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134-413: A bartender (also known as a barkeep or barman or barmaid or a mixologist ) is a person who formulates and serves alcoholic or soft drink beverages behind the bar , usually in a licensed establishment as well as in restaurants and nightclubs , but also occasionally at private parties. Bartenders also usually maintain the supplies and inventory for the bar. As well as serving beer and wine ,
268-430: A 10% service charge, which is subject to the 9% Goods & Services Tax . Excess tipping is not practiced and is rarely expected in most instances. Tips may be regarded as an insult or mistaken for illegal bribery. Taxi drivers given a tip will mistake it for overpayment, and return the exact change. In Taiwan , tipping is not customary, but all mid and high end restaurants include a mandatory "10% service charge", which
402-592: A bartender can generally also mix classic cocktails such as a Cosmopolitan , Manhattan , Old Fashioned , and Mojito . Bartenders are also responsible for confirming that customers meet the legal drinking age requirements before serving them alcoholic beverages . In certain countries, such as the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland and Sweden , bartenders are legally required to refuse more alcohol to drunk customers. Mixology
536-489: A bartenders license or a health certificate issued from the state. Most pubs and bars seek to recruit outgoing, personable individuals as bartenders. All bartenders must comply with all food and beverage regulations, in the United States. All bartenders in the United States should be knowledgeable in mixing, garnishing, and serving drinks with a positive attitude and excellent communication skills. The competition for jobs
670-495: A bartending license. Goesaert v. Cleary , 335 U.S. 464 (1948), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a Michigan law which prohibited women from being licensed as a bartender in all cities having a population of 50,000 or more unless their father or husband owned the establishment. The decision was subsequently overruled by Craig v. Boren (1976). The Bureau of Labor Statistics data on occupations in
804-415: A card or certificate. If bartender certification is required in the province where the bartender is located, health and safety inspectors may ask to see a bartender's certifications when inspecting his workplace. A mixologist is a person who has studied the deep history and science of mixed drinks and cocktails. While often confused with a bartender, there are notable differences between the two. A mixologist
938-412: A compensation agreement is waiters and waitresses who are paid tips. Studies show however that, in the real world, the size of the tip is only weakly correlated with the quality of the service and other effects dominate. A tronc is an arrangement for the pooling and distribution to employees of tips, gratuities and/or service charges in the hotel and catering trade. The person who distributes monies from
1072-463: A debate about a minimum wage, some people disapprove of tipping and say that it should not substitute for employers paying a good basic wage. But most people in Germany consider tipping to be good manners as well as a way to express gratitude for good service. It is illegal, and rare, to charge a service fee without the customer's consent. However, a tip of about 5% to 10%, depending on the type of service,
1206-413: A distinct flavor to add to a drink. Acids are sour, sharp flavors whose goal is to bring out flavor notes in spirits, add complexity and brighten drinks; they include fresh juices, such as lemon. Bases are sweeteners that aim to balance out spirits and acids; they can include simple syrup, honey, agave nectar, and liqueurs. Mixologists aim to find the ideal balance between acids and bases, so that each flavor
1340-581: A drink in a large receptacle, shared by everyone until empty. In East Africa and Yemen, coffee was used in native religious ceremonies. As these ceremonies conflicted with the beliefs of the Christian church, the Ethiopian Church banned the secular consumption of coffee until the reign of Emperor Menelik II . The drink was also banned in Ottoman Turkey during the 17th century for political reasons and
1474-491: A fee is explicitly charged for the service. Giving a tip is typically irreversible, differentiating it from the reward mechanism of a placed order, which can be refunded. From a theoretical economic point of view, gratuities may solve the principal–agent problem (the situation in which an agent, such as a server, is working for a principal, such as a restaurant owner or manager) and many managers believe that tips provide incentive for greater worker effort. However, studies of
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#17330926158271608-541: A gratuity. Taxi drivers in Hong Kong may also charge the difference between a fare and a round sum as a "courtesy fee" to avoid making change for larger bills. As a service charge is typically included as part of bills at hotels and restaurants, tipping is generally not practiced in Japan . In addition, Japan has a set of traditions and customs regarding giving money as a gift, so tipping may cause confusion or be considered rude if
1742-492: A liquid for a period of time at a specified temperature, then immediately cooling. The process reduces the growth of microorganisms within the liquid, thereby increasing the time before spoilage. It is primarily used on milk , which prior to pasteurization is commonly infected with pathogenic bacteria and therefore is more likely than any other part of the common diet in the developed world to cause illness. The process of extracting juice from fruits and vegetables can take
1876-517: A long history. In addition, alcoholic drinks such as wine , beer , and liquor , which contain the drug ethanol , have been part of human culture for more than 8,000 years. Non-alcoholic drinks often signify drinks that would normally contain alcohol, such as beer , wine and cocktails , but are made with a sufficiently low concentration of alcohol by volume . The category includes drinks that have undergone an alcohol removal process such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcoholized wines. When
2010-452: A more generous (10% or more) tip would not be out of place. Tips should always be offered in cash, as credit card terminals don't include a tipping option. Attending a performance in a private theater may be the only case in France where a tip is expected (generally €1), even though it is illegal. Tipping ( Trinkgeld ) is not seen as obligatory. In the case of waiting staff, and in the context of
2144-433: A national-wide bartender certification; instead, people must apply for a new provincial certification in each province in which they want to bartend. Some provinces do not require certification, such as Saskatchewan, Labrador, Quebec, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where there is no legally mandatory certification to serve alcohol, but certain documents for serving alcoholic beverages are marked as "recommended" in
2278-491: A natural preservative , though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The preparation of beer is called brewing . Beer is the world's most widely consumed alcoholic drink , and is the third-most consumed drink overall, after water and tea . It is said to have been discovered by goddess Ninkasi around 5300 BCE, when she accidentally discovered yeast after leaving grain in jars that were later rained upon and left for several days. Women have been
2412-408: A number of forms. Simple crushing of most fruits will provide a significant amount of liquid, though a more intense pressure can be applied to get the maximum amount of juice from the fruit. Both crushing and pressing are processes used in the production of wine . Infusion is the process of extracting flavors from plant material by allowing the material to remain suspended within water. This process
2546-413: A person does leave a tip then it is accepted and appreciated. Tips, when given, usually take the form of rounding up the bill. Tipping is not an obligation, and it is not considered rude not to tip, though workers will be pleased if tipped. Normally in low to medium-end restaurants, the bill is rounded up to the nearest Rs. 100 or 1000 and the change is given as tip either directly to the waiter or left on
2680-450: A person. Unlike other calming beverages, such as tea , warm milk or milk with honey ; relaxation drinks almost universally contain more than one active ingredient. Relaxation drinks have been known to contain other natural ingredients and are usually free of caffeine and alcohol but some have claimed to contain marijuana . A drink is considered "alcoholic" if it contains ethanol , commonly known as alcohol (although in chemistry
2814-538: A prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people. Today, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries . Cider is a fermented alcoholic drink made from fruit juice , most commonly and traditionally apple juice , but also
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#17330926158272948-548: A profession, or as a consultant to restaurants or spirit companies, the skills required are the same. Ada "Coley" Coleman (1875–1966) is remembered as the most famous female bartender of all time. The British mixologist was one of only two women to be the head bartender at The Savoy in London, where she developed the Hanky Panky (a cocktail made with gin, vermouth and fernet-branca). During her tenure, Coley made cocktails for Mark Twain,
3082-405: A shortage of skilled bartenders. Whereas a career bar manager would know drink recipes, serving techniques, alcohol contents, correct gas mixes and licensing law and would often have cordial relations with regular customers, short-term staff may lack these skills. Some pubs prefer experienced staff, although pub chains tend to accept inexperienced staff and provide training. Tipping bar staff in
3216-407: A sign reading Aufrunden bitte ("round up please") is found in places where tipping is not common (like supermarkets, or clothing retailers). This requests that the bill be rounded up to the nearest €0.10. This is not to tip the staff, but a charity donation (fighting child poverty), and completely voluntary. In Germany, tips are considered as income, but they are tax free according to § 3 Nr. 51 of
3350-606: A subject of many studies; however, results have varied in terms of coffee's relative benefit. Coffee cultivation first took place in southern Arabia ; the earliest credible evidence of coffee-drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen . Coffee may have been used socially in the renaissance period of the 17th century . The increasing trades between Europe and North Africa regions made coffee more widely available to Europeans gathering at social locations that served coffee, possibly contributing to
3484-426: A tip can be a specific range or a certain percentage of the bill based on the perceived quality of the service given. It is illegal to offer tips to some groups of workers, such as U.S. government workers and more widely police officers , as the tips may be regarded as bribery . A fixed percentage service charge is sometimes added to bills in restaurants and similar establishments. Tipping may not be expected when
3618-496: A tip credit, which counts employees tips toward minimum wage. As of September 26, 2020, the federal minimum wage rate is $ 7.25/hour. As a result of the professionalization of the trade, craft bartenders have begun to establish themselves as the elite class of the bartending profession. "Craft" cocktails are curated drinks using high-quality ingredients, generally accompanied by a higher price as well. Craft bartenders typically operate in more upscale venues, such as hotel bars. They make
3752-425: A tip is generally interpreted as dissatisfaction with the food and/or service. In clubs and café bars, it is common to round up the bill (e.g. to 10 kn if the bill is more than 5 kn, or 100 kn if the bill is 88 kn). Tips are always expected in cash, even when the bill is paid by credit card. If a customer leaves a tip with a credit card, the employee does not receive any of it. It is not common to tip hairdressers, but
3886-409: A tip of around 10% of the bill is customary in restaurants; even porters, guides and chauffeurs expect tips. Duty-free alcohol is often used as a type of tip for porters, bellhops and the like, though some people (such as Muslims) can find it offensive. Tipping is not required but often expected, particularly in restaurants where roughly 5% to 10% is common. This depends on the service one received and
4020-432: A tronc cannot be counted when assessing whether a wage or salary meets the national minimum wage. Tipping may not be expected when a fee is explicitly charged for the service. A service charge is sometimes added to bills in restaurants and similar establishments. Attempts to hide service charge by obscuring the line on the receipt have been reported. A service charge, or fee assessed, is determined by and paid directly to
4154-697: A variety of reasons. They may purposely use unique ingredients, such as house-made ones, historical ones, uncommon ones or obscure flavors. They may reimagine classic cocktails by putting their own spin on them, whether in terms of taste or technique. By examining the chemistry behind basic bar drinks, mixologists can take them to the next level. Additionally, they may toy with the chemical makeup of drinks to make them more sour, bitter, sweet, tangy or deep. Lastly, they may make entirely new cocktails by implementing innovative techniques or mixing flavors that have not been mixed before. This skill set allows mixologists to practice mixology in various ways. Whether it be for fun, as
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4288-519: A word meant to imply the unnecessary and gratuitous gifting of something somewhat taboo, like a joke, or a sure bet , or illicit money exchanges." The etymology for the synonym for tipping, "gratuity", dates back either to the 1520s, from "graciousness", from the French gratuité (14th century) or directly from Medieval Latin gratuitas , "free gift", probably from earlier Latin gratuitus , "free, freely given". The meaning "money given for favor or services"
4422-399: Is a liquid intended for human consumption. In addition to their basic function of satisfying thirst , drinks play important roles in human culture . Common types of drinks include plain drinking water , milk , juice , smoothies and soft drinks . Traditionally warm beverages include coffee , tea , and hot chocolate . Caffeinated drinks that contain the stimulant caffeine have
4556-498: Is a highly nutritious and refreshing juice. Many kinds of berries are crushed; their juices are mixed with water and sometimes sweetened. Raspberry, blackberry and currants are popular juices drinks but the percentage of water also determines their nutritive value. Grape juice allowed to ferment produces wine . Fruits are highly perishable so the ability to extract juices and store them was of significant value. Some fruits are highly acidic and mixing them with water and sugars or honey
4690-475: Is a scam. Tips ( drikkepenge , lit. "drinking money") are not required in Denmark since service charges must always be included in the bill by law. Tipping for outstanding service is a matter of choice, but is not expected. In Estonia , tipping ( jootraha, lit. "drinking money" ) is not required and never expected. In Finland , tipping is never expected. Rounding the bill in restaurant, hairsalon or in taxi
4824-421: Is a spirit created by distilling wine, whilst vodka may be distilled from any starch - or sugar -rich plant matter; most vodka today is produced from grains such as sorghum , corn , rye , or wheat . Gratuity A gratuity (often called a tip ) is a sum of money customarily given by a customer to certain service sector workers such as hospitality for the service they have performed, in addition to
4958-605: Is also served differently from country to country: in China , Japan and South Korea tiny cups are used to serve tea; in Thailand and the United States tea is often served cold (as " iced tea ") or with a lot of sweetener; Indians boil tea with milk and a blend of spices as masala chai ; tea is brewed with a samovar in Iran, Kashmir , Russia and Turkey; and in the Australian Outback it
5092-433: Is an alcoholic drink made from fermented grapes or other fruits. The natural chemical balance of grapes lets them ferment without the addition of sugars , acids , enzymes , water, or other nutrients . Yeast consumes the sugars in the grapes and converts them into alcohol and carbon dioxide . Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. The well-known variations result from
5226-608: Is believed to have been created by the Mayans around 2,500-3,000 years ago, and a cocoa drink was an essential part of Aztec culture by 1400 AD, by which they referred to as xocōlātl. The drink became popular in Europe after being introduced from Mexico in the New World and has undergone multiple changes since then. Until the 19th century, hot chocolate was even used medicinally to treat ailments such as liver and stomach diseases. Hot chocolate
5360-414: Is common at upscale hotels and restaurants but a service charge is usually included in the bill, though the employees rarely get this as part of their wages. In Madagascar , tipping is not expected. In Morocco , tipping is not mandatory, but rounding up the bill and leaving tips at restaurants and cafés, or to the service providers is a standard practice and appreciated. In China , traditionally there
5494-662: Is consumed throughout the world and comes in multiple variations, including the spiced chocolate para mesa of Latin America, the very thick cioccolata calda served in Italy and chocolate a la taza served in Spain, and the thinner hot cocoa consumed in the United States. Prepared hot chocolate can be purchased from a range of establishments, including cafeterias , fast food restaurants , coffeehouses and teahouses . Powdered hot chocolate mixes, which can be added to boiling water or hot milk to make
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5628-400: Is critical, and is where science comes in. There are four main components to a cocktail: the spirit, the acid, the base and the garnish. Mixologists experiment with different quantities of each component to create a desired flavor or particular drink. Spirits can include gin, whiskey, rum, tequila, mezcal, and modifying liqueurs. However, most mixologists stay away from vodka, as it does not have
5762-416: Is customary. For example, Germans usually tip their waiters. As a rule of thumb, the more personal the service, the more common it is to tip. Payments by card may also include the tip, but the tip is usually paid in cash when the card is handed over. At times, rather than tipping individually, a tipping box is set up. Rounding up the bill in Germany is commonplace, sometimes with the comment stimmt so ("keep
5896-411: Is defined as the art or skill of preparing mixed drinks. At its core, the purpose of this practice is to craft cocktails. However, the science and skills required to successfully practice mixology are more intricate than what is seen at face value. The key to mixing drinks is knowing the ideal quantity of each ingredient needed to create the flavor profile required. Mixology aims to both elevate and balance
6030-495: Is derived from a plant source. The most common varieties internationally are soy milk , almond milk , rice milk , coconut milk and oat milk . A nightcap is a drink taken shortly before bedtime to induce sleep. For example, a small alcoholic drink or a cup of warm milk can supposedly promote a good night's sleep. Today, most nightcaps and relaxation drinks are generally non-alcoholic beverages containing calming ingredients. They are considered beverages which serve to relax
6164-688: Is first attested in the 1530s. In some languages, the term translates to "drink money" or similar: for example pourboire in French, Trinkgeld in German, drikkepenge in Danish, drinksilver in Middle Scots , and napiwek in Polish. This comes from a custom of inviting a servant to drink a glass in honour of the guest, and paying for it, in order for the guests to show generosity among each other. The term bibalia in Latin
6298-448: Is high in this field of work. The Japanese way of bartending is like "a time-capsule of 1930s international bartending," cocktail historian David Wondrich said. The Japanese cut-glass mixing beaker is in almost universal use nowadays. Japanese bar-tools are also all widely used. The world has been mesmerised by the art and style of Japanese bartending. Japanese law generally requires food and drink to be served under (or in conjunction with)
6432-482: Is known as mashing . Hops are added for flavouring, then the yeast is added to the mixture (now called wort ) to start the fermentation process. Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility of components in a boiling liquid mixture. It is one of the methods used in the purification of water. It is also a method of producing spirits from milder alcoholic drinks. An alcoholic mixed drink that contains two or more ingredients
6566-442: Is more specific than a bartender. While all mixologists can be bartenders, not all bartenders can be classified as mixologists. The divide boils down to the skills needed to mix unique drinks. Mixologists must have the in-depth knowledge of how different ingredients interact when mixed, and what flavors they create together. This expertise allows mixologists to apply their skills in various manners. Mixologists can create cocktails for
6700-418: Is no tipping. However, hotels that routinely serve foreign tourists allow tipping, as do tour guides and associated drivers. In cities bordering Hong Kong like Shenzhen , some restaurants and hotels also started to charge gratuity since the 1980s. In Hong Kong , tipping is not typically expected at hotels or restaurant establishments, where a "service charge" of 10% is added to a bill instead of expecting
6834-466: Is not customary in Korean culture , and tipping is not expected in the general service industry. Some people even regard tipping as an inappropriate behaviour. High-end hotels and restaurants often include a service charge of between 10% and 15%, but it is always included in the bill and customers are not expected to leave an additional gratuity for servers. In Singapore , bars and restaurants typically add
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#17330926158276968-452: Is not fixed and may depend on the customer. Taxis are not provided tips but customer may pay extra to avoid loose change (usual range of 10 to 30 pesos). App based vehicles (Grab etc.) are usually paid tips via app and therefore under the discretion of the customer. There are establishments that strictly implement a "No tipping policy". There are establishments that can accept tips but must be placed in designated tipping containers. Tipping
7102-412: Is not frowned upon. If service is great one can give a tip, usually around 10%. Tips ( pourboires , lit. "for drinking") in France are neither required nor expected, and should only be offered after the customer received outstanding service. Waiters are paid a living wage and do not depend on tips, and cafés and restaurants are required by law to include a service charge (usually 15%) in the menu price; it
7236-604: Is not given to the service staff, but rather considered by Taiwanese law as general revenue, as reported by the Taipei Times in "False Gratuity" on July 9, 2013. In Nepal, tipping is not compulsory, but is commonly practiced in the country's tourist sector, particularly among tour groups and in hotels. Tipping ( bakshish ) in Albania is very much expected almost everywhere. In recent times it has become more common, as many foreigners and Albanians living abroad visit Albania. Leaving
7370-460: Is not usually set out separately on the bill. Tipping is better received in venues accustomed to tourists, but can be treated with disdain in smaller food establishments and those in more rural areas. Should one decide to tip after experiencing excellent service, it is customary to round up to the next Euro for small bills, and up to 5% for larger ones. Anything over 5% is considered very generous. For superior service in higher-end eating establishments,
7504-414: Is often not regarded as a long-term profession (unless the barman or barwoman is also the landlord ), but more often as a second occupation, or transitional work for students to gain customer experience or to save money for university fees. It therefore lacks traditional employment protections, so there is often a high turnover. The high turnover of staff due to low wages and poor employee benefits results in
7638-488: Is one that contains little or no alcohol . This category includes low-alcohol beer , non-alcoholic wine , and apple cider if they contain a sufficiently low concentration of alcohol by volume (ABV). The exact definition of what is "non-alcoholic" and what is not depends on local laws: in the United Kingdom , "alcohol-free beer" is under 0.05% ABV, "de-alcoholised beer" is under 0.5%, while "low-alcohol beer" can contain no more than 1.2% ABV. The term "soft drink" specifies
7772-405: Is perfectly acceptable not to tip at all. It is not customary to leave a tip on the table. According to Czech law, service charge must always be included in the listed price (but tips do not appear in the bill). Some Prague restaurants have been reported to display "Service is not included" signs to persuade foreign tourists to pay more, mimicking the practice in the United States. However, this
7906-454: Is referred to as a cocktail. Cocktails were originally a mixture of spirits, sugar, water, and bitters . The term is now often used for almost any mixed drink that contains alcohol, including mixers, mixed shots, etc. A cocktail today usually contains one or more kinds of spirit and one or more mixers , such as soda or fruit juice . Additional ingredients may be sugar , honey , milk , cream , and various herbs . A non-alcoholic drink
8040-463: Is tasted, but not one is overpowering. The fourth component of a cocktail is a garnish. Mixologists top their creations with garnishes and can take more free rein here. Common garnishes include decorative lemon twists, smoked herbs, and edible flowers. Garnishes, finishing touches, and the presentation of drinks, allow for a mixologist's artistic side to shine through. In the United Kingdom, bar work
8174-505: Is the world's most consumed drink, however, 97% of water on Earth is non-drinkable salt water. Fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, wetlands, groundwater, and frozen glaciers. Less than 1% of the Earth's fresh water supplies are accessible through surface water and underground sources which are cost effective to retrieve. In western cultures, water is often drunk cold. In the Chinese culture, it
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#17330926158278308-417: Is traditionally brewed in a billycan . Tea leaves can be processed in different ways resulting in a drink which appears and tastes different. Chinese yellow and green tea are steamed, roasted and dried; Oolong tea is semi-oxidised and appears green-black and black teas are fully oxidised. Around the world, people refer to other herbal infusions as "teas"; it is also argued that these were popular long before
8442-556: Is typically drunk hot. Milk is regarded as one of the "original" drinks; milk is the primary source of nutrition for babies. In many cultures of the world, especially the Western world, humans continue to consume dairy milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (especially cattle , goats and sheep ) as a drink. Carbonated drinks refer to drinks which have carbon dioxide dissolved into them. This can happen naturally through fermenting and in natural water spas or artificially by
8576-474: Is unclear. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary , the meaning "give a small present of money" began around 1600, and the meaning "give a gratuity to" is first attested in 1706. The noun in this sense is from 1755. The term in the sense of "to give a gratuity" first appeared in the 18th century. It derived from an earlier sense of tip , meaning "to give; to hand, pass", which originated in
8710-422: Is used in the production of teas , herbal teas and can be used to prepare coffee (when using a coffee press ). The name is derived from the word " percolate " which means to cause (a solvent) to pass through a permeable substance especially for extracting a soluble constituent . In the case of coffee-brewing the solvent is water, the permeable substance is the coffee grounds, and the soluble constituents are
8844-458: The Balkans by c. 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece and Rome . From its earliest appearance in written records, wine has also played an important role in religion. Red wine was closely associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians , who, according to Plutarch , avoided its free consumption as late as the 7th-century BC Saite dynasty , "thinking it to be
8978-488: The Camellia sinensis shrub was used for tea making. Leaves, flowers, roots or bark can be used to make a herbal infusion and can be bought fresh, dried or powdered. Fruit juice is a natural product that contains few or no additives. Citrus products such as orange juice and tangerine juice are familiar breakfast drinks, while grapefruit juice , pineapple, apple, grape, lime, and lemon juice are also common. Coconut water
9112-554: The Dr Pepper Snapple Group . These drinks are often served warm or hot. Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from the roasted seeds of several species of an evergreen shrub of the genus Coffea . The two most common sources of coffee beans are the highly regarded Coffea arabica , and the "robusta" form of the hardier Coffea canephora . Coffee plants are cultivated in more than 70 countries . Once ripe, coffee "berries" are picked, processed, and dried to yield
9246-535: The thieves' cant in the 17th century. This sense may have derived from the 16th-century "tip" meaning "to strike or hit smartly but lightly" (which may have derived from the Low German tippen , "to tap"), but this derivation is "very uncertain". The word "tip" was first used as a verb in 1707 in George Farquhar 's play The Beaux' Stratagem . Farquhar used the term after it had been "used in criminal circles as
9380-581: The German Income Tax Law. The Hungarian word for tip is borravaló (literally "intended for wine", a loose calque from German : Trinkgeld ) or colloquially baksis (from Persian : بخشش bakhshesh ), often written in English as backsheesh . Tipping is widespread in Hungary; the degree of expectation and the expected amount varies with price, type and quality of service, and also influenced by
9514-680: The Prince of Wales, Prince Wilhelm of Sweden and "Diamond" Jim Brady. Harry Craddock (1876–1963) was a bartender during the prohibition era. The British mixologist created and wrote the Savoy Cocktail Book, which is referred to as the cocktail bible in the mixology world. Dale Degroff (born 1948) is known by his nickname: the King of Cocktails. The American mixologist is known for reviving and improving classic 19th century cocktails with new flavor combinations and fresh ingredients. Dick Bradsell (1959–2016)
9648-485: The United Kingdom is uncommon, not considered mandatory. The appropriate way to tip a barman or barwomen in the UK is to say 'have one for yourself', encouraging the employee to buy themselves a drink with one's money. Staff may instead opt to add a modest amount to a bill to take in cash at the end of their shift. After the end of Prohibition in the United States in 1933, Milwaukee did not grant women bartending licenses, unless
9782-529: The United States Bartender's Guild. As a result, the union lobbies for higher tips with lower base wages. Lower-class bartenders generally do not participate in the union, since their customers may not tip or may not be able to afford to. The bartender culture in the United States encourages bartenders to be inviting and friendly to their patrons. Their customers' needs and wants become their priority, as well as their safety and enjoyment of their time at
9916-454: The United States, can make significant money from their tips. This view of bartending as a career is changing around the world, however, and bartending has become a profession by choice rather than necessity. It includes specialized education—European Bartender School operates in 25 countries. Cocktail competitions such as World Class and Bacardi Legacy have recognized talented bartenders in the past decade and these bartenders, and others, spread
10050-413: The United States, including that of bartender, publishes a detailed description of the bartender's typical duties and employment and earning statistics by those so employed, with 55% of a bartender's take-home pay coming in the form of tips. The hourly wage a bartender receives can vary depending on the state. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA), and the laws of most states, allow employers
10184-406: The absence of alcohol in contrast to "hard drink" and "drink". The term "drink" is theoretically neutral, but often is used in a way that suggests alcoholic content. Drinks such as soda pop, sparkling water , iced tea , lemonade , root beer , fruit punch , milk , hot chocolate , tea , coffee , milkshakes , tap water , bottled water , juice , and energy drinks are all soft drinks. Water
10318-471: The addition of chemicals, such as chlorination . The importance of purified water is highlighted by the World Health Organization , who point out 94% of deaths from diarrhea – the third biggest cause of infectious death worldwide at 1.8 million annually – could be prevented by improving the quality of the victim's environment, particularly safe water. Pasteurization is the process of heating
10452-455: The bar. Bartenders are urged to take care of their patrons however they can. Bartenders may attend special schools or learn while on the job. Bartenders in the United States usually have on-the-job training, from the owners, management , or other superior staff with experience. Prospective bartenders may gain experience by working as wait staff in a restaurant with a bar. Some vocational schools offer bartenders licenses. Some US states require
10586-539: The basic knowledge as a bartender is measured, it can be said that it is a suitable qualification for young people who study cocktails every day while working in the field to measure the results of their efforts. In China, with the prosperity of the bar industry, bartenders have gradually become a popular profession. Professional bartenders need to obtain the certification of the National Labor Department's vocational technical ability appraisement. Those who pass
10720-425: The basic price of the service. Tips and their amount are a matter of social custom and etiquette , and the custom varies between countries and between settings. In some countries, it is customary to tip servers in bars and restaurants, taxi drivers, tattoo artists , hair stylists and so on. However, in some places tipping is not expected and may be discouraged or considered insulting. The customary amount of
10854-401: The bill or 5%-10% of the bill. However, it is gaining popularity and the food delivery apps often nudge the customers to tip the delivery partners. Tipping is not expected for occupations mostly. In Malaysia , tipping is not the norm and is not expected for any service. Instead restaurants can add a service charge of 10% to the bill. In Malaysia the people are familiar with tipping, so if
10988-707: The blood of those who had once battled against the gods". The Greek cult and mysteries of Dionysus , carried on by the Romans in their Bacchanalia , were the origins of western theater . Judaism incorporates it in the Kiddush and Christianity in its Eucharist , while alcohol consumption was forbidden in Islam . Spirits are distilled beverages that contain no added sugar and have at least 20% alcohol by volume (ABV). Popular spirits include borovička , brandy , gin , rum , slivovitz , tequila , vodka , and whisky . Brandy
11122-421: The change"), rather than asking for all the change and leaving the tip afterwards. Or the customer says how much he will pay in total, including the tip: thus if the basic price is €10.50, the customer might, rather generously but not unusually, say zwölf ("twelve"), pay with a €20 note and get €8 in change. When paying a small amount, it is common to round up to the nearest euro (e.g. €1.80 to €2.00). Sometimes
11256-495: The chemical compounds that give coffee its color, taste, aroma, and stimulating properties. Carbonation is the process of dissolving carbon dioxide into a liquid, such as water. Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to ethanol . Fermentation has been used by humans for the production of drinks since the Neolithic age . In winemaking , grape juice is combined with yeast in an anaerobic environment to allow
11390-540: The chief creators of beer throughout history due to its association with domesticity and it, throughout much of history, being brewed in the home for family consumption. Only in recent history have men begun to dabble in the field. It is thought by some to be the oldest fermented drink . Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "The Hymn to Ninkasi ",
11524-434: The company. The charges may be for services rendered, administrative fees, or processing cost. In the United States, criminal charges were dropped in two separate cases over non-payment of mandatory gratuities. Courts ruled that automatic does not mean mandatory. Some cruise lines charge their patrons US$ 10 per day in mandatory tipping; this does not include extra gratuities for alcoholic beverages. In Nigeria , tipping
11658-463: The definition of "alcohol" includes many other compounds). Beer has been a part of human civilisation for around 8,000 years. Beer is an alcoholic drink produced by the saccharification of starch and fermentation of the resulting sugar. The starch and saccharification enzymes are often derived from malted cereal grains, most commonly malted barley and malted wheat. Most beer is also flavoured with hops , which add bitterness and act as
11792-454: The dissolution of carbon dioxide under pressure. The first commercially available artificially carbonated drink is believed to have been produced by Thomas Henry in the late 1770s. Cola, orange, various roots, ginger, and lemon/lime are commonly used to create non-alcoholic carbonated drinks; sugars and preservatives may be added later. The most consumed carbonated soft drinks are produced by three major global brands: Coca-Cola , PepsiCo and
11926-957: The drink at home, are sold at grocery stores and online . Tea, the second most consumed drink in the world, is produced from infusing dried leaves of the Camellia sinensis shrub, in boiling water. There are many ways in which tea is prepared for consumption: lemon or milk and sugar are among the most common additives worldwide. Other additions include butter and salt in Bhutan , Nepal , and Tibet ; bubble tea in Taiwan ; fresh ginger in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; mint in North Africa and Senegal ; cardamom in Central Asia; rum to make Jagertee in Central Europe; and coffee to make yuanyang in Hong Kong. Tea
12060-417: The drinking of alcoholic drinks for various reasons. In some regions with a dominant religion the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic drinks is forbidden to everybody, regardless of religion. Toasting is a method of honoring a person or wishing good will by taking a drink. Another tradition is that of the loving cup , at weddings or other celebrations such as sports victories a group will share
12194-470: The establishment. The decision was subsequently overruled by Craig v. Boren (1976). After the rise of the cocktail in the early 20th century, Americans were faced with prohibition laws from the Federal government. However, bartending culture remained alive throughout prohibition (1920-1933). Working in underground speakeasies, bartenders continued to provide their patrons with delicious cocktails. Following
12328-535: The exam will be issued a corresponding level of skill certificate by the China vocational education qualification certification center, which is a compliance certificate for relevant personnel's job hunting, appointment, promotion, etc. , the certificate is valid nationwide. In China, tens of thousands of people have obtained the "Bartender Qualification Certificate" issued by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection units. With
12462-446: The fermentation. The amount of sugar in the wine and the length of time given for fermentation determine the alcohol level and the sweetness of the wine . When brewing beer, there are four primary ingredients – water, grain, yeast and hops. The grain is encouraged to germinate by soaking and drying in heat, a process known as malting . It is then milled before soaking again to create the sugars needed for fermentation. This process
12596-420: The great increase in the number of cocktail bars, as the pillar of the bar, the salary structure of the bartender includes the basic salary + service charge + drink commission. Any kind of bartending method requires basic bartending knowledge. Junior bartenders are required to master the varieties and formulas of 20 kinds of cocktails, and the training time is 40 hours; intermediate bartenders are required to master
12730-444: The growth of coffeehouses . Hot chocolate , also known as drinking chocolate or cocoa, is a heated drink consisting of shaved chocolate , melted chocolate or cocoa powder , heated milk or water, and usually a sweetener. Hot chocolate may be topped with whipped cream. Hot chocolate made with melted chocolate is sometimes called drinking chocolate, characterized by less sweetness and a thicker consistency. The first chocolate drink
12864-400: The human body becomes dehydrated , a person experiences thirst . This craving of fluids results in an instinctive need to drink . Thirst is regulated by the hypothalamus in response to subtle changes in the body's electrolyte levels, and also as a result of changes in the volume of blood circulating . The complete deprivation of drinks (that is, water ) will result in death faster than
12998-796: The image of the bartender as a creative professional, credited with being the father of American Mixology. He earned this title by publishing Jerry Thomas' Bartender's Guide , the first guide to making cocktails in 1862. Thomas perfected his skills by owning and manning saloons across the New York City area throughout the 1800s. Mixology started to take shape in the years following Thomas' book. Harry Johnson published Harry Johnson's New and Improved Illustrated Bartender's Manua l in 1882. Both of these books shared recipes for dozens of unique drinks that combined ingredients people had never thought to combine before. Thomas and Johnson incorporated flavored spirits, liqueurs, and fortified wines to their cocktails, which
13132-436: The juice of peaches , pears ("Perry" cider) or other fruit. Cider may be made from any variety of apple, but certain cultivars grown solely for use in cider are known as cider apples . The United Kingdom has the highest per capita consumption of cider, as well as the largest cider-producing companies in the world, As of 2006 , the U.K. produces 600 million litres of cider each year (130 million imperial gallons). Wine
13266-462: The love of cocktails and hospitality throughout the world. Kathy Sullivan, owner of Sidecar Bartending, expressed the difficulties with becoming a prolific bartender, comparing the bartender to the drink they make: "In drinks you want balance. And you have to be balanced physically, emotionally and mentally." Mixology's purpose is to create new or unique cocktails that center around a specific flavor profile or theme. Because of this goal, flavor balance
13400-402: The majority of their income in tips from higher-class customers. Bartenders in the United States may work in a large variety of bars . These include hotel bars, restaurant bars, sports bars, gay bars , piano bars , and dive bars . Also growing in popularity is the portable bar, which can be moved to different venues and special events. Hospitality bartenders make up 77% of the membership of
13534-560: The money is given without being placed in a special gift envelope first. Like many other countries in East Asia, Japanese people see tipping as insulting. The Tip Project , a plan to normalise tipping in Japan in 2021, was met with severe backlash from locals who deemed the practice "un-Japanese", and the project was abandoned in early 2023. In India, tipping is not normal in hotels and restaurants, but may be appreciated. Tips can be rounding off
13668-472: The practice in America suggest that tipping is often discriminatory or arbitrary: workers receive different levels of gratuity based on factors such as age, sex, race, hair color and even breast size, and the size of the gratuity is found to be only tenuously related to the quality of service. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word "tip" originated as a slang term and its etymology
13802-540: The product from which they are produced (for example, rice wine , pomegranate wine, apple wine and elderberry wine ) and are generically called fruit wine . The term "wine" can also refer to starch-fermented or fortified drinks having higher alcohol content, such as barley wine , huangjiu , or sake . Wine has a rich history dating back thousands of years, with the earliest production so far discovered having occurred c. 6000 BC in Georgia . It had reached
13936-449: The province, and employers have a right to ask their bartenders to have them. As social attitudes toward legal responsibility change, more and more provinces are requiring certification for responsible alcohol sales of bartenders, managers and even event and liquor store employees. The provinces that require bartender certification are Ontario, Alberta, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island and British Columbia. All of these certifications come with
14070-429: The purpose of drinking was known as a symposium , where watered down wine would be drunk. The purpose of these gatherings could be anything from serious discussions to direct indulgence. In ancient Rome , a similar concept of a convivium took place regularly. Many early societies considered alcohol a gift from the gods, leading to the creation of gods such as Dionysus . Other religions forbid, discourage, or restrict
14204-636: The removal of any other substance besides oxygen . Water and milk have been basic drinks throughout history. As water is essential for life, it has also been the carrier of many diseases . As society developed, techniques were discovered to create alcoholic drinks from the plants that were available in different areas. The earliest archaeological evidence of wine production yet found has been at sites in Georgia ( c. 6000 BCE) and Iran ( c. 5000 BCE). Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe as far back as 3000 BCE, and
14338-483: The restaurant level (low, medium, high prices). In standard restaurants it is OK to round up to the next euro. Another common setting where tipping is customary is taxis, where bills may be rounded up to the next euro. Even though most people in the service industry are paid a living wage, tips (in Croatian: napojnica , manča ) are quite common. 10% (or more, depending on the service) is expected in restaurants. Absence of
14472-562: The revenue of selling alcoholic beverages. The resulting financial pressure caused proprietors to welcome tips, as a way of supplementing employee wages. Contrary to popular belief, tipping did not arise because of servers' low wages, because the occupation of waiter (server) was fairly well paid in the era when tipping became institutionalized. Tipping researcher Michael Lynn identifies five motivations for tipping: A 2009 academic paper by Steven Holland calls tipping "an effective mechanism for risk sharing and welfare improvement" which reduces
14606-422: The risk faced by a service customer, because the customer can decide whether or not to tip. Tipping is sometimes given as an example of the principal–agent problem in economics. One example is a restaurant owner who engages servers to act as agents on his behalf. In some cases, "[c]ompensation agreements [can] increase worker effort [...] if compensation is [...] tied to the firm's success" and one example of such
14740-490: The rounding-up method is common for taxi drivers. Tipping ( spropitné , informally dýško or tuzér ) in the Czech Republic , like in Germany and Austria, is optional but polite and very welcome, especially in restaurants, and less often in taxis, hairdressers and similar services. The usual practice is for the customer to round the price to the nearest higher "nice number" so as not to have to handle small coins, and to tell
14874-424: The seeds inside. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor, before being ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee is slightly acidic (pH 5.0–5.1 ) and can have a stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine content. It is one of the most popular drinks in the world. It can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. The effect of coffee on human health has been
15008-440: The struggles of marginalized groups in the workforce, such as African-American women. However, women have sometimes been restricted from bartending. For example, Goesaert v. Cleary , 335 U.S. 464 (1948), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a Michigan law which prohibited women from being licensed as a bartender in all cities having a population of 50,000 or more unless their father or husband owned
15142-485: The supervision of a food hygiene supervisor, and this also applies to bartenders. Nippon Bartenders' Association (N.B.A.) is an industry association for bartenders. It is an exam organized by the target is people over the age of 20 who work as a bartender in the restaurant industry. It is a subject exam on liquor and cocktails from the N.B.A. Official Cocktail Book. N.B.A. certification can also take exams other than members, but N.B.A. membership exam fees will be cheaper. Since
15276-467: The support of the labour movement, which led to the eventual abolition of customary tipping in most European countries. Also, proprietors regarded tips as equivalent to bribing an employee to do something that was otherwise forbidden, such as tipping a waiter to get an extra large portion of food. However, the introduction of Prohibition in the US in 1919 had an enormous impact on hotels and restaurants, who lost
15410-561: The suspension of the eighteenth amendment and release of legal booze back into the market, the cocktail era unfortunately took a dip. People drank less and the Great Depression severely limited the ability of people to buy a drink. Cocktails started to be limited to the rich and famous. The celebrities in Los Angeles took a certain liking to the recipes of the old days. But the general population would no longer mix their drinks. Individualism
15544-707: The table. In more formal settings, hotels and restaurants add a 10% service charge to the bill, which is paid along with the bill itself. Tipping is not customary in most areas and is not generally expected. In upscale restaurants, if a service charge is added, tipping is not needed nor expected. Among smaller side street restaurants, service charge is usually not included and tip amount may vary from loose changes to not at all (most do not give tips). The customer in this case can give any amount he/she wishes. Fastfood areas (McDonald's, Jollibee, Popeyes, etc.) are not tipping locations and staffs are reluctant to accept money. Hotels bellboys are generally provided tips but amount
15678-498: The tronc is known as the troncmaster. Where a tronc exists in the UK, responsibility for deducting pay-as-you-earn taxes from the distribution may lie with the troncmaster rather than the employer. The word "tronc" has its origins in the French for collecting box. In June 2008, the Employment Appeals Tribunal ruled in a UK test case ( Revenue and Customs Commissioners v Annabel’s (Berkeley Square) Ltd ) that income from
15812-469: The use of social media. The digital age allows mixologists to merge their craft with technical tools and share it with a wider audience. Erika Moore and Raquel Ravenell, of @whiskeyandrosemary are Instagram famous mixologists. The Atlanta-based duo is known for their use of obscure ingredients such as eucalyptus raw cane syrup, chickpea water, spinach, marshmallow syrup, BBQ sauce, flamed cinnamon and beef jerky garnish. Beverage A drink or beverage
15946-433: The varieties and formulas of 40 kinds of cocktails, and the training time is 60 credit hours; senior bartenders are not only required to master the varieties and recipes of hundreds of cocktails, but also focus on creating their own cocktails and managing bars. Bartenders can be found in many establishments across Canada. They may appear in nightclubs, restaurants, bars, hotels and even airports in cities. Canada does not have
16080-401: The various flavors found in a cocktail. Mixology is essentially edible chemistry in the form of cocktails. Historically, bartending was a profession with a low reputation. It was perceived through the lens of ethical issues and various legal constraints related to the serving of alcohol. The pioneers of bartending as a serious profession appeared in the 19th century. Jerry Thomas established
16214-411: The vegetable juice taste better. Many popular vegetable juices, particularly ones with high tomato content, are high in sodium, and therefore consumption of them for health must be carefully considered. Some vegetable juices provide the same health benefits as whole vegetables in terms of reducing risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer . Plant milk is a general term for any milk-like product that
16348-410: The very complex interactions between the biochemical development of the fruit, reactions involved in fermentation, terroir and subsequent appellation , along with human intervention in the overall process. The final product may contain tens of thousands of chemical compounds in amounts varying from a few percent to a few parts per billion. Wines made from produce besides grapes are usually named after
16482-401: The waiter does not have to return anything after rounding up (e.g. if the price is 174 CZK and the customer pays with a 200 CZK note), it is customary to say " To je v pořádku " ("Keep the change", literally "That's alright"). A tip of more than 10-15% is more likely to be given in recognition of outstanding service. On the other hand, especially in the case of dissatisfaction with the service, it
16616-432: The waiter what amount to round the price to. The resulting tip tends to be around 10%, but this is not a hard and fast rule. So, for example, if the waiter says the price is 279 CZK, the customer pays with a 500 CZK note and says: "Three hundred crowns." This means that the waiter should return only 200 CZK and keep 21 CZK as a tip. When paying by card, the tip can either be added to the payment or given separately in cash. If
16750-571: The women were the daughters or wives of the bar's owner. In 1970, Dolly Williams filed a complaint with the state regarding this, and the Wisconsin Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations ordered the city to stop banning female bartenders. Milwaukee appealed against this, but in March 1971, a Madison court sided with Wisconsin and Milwaukee's common council announced that beginning April 1, 1971, gender would stop being an obstacle to obtaining
16884-558: Was a British mixologist. He invented many classic cocktails, such as the Espresso Martini, the Treacle and the Bramble. Dick trained many top mixologists in the art of hospitality and drink making during his lifetime. He is known for always opting for fresh juices and ingredients, over anything pre-made or run of the mill. Modern day mixologists are growing their presence and following through
17018-561: Was a new concept. Mixology took off after these two publishing. By the late 1800s, the term mixology was common and widely used. At the turn of the 20th century, slightly fewer than half the bartenders in London were women, such as Ada Coleman . "Barmaids", as they were called, were usually the daughters of tradesmen or mechanics or, occasionally, young women from the "better-born" classes who had been "thrown upon their own resources" and needed an income. Bartending has often been associated with
17152-435: Was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe. A drink is a form of liquid which has been prepared for human consumption. The preparation can include a number of different steps, some prior to transport, others immediately prior to consumption. Water is the chief constituent in all drinks, and the primary ingredient in most. Water is purified prior to drinking . Methods for purification include filtration and
17286-416: Was crushed similar to the food industry. The industry needed a renaissance and it wasn't until the late 90's that we saw the true re-emergence of the cocktail bar. The bartending profession was generally a second occupation, used as transitional work for students to gain customer experience or to save money for university fees. The reason for this is because bartenders in tipping countries such as Canada and
17420-472: Was imported from Europe to America in the 1850s and 1860s by Americans who wanted to seem aristocratic. However, until the early 20th century, Americans viewed tipping as inconsistent with the values of an egalitarian, democratic society, as the origins of tipping were premised upon noblesse oblige , which promoted tipping as a means to establish social status to inferiors. Six American states passed laws that made tipping illegal. Enforcement of anti-tipping laws
17554-514: Was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The invention of beer (and bread ) has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization . Tea likely originated in Yunnan , China, during the Shang dynasty (1500 BCE–1046 BCE) as a medicinal drink. Drinking has been a large part of socialising throughout the centuries. In ancient Greece , a social gathering for
17688-532: Was often necessary to make them palatable. Fruits can also be blended with ice and other ingredients to make a smoothie . Early storage of fruit juices was labor-intensive, requiring the crushing of the fruits and the mixing of the resulting pure juices with sugars before bottling. Vegetable juices are usually served warm or cold. Different types of vegetables can be used to make vegetable juice such as carrots , tomatoes, cucumbers , celery and many more. Some vegetable juices are mixed with some fruit juice to make
17822-424: Was problematic. The earliest of these laws was passed in 1909 (Washington), and the last of these laws was repealed in 1926 (Mississippi). Some have argued that "The original workers that were not paid anything by their employers were newly freed slaves" and that "This whole concept of not paying them anything and letting them live on tips carried over from slavery." The anti-tipping movement spread to Europe with
17956-528: Was recorded in 1372. The practice of tipping began in Tudor England . In medieval times, tipping was a master-serf custom wherein a servant would receive extra money for having performed superbly well. By the 17th century, it was expected that overnight guests to private homes would provide sums of money, known as vails, to the host's servants. Soon afterwards, customers began tipping in London coffeehouses and other commercial establishments". The practice
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