and south-west of England and Wales in the 2010s. Some people believe this correlates with the lack of badger control. A targeted cull in Pembrokeshire in Wales began in 2009, and was cancelled in 2012 after the Welsh Labour administration concluded that culling was ineffective. In October 2013, culling in England was tried in two pilot areas in west Gloucestershire and west Somerset . The main aim of these trials
5940-405: The latter body coming to an end in 1708. Under King George I , even more power transferred to a small committee of the Council, which began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the Sovereign; the role passed to a committee of the Council, now known as
6030-445: The limitations of badger culling as a control measure for cattle TB. The overall benefits of proactive culling were modest (representing an estimated 14 breakdowns prevented after culling 1,000 km for five years), and were realised only after coordinated and sustained effort. While many other approaches to culling can be considered, available data suggest that none is likely to generate benefits substantially greater than those recorded in
6120-420: The long term after culling ended and did not offset the financial costs of culling. These results, combined with evaluation of alternative culling methods, suggest that badger culling is unlikely to contribute effectively to the control of cattle TB in Britain. After the 2010 general election, the new Welsh environment minister, John Griffiths , ordered a review of the scientific evidence in favour of and against
6210-410: The maximum sentence for stalking. She has advocated for cross-agency information sharing to enable joined-up approaches to combatting stalking. In September 2012, she spoke out against the proposed badger cull . In 2013, Royall stood for election to Gloucestershire County Council , finishing fourth with 12% of the vote. She announced in May 2015 that she would not seek re-election as the Leader of
6300-428: The nineteen-member council had become a new national institution, most probably the creation of Thomas Cromwell , without there being exact definitions of its powers. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became a primarily administrative body. In 1553 the Council consisted of forty members÷, whereas Henry VII swore over a hundred servants to his council. Sovereigns relied on
6390-445: The power to grant royal assent to legislation, are a form of primary legislation, while orders made under statutory powers are a form of secondary legislation. Orders of Council , distinct from Orders in Council, are issued by members of the Privy Council without requiring the approval of the sovereign. Like Orders in Council, they can be made under statutory powers or royal prerogative. Orders of Council are most commonly used for
6480-513: The regulation of public institutions and regulatory bodies. The sovereign also grants royal charters on the advice of the Privy Council. Charters bestow special status to incorporated bodies ; they are used to grant chartered status to certain professional, educational or charitable bodies, and sometimes also city and borough status to towns. The Privy Council therefore deals with a wide range of matters, which also includes university and livery company statutes, churchyards , coinage and
6570-779: The role of Principal of Somerville College at the end of the 2024/25 academic year at the age of 70. She was married to Stuart Hercock from 1980 until his death in 2010, and has three children. Privy Council (United Kingdom) King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee The Privy Council (formally His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council )
6660-408: The selection of Baroness Royall as its next principal. She succeeded Alice Prochaska at the end of August 2017. In 2019, Royall attracted media attention following her decision to remove octopus from the college menu and supported the introduction of gender-neutral toilets. As Principal, Royall implemented mandatory unconscious bias training in which students, leading to criticism from Toby Young of
6750-507: The skills, training, and resources to cull in an efficient, humane, and effective way, and to provide a Badger Control Plan. This meant that farmers were allowed to shoot the badgers themselves, or to employ suitably qualified persons to do this. The actual killing of the badgers was funded by the farmers, whereas the monitoring and data analysis were funded by DEFRA. A DEFRA statement, published in October 2012, stated, "The aim of this monitoring
6840-448: The supreme legislature of the kingdom. Nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, rather than on the advice of Parliament, were accepted as valid. Powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. For example, a committee of
6930-494: The trials concluded that reactive culling could not be used to control bTB. In December 2005, a preliminary analysis of the RBCT data showed that proactive culling, in which most badgers in a particular area were culled, reduced the incidence of bTB by 19% within the cull area, but it increased by 29% within 2 km outside the cull area. The report, therefore, warned of a "perturbation effect" in which culling leads to changes in badger behaviour thereby increasing infections within
7020-593: The trials, conducted by the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB, were submitted to David Miliband , the then Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. The report stated that "badger culling can make no meaningful contribution to cattle TB control in Britain. Indeed, some policies under consideration are likely to make matters worse rather than better". According to the report: Detailed evaluation of RBCT and other scientific data highlight
7110-511: The vote. She sought selection as Labour's candidate for Ipswich in a 2001 by-election , losing to Chris Mole ; and for Ogmore in a 2002 by-election , losing to Huw Irranca-Davies . In 2003 she became head of the European Commission office in Wales; her appointment was criticised at the time as "an inappropriate political appointment" by Hans Gert Poettering . The head of the EU's offices in
7200-400: Was advised by a royal court or curia regis , which consisted of magnates , ecclesiastics and high officials . The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration and justice. Later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice , while Parliament became
7290-474: Was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . She voted for a 100% elected House, on the last occasion that the House of Lords voted on Reform of the House of Lords in March 2007. She has called for a national referendum on any reforms of the chamber. Since 2012, Royall has campaigned for tougher sentencing for people convicted of stalking offences, including the successful tabling of an amendment to increase
7380-464: Was appointed government chief whip in the House of Lords, on the resignation of Lord Grocott . She was appointed a Privy Counsellor later in the year. On 3 October 2008, she was appointed to the cabinet by Gordon Brown , as Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Council . On 5 June 2009, Royall was succeeded as Lord President by Lord Mandelson , the Business Secretary , and
7470-442: Was compared with the incidence in and around 10 matched areas with no such culling. In 2003, as a result of initial findings from the RBCT, the reactive component of the culling where badgers were culled in and around farms where bTB was present in cattle, was suspended. This was because the RBCT recorded a 27% increase in bTB outbreaks in these areas of the trial compared to areas in which no culling took place. The advisory group of
7560-477: Was created in 1922, but became defunct in 1972, when the Parliament of Northern Ireland was closed down. The sovereign may make Orders in Council upon the advice of the Privy Council. Orders in Council, which are drafted by the government rather than by the sovereign, are forms of either primary or secondary legislation , depending on the power they are made under. Orders made under prerogative powers, such as
7650-635: Was established by a 1910 Order in Council, during Edward VII 's reign, to scrutinise all succession claims (and thus reject doubtful ones) to be placed on the Roll of Baronets . The Committee for the Affairs of Jersey and Guernsey recommends approval of Channel Islands legislation. The Committee for the purposes of the Crown Office Act 1877 consists of the Lord Chancellor and Lord Privy Seal as well as
7740-523: Was importing flowers from Colombia and she also trained as a secretary. Royall was a secretary and adviser to Neil Kinnock , the leader of the Labour Party , in the 1980s, and she has remained a close ally of his ever since. She is reputed to have bought the infamous donkey jacket worn by former leader Michael Foot for his Rembrance Day appearance at the Cenotaph in 1982. In 1984, Royall stood to be MEP for The Cotswolds , finishing third with 20.7% of
7830-413: Was monitored in and around RBCT areas after culling ended. The report showed that the benefits inside culled areas decreased over time and were no longer detectable three years after culling ceased. In areas adjoining those which culled, a trend indicated beneficial effects immediately after the end of culling were insignificant, and had disappeared 18 months after the cull ceased. The report also stated that
7920-509: Was set up. This group included DEFRA officials, members from the veterinary profession and farming industry representatives. Based on research published up to February 2010, the Group concluded that the benefits of the cull were not sustained beyond the culling and that it was ineffective method of controlling bTB in Britain. They said: Our findings show that the reductions in cattle TB incidence achieved by repeated badger culling were not sustained in
8010-450: Was successful. Until the 1980s, badger culling in the UK was undertaken in the form of gassing. By 1960, eradicating bTB in the UK was thought possible, until 1971, when a new population of tuberculous badgers was located in Gloucestershire. Subsequent experiments showed that bTB can be spread from badgers to cattle, and some farmers tried to cull badgers on their land. Wildlife protection groups lobbied Parliament, which responded by passing
8100-408: Was to assess the humaneness of culling using "free shooting" (previous methods trapped the badgers in cages before shooting them). The trials were repeated in 2014 and 2015, and expanded to a larger area in later years. Culling is intended to manage the cost of BTB both to farmers and to the taxpayer. DEFRA compensates farmers for culled cattle, paying between £82 (for a young calf) and £1,543 (for
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