Misplaced Pages

#345654

53-490: About one half of the district's territory is covered by forests. Climate is temperate continental. The district was first established on November 4, 1926. In October 1938, it became a part of Perm Oblast. It was abolished between February 1, 1963 and January 12, 1965. The population of the district is wholly rural. The most numerous ethnic groups, according to the 2002 Census, include Bashkirs at 60%, Tatars at 32.3%, and Russians at 7.2%. District's economy

106-731: A republic of the Russian Federation and in the broader historical region of Badzhgard , which spans both sides of the Ural Mountains , where Eastern Europe meets North Asia . Smaller communities of Bashkirs also live in the Republic of Tatarstan , the oblasts of Perm Krai , Chelyabinsk , Orenburg , Tyumen , Sverdlovsk and Kurgan and other regions in Russia ; sizeable minorities exist in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan . Most Bashkirs speak

159-634: A Bashkir language would be more or less a dialect of the proto-Kipchak language, however, since then, the Bashkir language has been through a series of vowel and consonant shifts, which are a result of a common literary history shared with the Idel Tatar language since the formation of the Cuman-Kipchak confederation , when the Oghuric Volga Bulgars started to receive Kipchak Turkic influence and became

212-604: A baby from Umay. This belief can be seen with the Tungusic peoples in southern Siberia and the Altay people . Umay is always depicted together with a child. There are only rare exceptions to this. It is believed that when Umay leaves a child for a long time, the child gets ill and shamans are involved to call Umay back. The smiling of a sleeping baby shows Umay is near it and crying means that Umay has left. Potapov states that, as protector of babies, deceased children are taken by Umai to

265-714: A lack of much geographic detail, the sketch map does indicate that the Bashkirs inhabited a territory bordering on the Caspian Sea and the Volga valley in the west, the Ural Mountains in the north-west, and the Irtysh valley in the east, thus giving a rough outline of the area. Said Al-Andalusi and Muhammad al-Idrisi mention the Bashkir in the 12th century. The 13th-century authors Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi , Yaqut al-Hamawi and Qazvini and

318-465: A shared common literary history in an arc of 900 years, the two languages ended up in a common language, spoken in different dialects with features depending on the people which spoke them. For example, the dialects spoken by Bashkirs, tend to have an accent which mostly resembles other Kipchak languages, like Kyrgyz , Kazakh , Nogai , Karakalpak , and many other languages of the Kipchak sub-group, while

371-405: A similarity between historical Hungarians , whose homeland is around the Ural Mountains , and Bashkirs; analysis of haplogroup N 3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade [N-B539/Y13850] splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000–5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of

424-586: Is a protector of women and children. The oldest evidence is seen in the Orkhon script monuments. From these it is understood that Umay was accepted as a mother and a guide. Also, khagans were thought to represent Kök Tengri . Khagan wives, katun s or hatun s, were considered Umays, too. With the help of 'Umay, katun s had babies and these babies were the guarantee of the empire. According to Divanü Lügat’it-Türk , when women worship Umay, they have male babies. Turkic women tie strings attached with small cradles to will

477-423: Is based on agriculture. Logging and extraction of oil are also developed. Agricultural lands account for about 40% of the district's total territory. Annually, 15,500 tons of milk, 3,600 tons of meat, 58,300 tons of crops, and 6,800 tons of potatoes are produced in the district. There are many food processing plants in the district, as well as some oil industry and construction companies. There are deposits of oil in

530-545: The Bashkir language , which is similar to Tatar and Kazakh languages . The Bashkir language belongs to the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages ; they share historical and cultural affinities with the broader Turkic peoples . Bashkirs are mainly Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab , or school of jurisprudence, and follow the Jadid doctrine. Previously nomadic and fiercely independent,

583-711: The German invasion of the Soviet Union . On October 11, 1990, Declaration of State Sovereignty by the Supreme Council of the Republic was proclaimed. On March 31, 1992 Bashkortostan signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and areas of jurisdiction and the nature of contractual relations between the authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition including

SECTION 10

#1733093343346

636-632: The Idel Tatars , most likely between the 10th and 11th centuries. The Nogai and Karachay-Balkar languages are most likely the closest-sounding extant languages to the extinct Proto-Kipchak Bashkir language. From an arc of time of roughly 900 years, the Bashkir language and Idel Tatar language, previously being completely different languages, "melded" into a series of dialects of a common "Volga Kipchak" or "Volga Turki" language. The Idel Tatars and Bashkirs are and always were two peoples of completely different origins, cultures and identities, but because of

689-665: The Napoleonic Wars , many Bashkirs served as mercenaries in the Russian army to defend from the French invaders during Napoleon's invasion of Russia . Subsequently, the Bashkir battalions were the most notable fighters during the Napoleonic wars on the north German and Dutch plateau. The Dutch and the Germans called the Bashkirs "Northern Amurs", probably because the population was not aware of who

742-519: The Republic of Bashkortostan . North-eastern group: Aile, Badrak, Bikatin, Bishul, Duvan, Kalmak, Katai, Kossy, Kuvakan, Kudey, Kumruk, Murzy, Salyut, Syzgy, Synryan, Syrzy, Tabyn, Tersyak, Upey. Northwest group: Baylar, Balyksy, Bulyar, Gaina, Gere, Duvaney, Elan, Adyak, Adey, Irekte, Kanly, Karshin, Kirghiz, Taz, Tanyp, Uvanysh, Un, Uran, Jurmi. South-eastern group: Burzyan, Kypsak, Tamyan, Tangaur, Usergan, Jurmaty. Southwest group: Ming. Genetic studies on Y-DNA haplogroups have revealed that

795-659: The Russian Revolution , the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled by Äxmätzäki Wälidi Tıwğan proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashkir Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and

848-574: The Ural Mountains ridge between Volga , Kama , and Tobol Rivers and upstream of the Yaik river . Ahmad ibn Fadlan , ambassador of the Baghdad Caliph Al-Muqtadir to the governor of Volga Bulgaria , wrote the first ethnographic description of the Bashkir in 922. The Bashkirs, according to Ibn Fadlan, were a warlike and powerful people, which he and his companions (a total of five thousand people, including military protection) "bewared... with

901-460: The shezhere (family trees) of the Bashkir. During the Russian Imperial period, Russians and Tatars began to migrate to Bashkortostan which led to eventual demographic changes in the region. The recruitment of Bashkirs into the Russian army and having to pay steep taxes pressured many Bashkirs to adopt a more settled lifestyle and to slowly abandon their ancient nomadic pastoralist past. In

954-512: The 14th-century authors Al-Dimashqi and Abu'l-Fida also wrote about Bashkirs. The first European sources to mention the Bashkirs were the works of Joannes de Plano Carpini and William of Rubruquis of the 13th century. By 1226, Genghis Khan had incorporated the lands of Bashkortostan into his empire. During the 13th and 14th centuries, all of Bashkortostan was a component of the Golden Horde . The brother of Batu-Khan , Sheibani, received

1007-811: The Aral Sea fort would involve crossing Bashkir and the Kazakh Lesser Horde lands, some of whom had recently offered a nominal submission to the Russian Crown. The southern side of Bashkiria was partitioned by the Orenburg Line of forts. The forts ran from Samara on the Volga east as far as the Samara River headwaters. It then crossed to the middle of the Ural River and following the river course east and then north on

1060-821: The Armenian Ashkharatsuyts . However, these mentions may refer to the precursors of the Kipchak Bashkir tribes who travelled in the Aral-Syr Darya region before the migration. The Book of Sui may have mentioned "Bashkirs" when the Turkic peoples were still travelling through southern Siberia. In the 9th century, during the migration of the Bashkirs to the Volga-Ural region, the first Arabic and Persian -written reports about Bashkirs are attested. These include reports by Sallam al-Tardjuman who around 850 travelled to

1113-646: The Bashkir lands east of the Ural Mountains . After the disintegration of the Mongol Empire , the Bashkirs were divided among the Nogai Horde , the Khanate of Kazan and the Khanate of Sibir , founded in the 15th century. In the middle of the 16th century, Bashkirs were gradually conquered by the Tsardom of Russia . Primary documents pertaining to the Bashkirs during this period have been lost, although some are mentioned in

SECTION 20

#1733093343346

1166-405: The Bashkir population shared immune genes with both West and Eastern Eurasian populations. A genetic study by Yunusbayev et al. 2015 found that the Bashkirs display a significant amount of East Asian -derived ancestry (c. 40%), of which roughly the half can be associated with Siberian ancestry maximized in modern-day Nganasans , and the other half with Ancient Northeast Asians . The remainder of

1219-595: The Bashkir territories and outlined their borders. In the 10th century, the Persian historian and polymath Abu Zayd al-Balkhi described Bashkirs as a people divided into two groups: one inhabiting the Southern Urals, the other living on the Danube plain near the boundaries of Byzantium . Ibn Rustah , a contemporary of Abu Zayd al-Balkhi , observed that Bashkirs were an independent people occupying territories on both sides of

1272-459: The Bashkirs actually were or where they came from, therefore the usage of " Amurs " in the name may be an approximation; these battalions were considered as the liberators from the French , however modern Russian military sources do not credit the Bashkirs with these accomplishments. These regiments also served in Battle of Paris and the subsequent occupation of France by the coalition forces. After

1325-411: The Bashkirs ancestry was linked to West Eurasian, primarily European sources. The results point to admixture between local Indo-European-speakers, Uralic-speakers and Turkic-speakers. The admixture event dates to the 13th century, according to an analysis of the identical-by-descent segments. According to the authors, the admixture thus occurred after the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchaks from

1378-498: The Bashkirs gradually came under Russian rule beginning in the 16th century; they have since played a major role through the history of Russia, culminating in their autonomous status within the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia. The etymology and indeed meaning of the endonym Bashqurt has been for a long time under discussion. The name Bashqurt has been known since the 10th century, most researchers etymologize

1431-457: The Bashkirs rebelled under a leader named Seyid Sadir or 'Seit Sadurov', and the Russian army had great difficulties in ending the rebellion. The Bashkirs rose again in 1707, under Aldar and Kûsyom, due to perceived ill-treatment by Imperial Russian officials. At the founding of Orenburg in 1735, the fourth insurrection occurred in 1735 and lasted six years. Ivan Kirillov formed a plan to build

1484-513: The Bashkirs were Turks , living on the southern slopes of the Urals , and occupying a vast territory up to the river Volga . They were bordered by Oghuz Turks on the south, Pechenegs to the south-east and Bulgars on the west. The earliest source to give a geographical description of Bashkir territory, Mahmud al-Kashgari 's Divanu Lugat'it Turk (1072–1074), includes a map with a charted region called Fiyafi Bashqyrt (the Bashkir steppes). Despite

1537-476: The Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century. A full genome study by Triska et al. 2017 found that the Bashkir genepool is best described as a multi-layered amalgamation of Turkic, Uralic, and Indo-European contributions. They further argue that "this disparity between cultural and genetic affinities of Tatar and Bashkir can be attributed to a phenomenon of cultural dominance: the population ancestral to Bashkir adopted

1590-519: The Southern Ural region at 643–431 BC. Bashkir language is a Turkic language of the Kipchak group. It has three main dialects: Southern, Eastern and North-Western located in the territory of historical Bashkortostan . The Russian census of 2010 recorded 1,152,404 Bashkir speakers in the Russian Federation . The Bashkir language is native to 1,133,339 Bashkirs (71.7% of the total number of Bashkirs, reporting mother tongue). The Tatar language

1643-423: The Turkic language during Turkic expansion from the east (language replacement event)". A genetic analysis on genetic data of Hun, Avar and Magyar conqueror samples by Maroti et al. 2022, revealed high genetic affinity between Magyar conquerors and modern day Bashkirs. They can be modeled as ~50% Mansi-like , ~35% Sarmatian-like , and ~15% Hun/Xiongnu-like . The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in

Bardymsky District - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-527: The Volga Kipchak language spoken by the Bashkir and Kazan Tatar peoples. Umay Umay (also known as Umai ; Old Turkic : 𐰆𐰢𐰖 ; Kazakh : Ұмай ана , Ūmai ana ; Kyrgyz : Умай эне , Umay ene ; Turkish : Umay Ana ) is the goddess of fertility in Turkic mythology and Tengrism and as such related to women, mothers, and children. Umay not only protects and educates babies, but also may separate

1749-666: The autonomous entity Bashkurdistan on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashkortostan the first ever democratic Turkic republic in history. In March 1919, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed based on agreements of the Russian Government. During World War II , Bashkir soldiers served in the Red Army to defend the Soviet Union and fought against the Germans during

1802-673: The conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements. A group of Bashkirs from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region who belong to the R1a subclade R1a-SUR51 are the closest kin to the Hungarian Árpád dynasty , from which they got separated 2000 years ago. According to Suslova, et al. (2012)

1855-466: The dialects spoken by Idel Tatars, have accents more resembling the original Oghuric Volga-Bulgar language spoken before the Cuman invasion . At the start of the 20th century, particularly during the Russian Revolution , Bashkortostan and Tatarstan emerged as separate republics, leading to the recognition of Bashkir and Tatar as distinct literary languages. Each was based on the most prominent dialects of

1908-503: The district. Bashkirs The Bashkirs ( UK : / b æ ʃ ˈ k ɪər z / bash-KEERZ , US : / b ɑː ʃ ˈ k ɪər z / bahsh-KEERZ ) or Bashkorts ( Bashkir : Башҡорттар , romanized :  Başqorttar , IPA: [bɑʂ.qʊɾt.ˈtaɾ] ; Russian : Башкиры , pronounced [bɐʂˈkʲirɨ] ) are a Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Russia . They are concentrated in Bashkortostan ,

1961-571: The eastern side of the Urals. It then went east along the Uy River to Ust-Uisk on the Tobol River where it connected to the ill-defined 'Siberian Line' along the forest-steppe boundary. In 1774, the Bashkirs, under the leadership of Salavat Yulayev , supported Pugachev's Rebellion . In 1786, the Bashkirs achieved tax-free status; and in 1798 Russia formed an irregular Bashkir army from among them. During

2014-506: The fort to be called Orenburg at Orsk at the confluence of the Or River and the Ural River , south-east of the Urals where the Bashkir, Kalmyk and Kazakh lands met. Work on Fort Orenburg commenced at Orsk in 1735. However, by 1743 the site of Orenburg was moved a further 250 km west to its current location. The next planned construction was to be a fort on the Aral Sea . The consequence of

2067-422: The greatest threat". They were described as engaged in cattle breeding. According to ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs worshipped twelve gods: winter, summer, rain, wind, trees, people, horses, water, night, day, death, heaven and earth, and the most prominent, the sky god. Apparently, Islam had already begun to spread among the Bashkirs, as one of the ambassadors was a Muslim Bashkir. According to the testimony of Ibn Fadlan,

2120-457: The heavens. In the view of the Kyrgyz people , Umay not only protects children, but also Turkic communities around the world. At the same time Umay helps people to obtain more food and goods and gives them luck. As Umay is associated with the sun, she is called Sarı Kız 'Yellow Maiden', and yellow is her color and symbol. She is depicted as having sixty golden tresses that look like the rays of

2173-554: The late 16th and early 19th centuries, Bashkirs occupied the territory from the river Sylva in the north, to the river heads of Tobol in the east, the mid-stream of the river Yaik (Ural) in the south; in the Middle and Southern Urals, the Cis-Urals including Volga territory and Trans-Uralsto, and the eastern bank of the river Volga on the south-west. The Bashkirs participated in the 1662–64 , 1681–84 and 1704–11 Rebellions. In 1676,

Bardymsky District - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-461: The legendary Ural mountains (in alignment with the famous Bashkir epic poem "Ural-Batyr"). A wolf was sent to guide these tribes to their promised land, hence bash-qurt, "leading wolf" . The ethnographers V. N. Tatishchev , P. I. Richkov, and Johann Gottlieb Georgi provided similar etymologies in the 18th century. Although this is the prevailing theory for an etymology of the term bashqurt , other theories have been formulated: The Bashkir group

2279-570: The modern Kazakhs , Kyrgyzes and Nogais , but there has been a considerable cultural and a small ethnic exchange with Oghuz tribes. The migration to the valley of the Southern Urals took place between the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, in parallel to the Kipchak migration to the north. The first report about Bashkirs may have been in the Chinese chronicle Book of Sui (636 AD). Around 40 Turkic Tiele tribes were named in

2332-536: The name as "main/leader/head" ( bash ) + "wolf" ( qurt being an archaic name for the animal), thus " wolf-leader " (from the totemic hero ancestor). This prevailing folk etymology relates to a legend regarding the migration of the first seven Bashkir tribes from the Syr Darya valley to the Volga-Ural region. The legend relates that the Bashkirs were given a green and fertile land by the fertility goddess of Tengrism Umay (known locally also as Umay-əsə ), protected by

2385-543: The proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (Bashkirs and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365); these suggest that the Bashkirs are mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions. A genetic study published in Scientific Reports in November 2019 examined

2438-480: The remains of 29 Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin . The majority of them (60%) carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 40% of East Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to modern Bashkirs. Haplogroup I2a1a2b

2491-676: The section "A Narration about the Tiele people"; Bashkirs might have been included within that narration, if the tribal name 比干 ( Mandarin Bǐgān ← Middle Chinese ZS : * piɪ -kɑn ) (in Book of Wei ) were a scribal error for 比千 ( Bĭqiān ← * piɪ t͡sʰen ) (in History of the Northern Dynasties ), the latter reading being favored by Chinese scholar Rui Chuanming. In the 7th century, Bashkirs were also mentioned in

2544-417: The soul from the dead, especially young children. She lives in heaven and is invisible to the common people. Souls of babies-to-be-born are kept in her "temple" of Mount Ymay-tas or Amay. The Khakas emphasize her in particular. From Umai, the essence of fire ( Od Ana ) was born. The Turkic root umāy originally meant "placenta, afterbirth" and this word was used as the name for the goddess whose function

2597-573: The three dominant paternal haplogroups for Bashkir males are the haplogroup R1b , haplogroup R1a , and the haplogroup N1c . Haplogroups C-M217 , O , and D1 , were found at lower frequencies among Bashkir males, and together make up roughly 11,5%. Near Eastern-associated haplogroups J2 and G2 make up roughly 8,5%. In some specific regions and clans of ethnic Bashkir, the North Asian and Eastern Siberian haplogroup (N3) range from moderate to high frequencies (29 to 90%). Archaeogenetic analyses show

2650-575: Was formed by Turkic tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before migrating to the Southern Urals , wandered for a considerable time in the Aral-Syr Darya steppes (modern day central-southern Kazakhstan ), coming into contact with the Pecheneg-Oghuz and Kimak-Kipchak tribes. Therefore, it is possible to note that the Bashkir people originates from the same tribes which compose

2703-423: Was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among South Slavs . A wide variety of phenotypes were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, but also East Asian traits. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to

SECTION 50

#1733093343346

2756-447: Was reported as the native tongue of 230,846 Bashkirs (14.6%), and Russian as the native tongue of 216,066 Bashkirs (13.7%). Most Bashkirs are bilingual in Bashkir and Russian . The first appearance of a "Bashkir" language is dated back to the 9th century AD , in the form of stone inscription using a Runic alphabet, most likely, this alphabet derives from the Yenisei variant of the old Turkic runic script . This archaic version of

2809-413: Was to look after women and children, and she is associated with fertility. In Mongolian , Umai means "womb" or "uterus", possibly reflecting acculturation of Mongols by Turks or ancient lexical ties between Mongols and Turks. The name appears in the 8th century inscription of Kul Tigin in the phrase Umay teg ögüm katun kutıŋa "under the auspices of my mother who is like the goddess Umay". Umay

#345654