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84-542: Until the late 1980s, digital retouching required specialized hardware such as the Quantel Paintbox . Barco Creator was one of the first products to run on off-the-shelf SGI workstations instead. Originally targeted at the "high end", Creator evolved into a slightly more mid-market program with the "personal"-edition running on the Indy. Still the price was in the $ 10k to $ 100k range depending on options, and additional hardware

168-480: A Xeon -based workstation with one or two 3U EATX trays, or as cluster servers with 10 system trays configured with up to 10 Twin Blade nodes or 20 Intel Atom Mini-ITX nodes. The Octane's system board is designated as IP30, based on SGI's Xtalk architecture. Xtalk does not use a system bus , but a Crossbow application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), referred to as Xbow, a dynamic crossbar switch that connects

252-510: A "Colcom/ VME " colour computer board, a fast multi-dimensional interpolator. This was replaced in early 1993 with the more powerful "Chameleon" board, integrating the discrete logic of the Colcom board in a custom ASIC . Its main purpose was displaying CMYK colours on the ( RGB ) monitor quickly. After version 7.0 the Chameleon was also used for accelerating certain colour correction operations. For

336-474: A 2015 advert for Senator Ron Johnson . In 2023, the organizers of Dublin Pride were accused of “intentionally doctoring photos” to push “propaganda” when they posted an altered image from a 1983 protest, in which the slogan "Trans rights are human rights" was added to a sign carried by a demonstrator. A spokesman for Dublin Pride defended the change, saying that the "practice of altering iconic images for campaigns

420-566: A debate about the appropriateness of falsifying an image, and raised questions regarding the magazine's credibility. Shortly after the incident, Tom Kennedy, director of photography for National Geographic stated, "We no longer use that technology to manipulate elements in a photo simply to achieve a more compelling graphic effect. We regarded that afterward as a mistake, and we wouldn't repeat that mistake today." There are other incidents of questionable photo manipulation in journalism. One such incident occurred in early 2005 after Martha Stewart

504-513: A distorted and unrealistic image of self —  most specifically in younger people. The world of glamour photography is one specific industry that has been heavily involved with the use of photo manipulation (what many consider to be a concerning element as many people look up to celebrities in search of embodying the 'ideal figure'). Manipulation of a photo to alter a model's appearance can be used to change features such as skin complexion, hair color, body shape, and other features. Many of

588-548: A manipulation. In Image Act Theory , Carson Reynolds extended speech act theory by applying it to photo editing and image manipulations. In "How to Do Things with Pictures", William J. Mitchell details the long history of photo manipulation and discusses it critically. Photo manipulation is largely considered a useful tool in modern political campaigning and photo manipulations are oftentimes used to amplify political messages and undermine political opponents. For example, on January 6, 2020, US Rep. Paul Gosar (R-Ariz.) tweeted

672-447: A photo of US President Barack Obama shaking hands with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani , with the caption "The world is a better place without these guys in power." It was pointed out that this meeting never took place and in reality was a doctored photo of a meeting between President Obama and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . Gosar was criticized for attempting to spread disinformation. The photo had also been previously used in

756-499: A photograph does not disclose that the picture is edited or retouched, no matter how small the edit, they may also receive a fine or 30% of the costs of what they used to create their ad. In 2021, Norway enacted legislation making it a requirement to label digital manipulations of the bodies of persons when depicted in advertising. Failure to do so is punishable by a fine. Some editors of magazine companies do not view manipulating their cover models as an issue. In an interview with

840-426: A photograph. Whereas manipulating photographs with tools such as Photoshop and GIMP is generally skill-intensive and time-consuming, the 21st century has seen the arrival of image editing software powered by advanced algorithms which allow complex transformations to be mostly automated. For example, beauty filters which smooth skin tone and create more visually pleasing facial proportions (for example, by enlarging

924-426: A positive impact by developing the creativity of one's mind or maybe a negative one by removing the art and beauty of capturing something so magnificent and natural or the way it should be. According to The Huffington Post , "Photoshopping and airbrushing, many believe, are now an inherent part of the beauty industry, as are makeup, lighting and styling". In a way, these image alterations are "selling" actual people to

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1008-406: A speech for Soviet troops that Leon Trotsky attended. Stalin had Trotsky retouched out of a photograph showing Trotsky in attendance. In a well-known case of damnatio memoriae ("condemnation of memory") image manipulation, NKVD leader Nikolai Yezhov , after his execution in 1940, was removed from an official press photo where he was pictured with Stalin; historians subsequently nicknaming him

1092-403: A subject's eyes) are available within a number of widely used social media apps such as Instagram and TikTok , and can be applied in real-time to live video. Such features are also available in dedicated image editing mobile applications like Facetune . Some, such as FaceApp use deep-learning algorithms to automate complex, content-aware transformations, such as changing the age or gender of

1176-449: A verb because Adobe Photoshop is proprietary software . In popular culture, the term photoshopping is sometimes associated with montages in the form of visual jokes, such as those published on Fark and in Mad magazine. Images may be propagated memetically via e-mail as humor or passed as actual news in a form of hoax . An example of the latter category is " Helicopter Shark ", which

1260-471: A whole adopted a policy to work with advertisers to work on setting up guidelines for advertisements to try to limit how much digital image manipulation is used. The goal of this policy is to limit the number of unrealistic expectations for body image in advertisements. Governments are exerting pressure on advertisers, and are starting to ban photos that are too airbrushed and edited. In the United Kingdom,

1344-480: Is a common practice". The altered image was ultimately removed from the Dublin Pride website. A notable incident of controversial photo manipulation occurred over a photograph that was altered to fit the vertical orientation of a 1982 National Geographic magazine cover. The altered image made two Egyptian pyramids appear closer together than they actually were in the original photograph. The incident triggered

1428-405: Is known for his photos that emphasize the skin flaws of an individual. Pitt did so in an effort to speak out against media using image manipulation software and manipulating celebrities' photos in an attempt to hide their flaws. Kate Winslet spoke out against photo manipulation in media after GQ magazine altered her body, making it look unnaturally thin. 42-year-old Cate Blanchett appeared on

1512-456: Is normal to digitally manipulate a photograph of a model to make them appear thinner, regardless of actual weight. Generally, photographs are edited to remove the appearance of up to 10 kilograms (22 lb). However, in the past 20 years, the practice has changed, as more celebrities are on social media and the public is now more aware of their actual appearances; it is likely that significant alterations would be noticed. The retoucher notes that

1596-455: Is not labeled "not retouched," then the public can assume that photograph has been modified. As the fashion industry continues to use photos that have been manipulated to idealize body types, there is a need for education about how unreal and unhealthy these images are and the negative implications they are promoting. A digital manipulation expert, who edited and altered a lot of images for the fashion industry and wants to remain private, says it

1680-434: Is opposed to the use of photo manipulation. Dr. McAneny made a statement that altering models to such extremes creates unrealistic expectations in children and teenagers regarding body image. He also said that the practice of digitally altering the weight of models in photographs should be stopped, so that children and teenagers are not exposed to body types that cannot be attained in reality. The American Medical Association as

1764-500: Is practically indispensable, though quite expensive and fragile. The SI/SE+T has one texture board, while the MXI/MXE has two texture boards; however, the two boards in the MXI/MXE do not double the available texture memory. It instead doubles the texture performance. Later Octanes and Octane2's support the SGI VPro graphics board series, designated 'ODYSSEY'. The first VPro series cards were

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1848-637: Is the direct successor to the Indigo2 , was succeeded by the Tezro , and its immediate sibling is the O2 . SGI withdrew the Octane2 from the price book on May 26, 2004, and ceased Octane2 production on June 25, 2004. Support for the Octane2 ceased in June 2009. Octane III was introduced in early 2010 after SGI's bankruptcy reorganization. It is a series of Intel -based deskside systems, as

1932-504: Is used. Trademark owner Adobe Inc. object to what they refer to as misuse of their trademarked software name, and consider it an infringement on their trademark to use terms such as "photoshopped" or "photoshopping" as a noun or verb, in possessive form or as a slang term, to prevent " genericization " or "genericide" of the company's trademark. Separately, the Free Software Foundation advises against using "photoshop" as

2016-460: The "Creative functions" libraries (special effect filters; mosaic , emboss , b/w, warp etc.), "basic brush" module (size, thickness, shapes, styles, pressure sensitivity), "advanced brush" module (brush profiles, textures ), "basic colour correction" module (gradation correction, pick mixer, plane mixer, colour mixer), "advanced colour correction" module (chain all of the basic correction tools, batch corrections, instant preview) and finally

2100-447: The "auto mask" module . Optional software modules included "PrintView" (preview a given CMYK printing process ), "BlackSmith" (modify CMYK files to reduce ink usage, better print quality) and "InkSwitch" (convert CMYK into special ink separations for packaging printing). Barco ColorTone adds an "Image quality estimator" module (evaluate if an image is printable according to certain quality parameters), but lacks several of

2184-473: The Advertising Standards Authority has banned an advertisement by Lancôme featuring Julia Roberts for being misleading, stating that the flawless skin seen in the photo was too good to be true. The US is also moving in the direction of banning excessive photo manipulation where a CoverGirl model's ad was banned because it had exaggerated effects, leading to a misleading representation of

2268-585: The American Civil War , photographs were published as engravings based on more than one negative. In 1860, a photograph of the politician John Calhoun was manipulated and his body was used in another photograph with the head of the president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. This photo credits itself as the first manipulated photo. Joseph Stalin made use of photo retouching for propaganda purposes. On May 5, 1920, his predecessor Vladimir Lenin held

2352-514: The American Medical Association that has decided that "[we] must stop exposing impressionable children and teenagers to advertisements portraying models with body types only attainable with the help of photo editing software". These include Keira Knightley , Brad Pitt , Andy Roddick , Jessica Simpson , Lady Gaga , and Zendaya . Brad Pitt had a photographer, Chuck Close , take photos of him that emphasized his flaws. Chuck Close

2436-651: The MIPS Technologies R10000 microprocessor. Newer Octanes are based on the R12000 and R14000 . The Octane2 has three improvements: a revised power supply, system board, and Xbow ASIC. The Octane2 has VPro graphics and supports all the VPro cards. Later revisions of the Octane include some of the improvements introduced in the Octane2. The codenames for the Octane and Octane2 are "Racer" and "Speedracer" respectively. The Octane

2520-607: The National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) established a Code of Ethics which promotes the accuracy of published images, advising that photographers "do not manipulate images [...] that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects." Infringements of the Code are taken very seriously, especially regarding digital alteration of published photographs, as evidenced by a case in which Pulitzer prize -nominated photographer Allan Detrich resigned his post following

2604-546: The SGI Indigo2 that were internally designated as 'MARDIGRAS'. The boards were accelerated and reengineered with faster geometry engine and texture modules to create their new versions: SE, SE+T, SSE, MXE. The SI/SE provides 13.5 MB of framebuffer memory and the SSE and MXE have a 27 MB framebuffer. The '+T' indicates an additional high speed Rambus RDRAM-based texture board which gives 4 MB of texture memory, which

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2688-502: The XIO ports to the hub. One of the ports is used for the processor and memory subsystem, one is available for PCI-X expansion, and four are XIO slots (packet-based high-bandwidth bus, somewhat similar to HyperTransport ). This makes it very similar to a single node of the Origin 200 system. The XIO can be bridged to PCI-X , using a chip named BRIDGE. This bridging includes the system board (for

2772-521: The visible light spectrum —requiring people to make technical decisions for how to transform the raw digital data into colorized pictures for human viewing. For example, in images from the James Webb Space Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope , the usual transformation is to use blue for the shortest wavelengths, red for the longest wavelengths, and green for intermediate wavelengths. Both scientific accuracy and visual appeal contribute to

2856-587: The "Vanishing Commissar". Such censorship of images in the Soviet Union was common. The pioneer among journalists distorting photographic images for news value was Bernarr Macfadden : in the mid-1920s, his " composograph " process involved reenacting real news events with costumed body doubles and then photographing the dramatized scenes—then pasting faces of the real news-personalities (gathered from unrelated photos) onto his staged images. A photograph by Adolf Hitler 's official photographer Heinrich Hoffmann

2940-422: The "skinny filter" and the "perfect skin filter". Part of the idea of perfection on social media comes from Japanese culture and the word " kawaii ", which translates to an overall aspect of cuteness; exerting fragile, girly, and childlike emotions. Kawaii-enhanced photos present a perception of perfection in a photo booth setting. This notion catalyzed the first selfie phone camera by Kyocera in 1999, which led to

3024-536: The Dove Self-Esteem Fund and the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty to build confidence in young women, emphasizing "real beauty", or unretouched photographs, in the media. Clothing retailer Aerie 's campaign #AerieREAL emphasizes that their clothes are for everyone and that their advertisements have not been retouched in any way, saying "The real you is sexy." The American Medical Association stated that it

3108-808: The IOC3 multi-I/O chip, two ISP1040B SCSI controllers and RAD1 audio), MENET cards (four IOC3s) and the PCI cage (used for PCI cards in Octane). The Octane uses ARCS boot firmware , like all contemporary SGI computer systems. Processors for Octane series computers: The Octane series has single and dual CPU modules. A second CPU cannot be added; the only option is to replace the whole CPU module. The Octane supports 64 MB to 8 GB of system memory, using up to eight proprietary 200-pin DIMMs . There are two system board revisions. The first revision (part number 030-0887-003) supports 2 GB of RAM, while

3192-982: The MARDIGRAS boards, all VPro boards support the OpenGL (MARDIGRAS is OpenGL 1.1 + SGI Extensions, and VPro upgraded support to OpenGL 1.2) and OpenGL ARB imaging extensions, allowing for hardware acceleration of numerous imaging operations at real-time rates. Audio hardware is standard. Even without extensions they can support low-latency (3 ms input-to-output) audio streams. Alesis ADAT 8-channel, 24-bit optical ports are built-in, along with S/PDIF or AES/EBU optical and coaxial ports. The Octane cases are large (30x40x35 cm) and heavy (25 kg), but with no internal 5.25" drive bays , so external CD-ROM drives must be connected if desired. Extensions include video I/O, audio I/O, networking, real-time video compression boards, and external storage options (through SCSI, Fiber Channel , or FireWire ). Octanes can use standard PCI cards with

3276-467: The United Kingdom-based fashion store New Look showed that 90% of the individuals surveyed would prefer seeing a wider variety of body shapes in media. This would involve them wanting to see cover models that are not all thin, but some with more curves than others. The survey also talked about how readers view the use of photo manipulation. One statistic stated that 15% of the readers believed that

3360-554: The V6 and V8. The main differentiator being that the V6 has 32 MB of RAM (unlike the MARDIGRAS option, framebuffer memory and texture memory come from the same pool) and V8 having 128 MB. Later, the V10 (32 MB) and V12 (128 MB) were introduced. The main difference with the new VPro V10/V12 series is that they had double the geometry performance of the older V6/V8. V6 and V10 can have up to 8 MB RAM allocated to textures (2X more than

3444-415: The alterations to skin involve removing blemishes through the use of features included within popular image editing programs which are designed for just such purposes. Photo editors may also alter the color of hair to remove roots or add shine. Additionally, the model's teeth and eyes may be made to look whiter than they are in reality. Makeup and piercings can even be edited into pictures to look as though

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3528-541: The appearance of a subject (both for better and for worse), entertainment and humor. Depending on the application and intent, some photograph manipulations are considered an art form because they involve creation of unique images and in some instances, signature expressions of art by photographic artists. For example, Ansel Adams used darkroom exposure techniques to darken and lighten photographs. Other techniques include retouching using ink or paint, airbrushing , double exposure , piecing photos or negatives together in

3612-413: The appearance of the subject. Common transformations include smoothing skin texture, erasing scars, pimples, and other skin blemishes, slimming the subject's body, and erasing wrinkles and folds. Commentators have raised concerns that such practices may lead to unrealistic expectations and negative body image among the audience. The photo manipulation industry has often been accused of promoting or inciting

3696-996: The back or front camera, applying pre-made filters to enhance the quality of the picture, distort themselves, or add creative elements such as text, coloring or stickers. Filters provided on social media platforms are made by social media companies or are user-generated content . Photo editing techniques include the addition of polls, GIFs, music, countdowns, donations, and links. Influencers use filters to grow engagement and boost follower activity, in order to be seen as unique, creative, or fascinating. Meta reported that over 600 million people have used an AR effect on Facebook or Instagram. Mobile phone applications such as Facetune allow users to modify their own personal images. Social media users, especially younger people, are thus exposed to an extreme amount of manipulated imagery presenting unrealistic, unachievable body ideals. For example, social media platforms such as TikTok have include filters that create an illusion of physical attributes, such as

3780-532: The beauty industry: the #1 MAHASZ chart hit "Parfüm" (Hungarian version) and "Nouveau Parfum" (French version) from her self-titled album Boggie , which reached two Billboard charts (#3 Jazz Album, #17 World Music Album). In the videos, the artist is shown singing as she is extensively retouched in real-time, ending with a side-by-side comparison of her natural and manipulated images as the song fades out. Some companies have begun to speak out against photo manipulation in advertising their products. Dove created

3864-432: The camera using double-exposure techniques, or in the darkroom by piecing photos or negatives together. Some darkroom manipulations involved techniques such as bleaching to artfully lighten or totally wash out parts of the photograph, hand coloring for aesthetic purposes, or mimicking a fine art painting. In the early 19th century, photography and the technology that made it possible were rather crude and cumbersome. While

3948-461: The cover image of Martha Stewart was a composite. Image manipulation software has affected the level of trust many viewers once had in the aphorism "the camera never lies". Images may be manipulated for fun, aesthetic reasons, or to improve the appearance of a subject but not all image manipulation is innocuous, as evidenced by the Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy . The image in question

4032-411: The cover images are accurate depictions of the model in reality. Also, they found that 33% of women who were surveyed are aiming for a body that is impossible for them to attain. Dove and People Weekly also did a survey to see how photo manipulation affects the self-esteem of females. In doing this, they found that 80% of the women surveyed felt insecure when seeing photos of celebrities in the media. Of

4116-500: The cover of Intelligent Life 's 2012 March/April issue, makeup-free and without digital retouching for the first time. In April 2010, Britney Spears agreed to release "un-airbrushed images of herself next to the digitally altered ones". The fundamental motive behind her move was to "highlight the pressure exerted on women to look perfect". In 2014, Hungarian pop vocalist and songwriter Boggie produced two music videos that achieved global attention for its stance on whitewashing in

4200-468: The creation of the first photograph (1825) by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce who developed heliography and made the first photographic print from a photoengraved printing plate. Traditional photographic prints can be altered using various methods and techniques that involve manipulation directly to the print, such as retouching with ink, paint, airbrushing , or scratching Polaroids during developing ( Polaroid art ). Negatives can be manipulated while still in

4284-427: The darkroom, and scratching instant films . Software for digital image manipulation ranges from casual to professional skillsets. One of these, Adobe Photoshop , has led to the use of the term photoshop , meaning to digitally edit an image with any program. Photo manipulation dates back to some of the earliest photographs captured on glass and tin plates during the 19th century. The practice began not long after

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4368-399: The decisions, for both enabling accurate analysis by scientists and providing visual interest for the public. Also, science visualization specialists sometimes stack images together, stitch observations from different instruments, enhance contrast, and remove artifacts . Photo manipulation has been used to deceive or persuade viewers or improve storytelling and self-expression. As early as

4452-491: The earlier versions, at least, the primary output were CT RGB ( Scitex CT to be exposed on film recorders as LVT and Fire 1000) and CMYK formats (to Scitex , Hell , and IT8 ). One must keep in mind that the internet was just coming of age, and the whole prepress/magazine industry was almost exclusively based on film photographers and a film workflow. Creator originally ran on Silicon Graphics Power Series computers with one or more processors. By 1993 "Personal Creator"

4536-498: The editor of the French magazine Marie Claire , she stated that their readers are not idiots and that they can tell when a model has been retouched. Also, some who support photo manipulation in the media state that the altered photographs are not the issue, but that it is the expectations that viewers have that they fail to meet, such as wanting to have the same body as a celebrity on the cover of their favorite magazine. A survey done by

4620-440: The equipment and technology progressed over time, it was not until the late 20th century that photography evolved into the digital realm. In the 20th century, digital retouching became available with Quantel computers running Paintbox in professional environments, which, alongside other contemporary packages, were effectively replaced in the market by editing software for graphic imaging , such as Adobe Photoshop and GIMP . At

4704-502: The faces of celebrities and other persons onto those of pornographic performers for the purpose of creating pornographic material has become prevalent; deepfake pornography has been criticized due to issues with lack of consent. Raw astronomical images of celestial objects are usually generated from data provided by complex digital cameras. Raw images include binary (black-and-white) or grayscale data generated in response to infrared or ultraviolet or other energy lying outside

4788-450: The final release, featurewise, would be Adobe Photoshop 4 (November 1996). Barco Creator was discontinued in the late 1990s, and was not picked up by Purup-Eskofot after it purchased the Graphics division of Barco. Neither Barco nor Esko have the ability to issue new licenses anymore. As Creator was only available in single nodelocked licenses, one would need to buy an original system with

4872-573: The industry's goal is to make significant income in advertising and that the unrealistic ideals cycle will continue as they have to maintain this. Starting in 2012, Seventeen magazine said they intended to no longer manipulate photos of their models. The decision was made after a 14-year-old girl, Julia Bluhm, petitioned that the magazine use a minimum of one unaltered photo in each of their spread per issue. The petition received over 84,000 signatures. Social media apps such as Snapchat , Instagram , and TikTok enable users to manipulate photos using

4956-410: The license included to have a "full legal version". Photo manipulation Photograph manipulation involves the transformation or alteration of a photograph . Some photograph manipulations are considered to be skillful artwork, while others are considered to be unethical practices, especially when used to deceive. Motives for manipulating photographs include political propaganda , altering

5040-446: The masses to affect responses, reactions, and emotions toward these cultural icons. The terms "Photoshop", "photoshopped" and "photoshopping", derived from Adobe Photoshop , are ubiquitous and widely used colloquially and academically when referencing image editing software as it relates to digital manipulation and alteration of photographs. The term commonly refers to digital editing of photographs regardless of which software program

5124-422: The model was wearing them when the photo was taken. Through photo editing, the appearance of a model may be drastically changed to mask imperfections. In an article entitled "Confessions of a Retoucher: how the modeling industry is harming women", a professional retoucher who has worked for mega-fashion brands shares the industry's secrets. Along with fixing imperfections like skin wrinkles and smoothing features,

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5208-520: The onset, digital photography was considered by some to be a radical new approach and was initially rejected by photographers because of its substandard quality. The transition from film to digital has been an ongoing process, although much progress was made in the early 21st century as a result of innovation that has greatly improved digital image quality while reducing the bulk and weight of cameras and equipment. Ansel Adams used darkroom exposure techniques , burning (darkening) and dodging (lightening)

5292-481: The optional PCI cardcage (which provides one half-length and two full-length 5V 64-bit PCI slots), or a PCI to XIO adapter (known as a 'shoehorn' which provides a single 3.3/5V 64-bit PCI slot). Older Octanes can be upgraded with VPro graphics however V10 and V12 graphics board require Xbow revision 1.4 and a Cherokee power supply. VPro V6 and V8 require Xbow revision 1.3 and a Cherokee power supply. Octane skins come in three types. The original Octane has green skins with

5376-438: The original SGI 'cube' logo. The later model Octanes have skins of the same color as the original, but with Octane2-style lettering and logos. Octane2 systems have blue skins with the modern lowercase letter-only SGI logo. Octane series has two SCSI controllers that supports Ultra Wide SCSI devices. Systems can have a maximum of three internal 3.5" SCSI SCA devices, using proprietary mounting sleds that are also compatible with

5460-402: The original photographs." As of 2015, up to 20% of World Press Photo entries that made it to the penultimate round of the contest were disqualified after they were found to have been manipulated or post-processed with rules violations. A common form of photographic manipulation, particularly in advertising, fashion, boudoir, portrait, and glamour photography, involves edits intended to enhance

5544-610: The other Creator modules. Using the "Brix Organizer" software it was possible to group CT-Brix modules into "sessions" customised for the current workflow. One could for example disable both colour correction and the creative functions/filters, giving the operator an interface more focused on painting. As of Barco Creator 7 support for foreign (non-Barco) file formats depended on a dedicated software "interface" . Interfaces for Creator CVW files, TIFF , PSD (no layers) and EPS/DCS were standard. Optionally one could order interfaces for Hell and Scitex and Scitex online file formats. For

5628-634: The posting of selfies during the beginnings of MySpace in the early 2000s. Photo manipulation has been used in advertisements for television commercials and magazines to make their products or the person look better and more appealing than how they look in reality. Some tricks that are used with photo manipulation for advertising are: fake grill marks with eye-liner, using white glue instead of milk, or using deodorant to make vegetables look glossy. Photo manipulation has triggered negative responses from both viewers and celebrities. This has led to celebrities refusing to have their photos retouched in support of

5712-405: The product. In 2015, France proceeded to pass a law that battles against the use of unrealistic body images and anorexia in the fashion industry. This includes modeling and photography. The models now have to show they are healthy and have a BMI of over 18 through a note from their doctor. Employers breaking this law will be fined and can serve a jail sentence of up to six months. When a creator of

5796-399: The release of Creator 6 Barco also added a Brush-accelerator board that made retouching with large brushes on files of several hundred megabytes possible. Turnkey workstations were additionally supplied with a WACOM tablet , a Barco Reference Calibrator self-calibrating or Personal Calibrator monitor and SCSI RAID storage, though stripped down versions were also available. Input

5880-523: The revelation that a number of his photographs had been manipulated. In 2010, a Ukrainian photographer – Stepan Rudik, winner of the 3rd prize story in Sports Features ;– was disqualified due to violation of the rules of the World Press Photo contest. "After requesting RAW-files of the series from him, it became clear that an element had been removed from one of

5964-557: The scale of the world, themselves get reduced, blown up, cropped, retouched, doctored and tricked out". A practice widely used in the magazine industry, the use of photo manipulation on an already subjective photograph creates a constructed reality for the individual and it can become difficult to differentiate fact from fiction. With the potential to alter body image, debate continues as to whether manipulated images, particularly those in magazines, contribute to self-esteem issues in both men and women. In today's world, photo manipulation has

6048-578: The second (part number 030-1467-001) allows up to 8 GB. The memory subsystem has vast reserves of bandwidth that can be directly served by the Xbow router to any XIO card. The Octane's memory controller was named HEART. It acts as a bridge between the processor, the memory ( SDRAM ) and the XIO bus. Graphics on the Octane are provided by a series of cards: SI, SI+T, SSI, MXI. These are updated XIO versions of Solid Impact (SI), High Impact (SI+T) and Maximum Impact (MXI) from

6132-670: The size of the model is manipulated by either adding or subtracting visible weight. Reverse retouching is just as common as making models skinnier, "distorting the bodies of very thin models to make them appear more robust in a process called reverse retouching. It is almost worse than making someone slimmer because the image claims you can be at an unhealthy weight but still look healthy. In reality, you can't, you have to Photoshop it". Reverse retouching includes eliminating shadows from protruding bones, adding flesh over body parts, color correcting, and removing hair generated for warmth from extreme weight loss. Professionals are saying that if an image

6216-458: The subject of a photo, or modifying their facial expression. The term deepfake was coined in 2017 to refer to real images and videos generated with deep-learning techniques. The alterations can be created for entertainment purposes, or more nefarious purposes such as spreading disinformation . Fraudulent creations can be used to conduct malicious attacks , political gains, financial crime , or fraud . More recently, deep fakes superimposing

6300-461: The textured-enabled MARDIGRAS options), while V8 and V12 can have up to 108 MB RAM used for textures. The VPro graphics subsystem consists of an SGI proprietary chip set and associated software. The chip set consists of the buzz ASIC, pixel blaster and jammer (PB&J) ASIC, and associated SDRAM. The buzz ASIC is a single-chip graphics pipeline . It operates at 251 MHz and contains on-chip SRAM. The buzz ASIC has three interfaces: As with

6384-463: The women surveyed who had lower self-esteem, 70% of them do not believe that their appearance is pretty or stylish enough in comparison to cover models. The growing popularity of image manipulation has raised concern as to whether it allows for unrealistic images to be portrayed to the public. In her article " On Photography " (1977), Susan Sontag discusses the objectivity, or lack thereof, in photography, concluding that "photographs, which fiddle with

6468-533: Was a fraudulent composite image of John Kerry taken on June 13, 1971, and Jane Fonda taken in August 1972 sharing the same platform at a 1971 antiwar rally, the latter of which carried a fake Associated Press credit with the intent to change the public's perspective of reality. There is a growing body of writings devoted to the ethical use of digital editing in photojournalism . In the United States , for example,

6552-590: Was available for the Indigo , while the "full" Power Creator ran on a Crimson . Later releases were available for the Indy , Indigo2 , 02 and Octane computers. It is unknown if Creator will run on the later Octane2 , Fuel and Tezro workstations with VPro graphics. Due to its high end focus Barco developed several dedicated hardware options to speed up Creator. For the Power Series and Crimson Barco originally supplied

6636-439: Was discontinued in 2013. Creator was set up to be a modular system, tailored to the specific needs of each "shop" or user. The base for version 7.0 was the "CT-Brix" software library (colour selection, basic compositing , selection, transformation, shapes , basic colour correction , densitometer , layers etc.), also featured in other Barco Graphics CT (continuous tone) products, e.g. ColorTone. On top of this Creator added

6720-504: Was manipulated to show Hitler celebrating the outbreak of World War I in Munich. In the 1930s, artist John Heartfield used a type of photo manipulation known as the photomontage to critique Nazi propaganda . Some ethical theories have been applied to image manipulation. During a panel on the topic of ethics in image manipulation Aude Oliva theorized that categorical shifts are necessary in order for an edited image to be viewed as

6804-457: Was released from prison. Newsweek used a photograph of Stewart's face on the body of a much slimmer woman for their cover, suggesting that Stewart had lost weight while in prison. Speaking about the incident in an interview, Lynn Staley, assistant managing editor at Newsweek said, "The piece that we commissioned was intended to show Martha as she would be, not necessarily as she is." Staley also explained that Newsweek disclosed on page 3 that

6888-540: Was sometimes needed to speed up specific operations. While Creator could rely on superior features and performance to justify its price through the mid-1990s, as time progressed each new Photoshop version made the Barco package harder to sell. After the release of version 7.1 in late 1997 there were few new sales. In the end Creator was abandoned, like many of its contemporaries; Dalim Tango , Linotype-Hell DaVinci and Alias Eclipse . Its lineal successor, known as Esko ColorTone

6972-614: Was usually from high-end scanners: Linotype-Hell, Crosfield Electronics , Dainippon Screen , or ICG (Itek Color Graphics). From the Indigo/Crimson versions the Howtek D4000 ( 4000dpi ) drum scanner was usually offered as an option. Version 7 supported both the D4000 and the D7500 ( 5000dpi ) scanner. The feature set was basically frozen after Creator 7 (June 1996). The most apt comparison to

7056-483: Was widely circulated as a so-called " National Geographic Photo of the Year" and was later revealed to be a hoax. Photoshop contests are games organized online with the goal of creating humorous images around a theme. SGI Octane The Octane series of IRIX workstations was developed and sold by SGI in the 1990s and 2000s. Octane and Octane2 are two-way multiprocessing -capable workstations, originally based on

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