Broadcast journalism is the field of news and journals which are broadcast by electronic methods instead of the older methods, such as printed newspapers and posters. It works on radio (via air, cable, and Internet), television (via air, cable, and Internet) and the World Wide Web. Such media disperse pictures (static and moving), visual text and sounds.
131-478: Barbara Jill Walters (September 25, 1929 – December 30, 2022) was an American broadcast journalist and television personality. Known for her interviewing ability and popularity with viewers, she appeared as a host of numerous television programs, including Today , the ABC Evening News , 20/20 , and The View . Walters was a working journalist from 1951 until her retirement in 2015. Walters
262-725: A decreased level of consciousness . Bacterial and viral cases of pneumonia usually result in similar symptoms. Some causes are associated with classic, but non-specific, clinical characteristics. Pneumonia caused by Legionella may occur with abdominal pain, diarrhea , or confusion. Pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with rusty colored sputum. Pneumonia caused by Klebsiella may have bloody sputum often described as "currant jelly". Bloody sputum (known as hemoptysis ) may also occur with tuberculosis , Gram-negative pneumonia, lung abscesses and more commonly acute bronchitis . Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae may occur in association with swelling of
393-516: A leading cause of death in developing countries, and also among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill. Pneumonia often shortens the period of suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend". People with infectious pneumonia often have a productive cough , fever accompanied by shaking chills , shortness of breath , sharp or stabbing chest pain during deep breaths, and an increased rate of breathing . In elderly people, confusion may be
524-401: A stethoscope or increased respiratory rate. Grunting and nasal flaring may be other useful signs in children less than five years old. Lack of wheezing is an indicator of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with pneumonia, but as an indicator it is not accurate enough to decide whether or not macrolide treatment should be used. The presence of chest pain in children with pneumonia doubles
655-430: A career in broadcast production. However, a heavy amount of the education they receive is hands-on activity through internships and working for on-campus broadcasting stations. This real world view of the field combined with classes that teach students the ins and outs of writing, capturing video, interviewing and editing creates a developed and prepared journalist. Finding a job in the broadcasting field can be tough due to
786-418: A chest radiograph is recommended. Findings do not always match the severity of disease and do not reliably separate between bacterial and viral infection. X-ray presentations of pneumonia may be classified as lobar pneumonia , bronchopneumonia , lobular pneumonia , and interstitial pneumonia . Bacterial, community-acquired pneumonia classically show lung consolidation of one lung segmental lobe , which
917-573: A co-host on May 15, 2014. She returned as a guest co-host on an intermittent basis in 2014 and 2015 even in retirement. After leaving her role as 20/20 co-host in 2004, Walters remained a part-time contributor of special programming and interviews for ABC News until 2016. On March 7, 2010, Walters announced that she would no longer hold Oscar interviews but would still work for ABC and on The View . On March 28, 2013, numerous media outlets reported that Walters would retire in May 2014 and that she would make
1048-553: A correspondent on the ABC newsmagazine 20/20 . She became Downs' co-host in 1984, and remained with the program until she retired as co-host in 2004. Throughout her career at ABC, Walters appeared on ABC news specials as a commentator, including presidential inaugurations and the coverage of the September 11 attacks . She was also chosen to be the moderator for the third and final debate between candidates Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford , held on
1179-493: A cough of longer duration, and pulmonary emboli present with acute onset sharp chest pain and shortness of breath. Mild pneumonia should be differentiated from upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Severe pneumonia should be differentiated from acute heart failure . Pulmonary infiltrates that resolved after giving mechanical ventilation should point to heart failure and atelectasis rather than pneumonia. For recurrent pneumonia, underlying lung cancer, metastasis , tuberculosis,
1310-479: A cough or difficulty breathing and a rapid respiratory rate, chest indrawing, or a decreased level of consciousness. A rapid respiratory rate is defined as greater than 60 breaths per minute in children under 2 months old, greater than 50 breaths per minute in children 2 months to 1 year old, or greater than 40 breaths per minute in children 1 to 5 years old. In children, low oxygen levels and lower chest indrawing are more sensitive than hearing chest crackles with
1441-415: A day or two before other signs. Examination of the chest may be normal, but it may show decreased expansion on the affected side. Harsh breath sounds from the larger airways that are transmitted through the inflamed lung are termed bronchial breathing and are heard on auscultation with a stethoscope. Crackles (rales) may be heard over the affected area during inspiration . Percussion may be dulled over
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#17330848676721572-456: A deaf-blind man who spent his life improving the lives of other individuals who are deaf-blind, as her most inspirational interviewee. Walters was widely lampooned for asking actress Katharine Hepburn, "If you were a tree, what kind would you be?" On the last 20/20 television episode in which she appears, Walters showed a video of the Hepburn interview, showing the actress saying that she felt like
1703-462: A fistfight with the man she was interested in. She went to WPIX to produce the Eloise McElhone Show , which was canceled in 1954. She became a writer on The Morning Show at CBS in 1955. After a few years working at Tex McCrary Inc. as a publicist and as a writer at Redbook magazine, Walters joined NBC 's The Today Show as a writer and researcher in 1961. She moved up becoming
1834-800: A foreign bodies, immunosuppression, and hypersensitivity should be suspected. Prevention includes vaccination , environmental measures, and appropriate treatment of other health problems. It is believed that, if appropriate preventive measures were instituted globally, mortality among children could be reduced by 400,000; and, if proper treatment were universally available, childhood deaths could be decreased by another 600,000. Vaccination prevents against certain bacterial and viral pneumonias both in children and adults. Influenza vaccines are modestly effective at preventing symptoms of influenza, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends yearly influenza vaccination for every person 6 months and older. Immunizing health care workers decreases
1965-616: A great life." Those words were etched into her gravestone at Lakeside Memorial Park in Doral, Florida . Walters began her career when the prevalent view among television executives (all of whom were male) was that women reporting news about war, politics and other important matters would be taken lightly by viewers. Her success is credited with creating career opportunities for future female network anchors, including Jane Pauley , Katie Couric and Diane Sawyer . Walters often got her interviewees to speak about their perspectives and share anecdotes. She
2096-400: A higher dose of radiation, and cannot be done at bedside. Lung ultrasound may also be useful in helping to make the diagnosis. Ultrasound is radiation free and can be done at bedside. However, ultrasound requires specific skills to operate the machine and interpret the findings. It may be more accurate than chest X-ray. In people managed in the community, determining the causative agent
2227-462: A history of smoking, a poor ability to cough (such as following a stroke), and a weak immune system . Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia (such as those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, linked to influenza , or linked to COVID-19 ) are available. Other methods of prevention include hand washing to prevent infection, and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria
2358-418: A joint appearance by President-elect Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter , and a separate interview with singer-actress Barbra Streisand . In November 1977, she landed the first joint interview with Egyptian president Anwar Al Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin , while they were working out the terms of the eventual Egypt–Israel peace treaty . According to The New York Times , when she went mano
2489-520: A man named Edward R. Murrow . Edward Murrow was an American who traveled to England in order to broadcast news about World War II . He stayed in London throughout the war and was the first to report on events such as bombings in London and updated the people on Hitler's reign. Murrow gained his fame mainly after reporting on Hitler 's German army annexing Austria. Many Americans relied on his broadcasts throughout
2620-559: A man who was a doctor or who was in the dress business." During her childhood in Miami Beach , she briefly lived with the mobster Bill Dwyer . Walters attended Lawrence School, a public school in Brookline, Massachusetts ; she left halfway through fifth grade when her father moved the family to Miami Beach in 1939. She continued attending public school in Miami Beach. After her father moved
2751-1003: A mano with Walter Cronkite to interview both world leaders, at the end of Cronkite's interview, he is heard saying: "Did Barbara get anything I didn't get?" Walters had sit-down interviews with world leaders, including the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , and his wife, the Empress Farah Pahlavi ; Russia's Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin ; China's Jiang Zemin ; the UK's Margaret Thatcher ; Cuba's Fidel Castro , as well as India's Indira Gandhi , Czechoslovakia's Václav Havel , Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi , King Hussein of Jordan , King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia , Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and many others. Walters interviewed other influential people including pop icon Michael Jackson , Katharine Hepburn , Vogue editor Anna Wintour , and Laurence Olivier in 1980. Walters considered Robert Smithdas ,
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#17330848676722882-428: A much larger industry because it was the easiest and quickest way for people to get updates on what was going on throughout the world. Informative radio continued while television reporting also began to take flight. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s television news sources grew, but radio still dominated. It wasn't until John F. Kennedy 's assassination in 1963 that television newscasting took off. Radio could only capture
3013-626: A network evening news program, alongside Harry Reasoner on the ABC Evening News . Walters was a correspondent, producer and co-host on the ABC newsmagazine 20/20 from 1979 to 2004. She became known for an annual special aired on ABC, Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People . During her career, Walters interviewed every sitting U.S. president and first lady from Richard and Pat Nixon to Barack and Michelle Obama . She also interviewed both Donald Trump and Joe Biden , although not when either
3144-506: A new trend that some allegedly fear will take over broadcast journalism as it is known. News companies, like Fox News, are employing citizen journalists, which is a new phenomenon in journalism. The terms " fake news " and " yellow journalism " have taken over broadcast journalism throughout the years. Its impact on broadcast journalism played a role in how news about the election was spread. Fake news defines how viewers see news that may be misleading or false. The main aim of yellow journalism
3275-462: A story, can be referred to related articles, can offer comments for publication and can print stories at home. Technological convergence also lets newsrooms collaborate with other media, broadcast outlets sometimes have partnerships with their print counterparts. Citizen broadcast journalism is a new form of technology that has allowed regular civilians to post stories they see through outlets such as Snapchat , Facebook , and Twitter . It has become
3406-406: A strong tree in her old age. Walters followed up with the question, "What kind of a tree?", and Hepburn responded "an oak" because they do not get Dutch elm disease . According to Walters for years Hepburn refused her requests for an interview. When Hepburn finally agreed to one she said she wanted to meet Walters first. Walters walked in all smiles and ready to please, while Hepburn was at the top of
3537-588: A year at a small advertising agency in New York City and began working at the NBC network's flagship station WNBT-TV (now WNBC ), doing publicity and writing press releases. In 1953 she produced a 15-minute children's program, Ask the Camera , which was directed by Roone Arledge . She also started producing for TV host Igor Cassini (Cholly Knickerbocker), but left the network after Cassini pressured her to marry him and started
3668-508: A year, she had become a reporter-at-large developing, writing, and editing her own reports and interviews. One very well-received film segment was "A Day in the Life of a Nun." Another was about the daily life of a Playboy Bunny . Beginning in 1971, Walters hosted her own local NBC affiliate show, Not for Women Only , which ran in the mornings after The Today Show. Walters had a great relationship with host Hugh Downs for years. When Frank McGee
3799-463: Is (after 2016), the papers came every day. Outside of her office she still retained her office extension." Walters was married four times to three different men. Her first husband was Robert Henry Katz, a business executive and former Navy lieutenant. They married on June 20, 1955, at the Plaza Hotel in New York City. The marriage was reportedly annulled after eleven months, in 1957. Her second husband
3930-440: Is an edited set of video clips for a news story and is common on television. It is typically narrated by a reporter. It is a story with audio, video, graphics and video effects. The news anchor , or presenter, usually reads a "lead-in" (introduction) before the package is aired and may conclude the story with additional information, called a "tag". A "reader" is an article read without accompanying video or sound. Sometimes an "over
4061-411: Is another rare cause due to lipids entering the lung. These lipids can either be inhaled or spread to the lungs from elsewhere in the body. Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract. It is a type of pneumonitis (lung inflammation). The normal flora of the upper airway give protection by competing with pathogens for nutrients. In
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4192-996: Is associated with Chlamydia psittaci ; farm animals with Coxiella burnetti ; aspiration of stomach contents with anaerobic organisms; and cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . Streptococcus pneumoniae is more common in the winter, and it should be suspected in persons aspirating a large number of anaerobic organisms. In adults, viruses account for about one third of pneumonia cases, and in children for about 15% of them. Commonly implicated agents include rhinoviruses , coronaviruses , influenza virus , respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus , and parainfluenza . Herpes simplex virus rarely causes pneumonia, except in groups such as newborns, persons with cancer, transplant recipients, and people with significant burns. After organ transplantation or in otherwise immunocompromised persons, there are high rates of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Those with viral infections may be secondarily infected with
4323-448: Is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. Approximately 10% of people who require mechanical ventilation develop ventilator-associated pneumonia , and people with a gastric feeding tube have an increased risk of developing aspiration pneumonia . Moreover, the misplacement of a feeding tube can lead to aspiration pneumonia. 28% of tube malposition results in pneumonia. As with Avanos Medical 's feeding tube placement system,
4454-506: Is available for adults, and has been found to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease by 74%, but there is insufficient evidence to suggest using the pneumococcal vaccine to prevent pneumonia or death in the general adult population. The CDC recommends that young children and adults over the age of 65 receive the pneumococcal vaccine, as well as older children or younger adults who have an increased risk of getting pneumococcal disease. The pneumococcal vaccine has been shown to reduce
4585-644: Is due primarily to cytokine -induced systemic inflammation . In the developed world , these infections are most common in people returning from travel or in immigrants. Around the world, parasitic pneumonia is most common in the immunodeficient. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or noninfectious pneumonia is a class of diffuse lung diseases . They include diffuse alveolar damage , organizing pneumonia , nonspecific interstitial pneumonia , lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia , desquamative interstitial pneumonia , respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease , and usual interstitial pneumonia . Lipoid pneumonia
4716-796: Is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and parasites . Although more than 100 strains of infectious agents have been identified, only a few are responsible for the majority of cases. Mixed infections with both viruses and bacteria may occur in roughly 45% of infections in children and 15% of infections in adults. A causative agent may not be isolated in about half of cases despite careful testing. In an active population-based surveillance for community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in five hospitals in Chicago and Nashville from January 2010 through June 2012, 2259 patients were identified who had radiographic evidence of pneumonia and specimens that could be tested for
4847-417: Is greatly narrowed and that local concerns are neglected, including local emergencies, for which communication is critical. Automation has resulted in many stations broadcasting for many hours a day with no one on the station premises. When radio first became popular, it was not used as a source of information; rather, people listened to the radio solely for entertainment purposes. This began to change with
4978-460: Is important to treatment, as it correlates to which pathogens are likely suspects, which mechanisms are likely, which antibiotics are likely to work or fail, and which complications can be expected based on the person's health status. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is acquired in the community, outside of health care facilities. Compared with healthcare-associated pneumonia, it is less likely to involve multidrug-resistant bacteria. Although
5109-445: Is increased. Bacteria are the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50% of cases. Other commonly isolated bacteria include Haemophilus influenzae in 20%, Chlamydophila pneumoniae in 13%, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 3% of cases; Staphylococcus aureus ; Moraxella catarrhalis ; and Legionella pneumophila . A number of drug-resistant versions of
5240-448: Is known as lobar pneumonia. However, findings may vary, and other patterns are common in other types of pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia may present with bilateral opacities primarily in the bases of the lungs and on the right side. Radiographs of viral pneumonia may appear normal, appear hyper-inflated, have bilateral patchy areas, or present similar to bacterial pneumonia with lobar consolidation. Radiologic findings may not be present in
5371-576: Is most common in the Southwestern United States. The number of cases of fungal pneumonia has been increasing in the latter half of the 20th century due to increasing travel and rates of immunosuppression in the population. For people infected with HIV/AIDS , PCP is a common opportunistic infection . A variety of parasites can affect the lungs, including Toxoplasma gondii , Strongyloides stercoralis , Ascaris lumbricoides , and Plasmodium malariae . These organisms typically enter
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5502-530: Is not cost-effective and typically does not alter management. For people who do not respond to treatment, sputum culture should be considered, and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be carried out in persons with a chronic productive cough. Microbiological evaluation is also indicated in severe pneumonia, alcoholism, asplenia , immunosuppression, HIV infection, and those being empirically treated for MRSA of pseudomonas. Although positive blood culture and pleural fluid culture definitively establish
5633-465: Is sometimes called MCAP (medical care–associated pneumonia). People may become infected with pneumonia in a hospital; this is defined as pneumonia not present at the time of admission (symptoms must start at least 48 hours after admission). It is likely to involve hospital-acquired infections , with higher risk of multidrug-resistant pathogens. People in a hospital often have other medical conditions, which may make them more susceptible to pathogens in
5764-723: Is sometimes more broadly applied to any condition resulting in inflammation of the lungs (caused for example by autoimmune diseases , chemical burns or drug reactions); however, this inflammation is more accurately referred to as pneumonitis . Factors that predispose to pneumonia include smoking, immunodeficiency , alcoholism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , sickle cell disease (SCD), asthma , chronic kidney disease , liver disease , and biological aging . Additional risks in children include not being breastfed , exposure to cigarette smoke and other air pollution, malnutrition, and poverty. The use of acid-suppressing medications – such as proton-pump inhibitors or H2 blockers –
5895-544: Is the message "). Television is dominated by attractive visuals (including beauty, action, and shock), with short soundbites and fast "cuts" (changes of camera angle ). Television viewing numbers have become fragmented, with the introduction of cable news channels, such as Cable News Network (CNN), Fox News Channel and MSNBC . The industry divides local television in North America into media markets. These television markets are defined by viewing area and are ranked by
6026-450: Is the sharing and cross-promoting of content from a variety of media, all of which, in theory, converge and become one medium. In broadcast news, the internet is a key to convergence. Frequently, broadcast journalists also write text stories for the Web, usually accompanied by the graphics and sound of the original story. Websites offer the audience an interactive form where they can learn more about
6157-494: Is to gather the attention of people in the society. Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli . Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough , chest pain , fever, and difficulty breathing . The severity of the condition is variable. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria, and less commonly by other microorganisms . Identifying
6288-432: Is treated with antibiotics . If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalised. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low. Each year, pneumonia affects about 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths. With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival has greatly improved. Nevertheless, pneumonia remains
6419-490: Is uncommon, but occurs more commonly in individuals with weakened immune systems due to AIDS, immunosuppressive drugs , or other medical problems. It is most often caused by Histoplasma capsulatum , Blastomyces , Cryptococcus neoformans , Pneumocystis jiroveci ( pneumocystis pneumonia , or PCP), and Coccidioides immitis . Histoplasmosis is most common in the Mississippi River basin , and coccidioidomycosis
6550-724: The Ziegfeld Follies of 1943 ; he was also the entertainment director for the Tropicana Resort and Casino in Las Vegas . He imported the Folies Bergère stage show from Paris to the resort's main showroom. Walters' older brother, Burton, was 14 months old when he died of pneumonia . Her elder sister, Jacqueline, was born with mental disabilities and died of ovarian cancer in 1985. According to Walters, her father made and lost several fortunes throughout his life in show business. He
6681-548: The teleprompters and professional video cameras and serve as lighting and rigging technicians ( grips ). Broadcast journalism is changing rapidly, causing issues within the business as well. Many people can no longer find jobs in broadcast journalism because much more is online and does not even need to be broadcast by a person. Others are being laid off to invest more money into new technologies. Other changes include innovations allowing TV stations to better alert viewers in emergencies and have higher quality services. Convergence
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#17330848676726812-402: The 1990s. In Walters's autobiography Audition , she wrote that she had an affair in the 1970s with Edward Brooke , then a married United States Senator from Massachusetts . It is not clear whether Walters also was married at the time. Walters said they ended the affair to protect their careers from scandal. In 2007, she dated Pulitzer Prize –winning gerontologist Robert Neil Butler . Walters
6943-584: The CORTRAK* 2 EAS, which was recalled in May 2022 by the FDA due to adverse events reported, including pneumonia, caused a total of 60 injuries and 23 patient deaths, as communicated by the FDA. For people with certain variants of the FER gene , the risk of death is reduced in sepsis caused by pneumonia. However, for those with TLR6 variants, the risk of getting Legionnaires' disease
7074-513: The above infections are becoming more common, including drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The spreading of organisms is facilitated by certain risk factors. Alcoholism is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae , anaerobic organisms , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; smoking facilitates the effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis , and Legionella pneumophila . Exposure to birds
7205-560: The additional feature of pulmonary consolidation . Pneumonia is most commonly classified by where or how it was acquired: community-acquired, aspiration, healthcare-associated , hospital-acquired , and ventilator-associated pneumonia. It may also be classified by the area of the lung affected: lobar, bronchial pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia ; or by the causative organism. Pneumonia in children may additionally be classified based on signs and symptoms as non-severe, severe, or very severe. The setting in which pneumonia develops
7336-421: The affected lung, and increased, rather than decreased, vocal resonance distinguishes pneumonia from a pleural effusion . A chest radiograph is frequently used in diagnosis. In people with mild disease, imaging is needed only in those with potential complications, those not having improved with treatment, or those in which the cause is uncertain. If a person is sufficiently sick to require hospitalization,
7467-421: The alveoli, resulting in the consolidation seen on chest X-ray. Viruses may reach the lung by a number of different routes. Respiratory syncytial virus is typically contracted when people touch contaminated objects and then touch their eyes or nose. Other viral infections occur when contaminated airborne droplets are inhaled through the nose or mouth. Once in the upper airway, the viruses may make their way into
7598-475: The announcement on the show four days later. However, on the April 1 episode, she neither confirmed nor denied the retirement rumors; she said "if and when I might have an announcement to make, I will do it on this program, I promise, and the paparazzi guys—you will be the last to know". Six weeks later Walters confirmed that she would be retiring from television hosting and interviewing, as originally reported; she made
7729-475: The assistance of ghostwriter June Callwood . To Walters's great surprise, the book was a success. As of 2008, it had gone through eight printings, sold hundreds of thousands of copies worldwide, and had been translated into at least six languages. Walters published her autobiography, Audition: A Memoir , in 2008. Broadcast journalist Broadcast articles can be written as "packages", "readers", " voice-overs " (VO) and " sound on tape " (SOT). A "sack"
7860-517: The bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , or Haemophilus influenzae , particularly when other health problems are present. Different viruses predominate at different times of the year; during flu season , for example, influenza may account for more than half of all viral cases. Outbreaks of other viruses also occur occasionally, including hantaviruses and coronaviruses. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also result in pneumonia. Fungal pneumonia
7991-449: The blood. Once in the lungs, bacteria may invade the spaces between cells and between alveoli, where the macrophages and neutrophils (defensive white blood cells ) attempt to inactivate the bacteria. The neutrophils also release cytokines, causing a general activation of the immune system. This leads to the fever, chills, and fatigue common in bacterial pneumonia. The neutrophils, bacteria, and fluid from surrounding blood vessels fill
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#17330848676728122-511: The body through direct contact with the skin, ingestion, or via an insect vector. Except for Paragonimus westermani , most parasites do not specifically affect the lungs but involve the lungs secondarily to other sites. Some parasites, in particular those belonging to the Ascaris and Strongyloides genera, stimulate a strong eosinophilic reaction, which may result in eosinophilic pneumonia . In other infections, such as malaria, lung involvement
8253-781: The campus of the College of William and Mary at Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall in Williamsburg, Virginia , during the 1976 presidential election . In 1984, she moderated a presidential debate which was held at the Dana Center for the Humanities at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown, New Hampshire . Walters was known for "personality journalism" and her "scoop" interviews. In 1976, she first aired her highly rated, occasional, primetime Barbara Walters Specials interview program. Her first guests included
8384-546: The cause and support decisions about who should receive antibiotics. Antibiotics are encouraged if the procalcitonin level reaches 0.25 μg/L, strongly encouraged if it reaches 0.5 μg/L, and strongly discouraged if the level is below 0.10 μg/L. In people requiring hospitalization, pulse oximetry , chest radiography and blood tests – including a complete blood count , serum electrolytes , C-reactive protein level, and possibly liver function tests – are recommended. The diagnosis of influenza-like illness can be made based on
8515-511: The company. The View premiered on August 11, 1997. In the original opening credits Walters said the show is a forum for women of "different generations, backgrounds, and views." "Be careful what you wish for..." was part of the opening credits of its second season. On The View , she won Daytime Emmy Awards for Best Talk Show in 2003 and Best Talk Show Host (with longtime host Joy Behar , moderator Whoopi Goldberg , Elisabeth Hasselbeck , and Sherri Shepherd ) in 2009. Walters retired from being
8646-427: The condition, but they are associated with side effects. Zanamivir or oseltamivir decrease the chance that people who are exposed to the virus will develop symptoms; however, it is recommended that potential side effects are taken into account. Smoking cessation and reducing indoor air pollution , such as that from cooking indoors with wood, crop residues or dung , are both recommended. Smoking appears to be
8777-632: The decreased viewing and limited number of stations in each location, but the online media presence is causing employment to be, "...predicted to decline by 8% from 2014 to 2024." News anchors (formerly "anchormen") serve as masters-of-ceremonies and are usually shown facing a professional video camera in a television studio while reading unseen teleprompters . The anchors are often in pairs (co-anchors), who sit side by side and often alternate their reading. Meteorologists stand in front of chroma key backgrounds to describe weather forecasting and show maps, charts and pictures. Reporters research and write
8908-404: The diagnosis is unlikely. However, the underlying cause can be difficult to confirm, as there is no definitive test able to distinguish between bacterial and non-bacterial cause. The overall impression of a physician appears to be at least as good as decision rules for making or excluding the diagnosis. The World Health Organization has defined pneumonia in children clinically based on either
9039-508: The diagnosis of the type of micro-organism involved, a positive sputum culture has to be interpreted with care for the possibility of colonisation of respiratory tract. Testing for other specific organisms may be recommended during outbreaks, for public health reasons. In those hospitalized for severe disease, both sputum and blood cultures are recommended, as well as testing the urine for antigens to Legionella and Streptococcus . Viral infections, can be confirmed via detection of either
9170-480: The documentary series American Scandals on Investigation Discovery . Walters continued to host 10 Most Fascinating People on ABC in 2014 and 2015. Her last on-air interview was with Donald Trump for ABC News in December 2015, and she made her final public appearance in 2016. On January 1, 2023, ABC ran a special called "Our Barbara" and a 20/20 senior producer noted, "For a number of years we kept her office just as
9301-758: The early stages of the disease, especially in the presence of dehydration, or may be difficult to interpret in the obese or those with a history of lung disease. Complications such as pleural effusion may also be found on chest radiographs. Laterolateral chest radiographs can increase the diagnostic accuracy of lung consolidation and pleural effusion. A CT scan can give additional information in indeterminate cases and provide more details in those with an unclear chest radiograph (for example occult pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They can be used to exclude pulmonary embolism and fungal pneumonia , and detect lung abscesses in those who are not responding to treatments. However, CT scans are more expensive, have
9432-475: The evening news emphasizes "hard" news. Many young journalists start out by learning about broadcast journalism through high school courses. They learn how to navigate the newsroom and equipment, and they learn the ethics and standards of journalism. Although learning the responsibilities of a journalist is important, education is required to work in broadcast journalism. A bachelor's degree in, "...journalism, broadcast journalism or interactive media," can lead to
9563-513: The family to New York City, she spent eighth grade at the private Ethical Culture Fieldston School , after which the family moved back to Miami Beach. She then went back to New York City after tenth grade , where she attended Birch Wathen School , another private school. In 1951, she earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, New York . Walters was employed for about
9694-466: The field of broadcast journalism is constantly having to adapt to the changing technology of today. Television (TV) news is considered by many to be the most influential medium for journalism. For most of the American public, local news and national TV newscasts are the primary news sources. Not only the numbers of audience viewers, but the effect on each viewer is considered more persuasive (" The medium
9825-525: The footage of her two days of interviewing Castro in Cuba showed his personality, in part, as freewheeling, charming, and humorous, she pointedly said to him, "You allow no dissent. Your newspapers, radio, television, motion pictures are under state control." To this, he replied, "Barbara, our concept of freedom of the press is not yours. If you asked us if a newspaper could appear here against socialism, I can say honestly no, it cannot appear. It would not be allowed by
9956-416: The highest-paid news anchor, either male or female. She and Harry Reasoner co-anchored the ABC Evening News from 1976 to 1978, making her the first U.S. female network news anchor. Reasoner had a difficult relationship with Walters because he disliked having a co-anchor, even though he worked with former CBS colleague Howard K. Smith nightly on ABC for several years. Walters said that the tension between
10087-500: The history of broadcast journalism has its origins in the early days of radio transmission, it is television with its attractive visuals and rapid dissemination that has empowered broadcast journalism to emerge as the most influential form of journalism until the rise of the Internet and the new forms of journalism associated with digital technologies. The internet often beats out broadcast journalism in terms of reporting breaking news , and
10218-634: The hospital. Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurs in people breathing with the help of mechanical ventilation. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is specifically defined as pneumonia that arises more than 48 to 72 hours after endotracheal intubation . Several diseases can present with similar signs and symptoms to pneumonia, such as: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary edema , bronchiectasis , lung cancer, and pulmonary emboli . Unlike pneumonia, asthma and COPD typically present with wheezing, pulmonary edema presents with an abnormal electrocardiogram , cancer and bronchiectasis present with
10349-469: The kinds of things people said to her, which were often mistakes. Shortly after the article appeared, she received a letter from Doubleday expressing interest in expanding it into a book. Walters felt that it would help "tongue-tied, socially awkward people—the many people who worry that they can't think of the right thing to say to start a conversation." Walters published the book How to Talk with Practically Anybody About Practically Anything in 1970, with
10480-624: The late 1970s, featuring Walters' distinctive speech including her rounded "R's" . Her name appeared in the January 23, 1995 New York Times Monday Crossword Puzzle . Daytime Emmy Awards NAACP Image Award Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement In the late 1960s, Walters wrote a magazine article, "How to Talk to Practically Anyone About Practically Anything", which drew upon
10611-582: The latter are no longer rare in CAP, they are still less likely. Prior stays in healthcare-related environments such as hospitals, nursing homes, or hemodialysis centers or a history of receiving domiciliary care can increase patients' risk for CAP caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Health care–associated pneumonia (HCAP) is an infection associated with recent exposure to the health care system, including hospitals, outpatient clinics, nursing homes , dialysis centers, chemotherapy treatment, or home care . HCAP
10742-431: The lower airways, reflexes of the glottis , actions of complement proteins and immunoglobulins are important for protection. Micro aspiration of contaminated secretions can infect the lower airways and cause pneumonia. The progress of pneumonia is determined by the virulence of the organism; the amount of organism required to start an infection; and the body's immune response against the infection. Most bacteria enter
10873-464: The lungs via small aspirations of organisms residing in the throat or nose. Half of normal people have these small aspirations during sleep. While the throat always contains bacteria, potentially infectious ones reside there only at certain times and under certain conditions. A minority of types of bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Legionella pneumophila reach the lungs via contaminated airborne droplets. Bacteria can also spread via
11004-418: The lungs, many viruses simultaneously affect other organs and thus disrupt other body functions. Viruses also make the body more susceptible to bacterial infections; in this way, bacterial pneumonia can occur at the same time as viral pneumonia. Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical signs and often a chest X-ray . In adults with normal vital signs and a normal lung examination,
11135-433: The lungs, where they invade the cells lining the airways, alveoli, or lung parenchyma . Some viruses such as measles and herpes simplex may reach the lungs via the blood. The invasion of the lungs may lead to varying degrees of cell death. When the immune system responds to the infection, even more lung damage may occur. Primarily white blood cells, mainly mononuclear cells , generate the inflammation. As well as damaging
11266-400: The lymph nodes in the neck , joint pain , or a middle ear infection . Viral pneumonia presents more commonly with wheezing than bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia was historically divided into "typical" and "atypical" based on the belief that the presentation predicted the underlying cause. However, evidence has not supported this distinction, therefore it is no longer emphasized. Pneumonia
11397-524: The most prominent sign. The typical signs and symptoms in children under five are fever, cough, and fast or difficult breathing. Fever is not very specific, as it occurs in many other common illnesses and may be absent in those with severe disease, malnutrition or in the elderly. In addition, a cough is frequently absent in children less than 2 months old. More severe signs and symptoms in children may include blue-tinged skin , unwillingness to drink, convulsions, ongoing vomiting, extremes of temperature, or
11528-562: The network ABC. That same year, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the New York Women's Agenda . On September 21, 2009, Walters was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 30th Annual News and Documentary Emmy Awards at New York City's Lincoln Center . Walters' status as a prominent figure in popular culture was reflected by Gilda Radner 's gentle parody of her as "Baba Wawa" on Saturday Night Live in
11659-404: The network's Today show in the early 1960s as a writer and segment producer of women's-interest stories. Her popularity with viewers led to her receiving more airtime, and in 1974 she became co-host of the program, the first woman to hold such a position on an American news program. During 1976 she continued to be a pioneer for women in broadcasting while becoming the first U.S. female co-anchor of
11790-536: The nightly local newscasts are 30 minutes, and include sports coverage and weather. News anchors are shown sitting at a desk in a television studio. The news anchors read teleprompters that contain local interest stories and breaking news. Reporters frequently tell their stories outside the formal television studio in the field, in a remote broadcast setting where Electronic news-gathering (ENG) techniques are used with production trucks. Daytime television or morning shows include more "soft" news and feature pieces, while
11921-458: The number of audience viewers. New broadcast journalists generally start in the smaller markets with fewer viewers and move up to larger television stations and television networks after gaining experience. The larger stations usually have more resources and better pay. United States stations typically broadcast local news three or four times a day: around 4:30–7 am (morning), 11:30 or noon (midday), 5 or 6 pm (evening), and 10 or 11 at night. Most of
12052-540: The official announcement on the May 13, 2013, episode of The View . She also announced that she would continue as the show's executive producer for as long as it "is on the air". On June 10, 2014, it was announced she was "coming out of retirement" for a special 20/20 interview with Peter Rodger , the father of the perpetrator of the 2014 Isla Vista killings , Elliot Rodger. In 2015, Walters hosted special 20/20 episodes featuring interviews with Mary Kay Letourneau and Donald and Melania Trump . In 2015, Walters hosted
12183-597: The party, the government, or the people. In that sense we do not have the freedom of the press that you possess in the U.S. And we are very satisfied about that." She concluded the broadcast saying, "What we disagreed on most profoundly is the meaning of freedom—and that is what truly separates us." At the time, Walters kept quiet that she had seen New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner , pitcher Whitey Ford , and several coaches in Cuba who were there to assist Cuban ballplayers. On March 3, 1999, her interview with Monica Lewinsky
12314-421: The probability of Mycoplasma pneumoniae . In general, in adults, investigations are not needed in mild cases. There is a very low risk of pneumonia if all vital signs and auscultation are normal. C-reactive protein (CRP) may help support the diagnosis. For those with CRP less than 20 mg/L without convincing evidence of pneumonia, antibiotics are not recommended. Procalcitonin may help determine
12445-550: The procedure to fix the faulty heart valve "went well, and the doctors are very pleased with the outcome". Walters returned to The View and her Sirius XM satellite show, Here's Barbara , in September 2010. Walters retired permanently from both shows four years later. Walters died at her home in Manhattan , on December 30, 2022, at age 93. She had been suffering from dementia in her later years. Her last words were, "No regrets – I had
12576-706: The radio broadcasts were men. There was a small number of women who hosted programs that were for homemakers and were on entertainment broadcast. After World War II, the doors for women in broadcasting opened up. This was also due to the shortage of men that were home during the war, so news outlets looked to women to fill those gaps of times. In the 1960s and 1970s larger numbers of women began to enter into broadcast news field. Both radio and television are major sources for broadcast journalism today, even with rapidly expanding technology. Television still focuses on covering major events, but radio broadcasts focus more on analyzing stories rather than reporting breaking news. Although
12707-414: The recorded sounds of events themselves, and the anchor or host. Some radio news might run for just four minutes, but contain 12–15 stories. These new bulletins must balance the desire for a broad overview of current events with the audience's limited capacity to focus on a large number of different stories. The radio industry has undergone a radical consolidation of ownership, with fewer companies owning
12838-497: The responsible pathogen can be difficult. Diagnosis is often based on symptoms and physical examination . Chest X-rays , blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired, such as community- or hospital-acquired or healthcare-associated pneumonia. Risk factors for pneumonia include cystic fibrosis , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sickle cell disease , asthma , diabetes , heart failure,
12969-500: The responsible pathogen. Most patients (62%) had no detectable pathogens in their sample, and unexpectedly, respiratory viruses were detected more frequently than bacteria. Specifically, 23% had one or more viruses, 11% had one or more bacteria, 3% had both bacterial and viral pathogens, and 1% had a fungal or mycobacterial infection. "The most common pathogens were human rhinovirus (in 9% of patients), influenza virus (in 6%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (in 5%)." The term pneumonia
13100-519: The risk of community acquired pneumonia in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but does not reduce mortality or the risk of hospitalization for people with this condition. People with COPD are recommended by a number of guidelines to have a pneumococcal vaccination. Other vaccines for which there is support for a protective effect against pneumonia include pertussis , varicella , and measles . When influenza outbreaks occur, medications such as amantadine or rimantadine may help prevent
13231-521: The risk of viral pneumonia among their patients. Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae have good evidence to support their use. There is strong evidence for vaccinating children under the age of 2 against Streptococcus pneumoniae ( pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ). Vaccinating children against Streptococcus pneumoniae has led to a decreased rate of these infections in adults, because many adults acquire infections from children. A Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine
13362-465: The second time in 1992. Walters dated lawyer Roy Cohn in college; he said that he proposed marriage to Walters the night before her wedding to Lee Guber, but Walters denied this happened. She explained her lifelong devotion to Cohn as gratitude for his help in her adoption of her daughter, Jacqueline. In her autobiography, Walters says she also felt grateful to Cohn because of legal assistance he had provided to her father. According to Walters, her father
13493-433: The shoulder digital on-screen graphic " is added. A voice-over, or VO, is a video article narrated by the anchor. Sound on tape, or SOT, is sound or video usually recorded in the field. It is usually an interview or soundbite. Radio was the first medium for broadcast journalism. Many of the first radio stations were co-operative community radio ventures not making a profit. Later, radio advertising to pay for programs
13624-458: The show's regular " Today Girl ," handling lighter assignments and the weather. In her autobiography, she described this era before the Women's Movement as a time when it was believed that nobody would take a woman seriously reporting "hard news." Previous " Today Girls" (whom Walters called "tea pourers") included Florence Henderson , Helen O'Connell , Estelle Parsons , and Lee Meriwether . Within
13755-527: The signs and symptoms; however, confirmation of an influenza infection requires testing. Thus, treatment is frequently based on the presence of influenza in the community or a rapid influenza test . Adults 65 years old or older, as well as cigarette smokers and people with ongoing medical conditions are at increased risk for pneumonia. Physical examination may sometimes reveal low blood pressure , high heart rate , or low oxygen saturation . The respiratory rate may be faster than normal, and this may occur
13886-468: The single biggest risk factor for pneumococcal pneumonia in otherwise-healthy adults. Hand hygiene and coughing into one's sleeve may also be effective preventative measures. Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also prevent illness. Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus , and malnutrition) can decrease the risk of pneumonia. In children less than 6 months of age, exclusive breast feeding reduces both
14017-475: The sound of the event, but television showed people the true horror of the assassination. This was one of the first major events in which news companies competed with each other to get the news out to the public first. CBS News was the first to report that Kennedy had been shot and was killed. News crews spent the next several days covering everything happening in Washington, including Kennedy's funeral. This set
14148-613: The stairs and barked, "You're late. Have you brought me chocolates?" Walters had not but said she never showed up without them from then on. They had several other meetings later, mostly in Hepburn's living room where she would give Walters her opinions. These included that careers and marriage did not mix, as well as her feeling that combining children with careers was out of the question. Walters said Hepburn's opinions stuck with her so much, she could repeat them almost verbatim from that point onward. Her television special about Cuban leader Fidel Castro aired on ABC-TV on June 9, 1977. Although
14279-431: The standard for news stations to have to cover major events quicker and get them out to the public as they were happening. The JFK assassination helped to transform television journalism to how it is today, with instantaneous coverage and live coverages at major events. Television offered faster coverage than radio and allowed viewers to feel more as if they were experiencing the event because they could visualize exactly what
14410-504: The stories and sometimes use video editing to prepare the story for air into a "package". Reporters are usually engaged in electronic field production (EFP) and are accompanied by a videographer at the scenes of the news; the latter holds the camera. The videographer or assistants manage the audio and lighting; they are in charge of setting up live television shots and might edit using a non-linear editing system (NLE). Segment producers choose, research and write stories, as well as deciding
14541-484: The thousands of stations. Large media conglomerates such as Clear Channel Communications own most of the radio stations in the United States. That has resulted in more " niche " formats and the sharing of resources within clusters of stations, de-emphasizing local news and information. There has been concern over whether this concentration serves the public. The opposition says that the range of political views expressed
14672-419: The timing and arrangement of the newscast. Associate producer, if any, specialize in other elements of the show such as graphics. A newscast director is in charge of television show preparation, including assigning camera and talent (cast) positions on the set, as well as selecting the camera shots and other elements for either recorded or live television video production. The technical director (TD) operates
14803-469: The two was because Reasoner did not want to work with a co-anchor and also because he was unhappy at ABC, not because he disliked Walters personally. In 1981, five years after the start of their short-lived ABC partnership and well after Reasoner returned to CBS News, Walters and her former co-anchor had a memorable (and cordial) 20/20 interview on the occasion of Reasoner's new book release. In 1979, Walters reunited with former The Today Show host Downs as
14934-515: The video switcher, which controls and mixes all the elements of the show. At smaller stations, the Director and Technical Director are the same person. A graphics operator operates a character generator (CG) that produces the lower third on-screen titles and full-page digital on-screen graphics. The audio technician operates the audio mixing console. The technician is in charge of the microphones, music and audio tape. Often, production assistants operate
15065-496: The virus or its antigens with culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), among other techniques. Mycoplasma , Legionella , Streptococcus , and Chlamydia can also be detected using PCR techniques on bronchoalveolar lavage and nasopharyngeal swab . The causative agent is determined in only 15% of cases with routine microbiological tests. Pneumonitis refers to lung inflammation; pneumonia refers to pneumonitis, usually due to infection but sometimes non-infectious, that has
15196-436: The war to gain information about the war. More people also began to rely on radio for information after the attacks on Pearl Harbor . People found out about the bombing through President Roosevelt's broadcast interrupting their daily programming. It set Americans on edge, and people began to rely more heavily on the radio for major announcements throughout World War II . World War II was a time where radio broadcasting became
15327-511: Was Lee Guber , a theatrical producer and theater owner. They married on December 8, 1963, and divorced in 1976. After Walters had three miscarriages, the couple adopted a baby girl named Jacqueline Dena Guber (born in 1968 and adopted the same year; she was named for Walters' sister). Walters' third husband was Merv Adelson who at the time was the CEO of Lorimar Television . They married in 1981 and divorced in 1984. They remarried in 1986 and divorced for
15458-460: Was a booking agent, and (unlike her uncles in the shoe and dress businesses) his job was not very stable. During the good times, she recalled her father taking her to the rehearsals of the nightclub shows he directed and produced. The actresses and dancers would make a huge fuss over her and twirl her around until she was dizzy, after which she said her father would take her out to get hot dogs. Walters said that being surrounded by celebrities when she
15589-444: Was a close friend of Tom Brokaw , Woody Allen , Joan Rivers , and Fox News head Roger Ailes . In 2013, Walters said she regretted not having more children. In May 2010, Walters said she would be having an open-heart operation to replace a faulty aortic valve . She had known that she was suffering from aortic stenosis , even though she was symptom-free. Four days after the operation, Walters' spokeswoman, Cindi Berger, said that
15720-478: Was aired annually starting in 1993. In 2000, she quizzed pop star Ricky Martin about his sexuality years before he publicly came out . The singer later said that "he felt violated". In 2010, Walters said that she regretted having pushed him on the issue. Walters was a co-host of the daytime talk show The View; for 25 years she was also a co-executive producer of BarWall Productions alongside her business partner, Bill Geddie . Geddie and Walters were co-creators of
15851-536: Was born in London in 1898 and moved to New York City with his father and two brothers on August 28, 1909. His mother and four sisters arrived there the following year. During Walters' childhood, her father managed the Latin Quarter nightclub in Boston, which was owned in partnership with E. M. Loew. In 1942, her father opened the club's now-famous New York location . He also worked as a Broadway producer and produced
15982-457: Was going on. NBC ( National Broadcasting Company ) and CBS ( Columbia Broadcasting System ) were the two competing forces of news broadcasting in the early years of broadcast journalism. NBC was established in 1926 and CBS in 1927. There was a divide in the industry because they were not only competing against each other, but radio news that had already been established. Women had a hard time immersing themselves into radio news seeing as most of
16113-535: Was in 2015. Walters last publicly appeared in 2016. Barbara Jill Walters was born in Boston on September 25, 1929, the daughter of Dena (née Seletsky) and Lou Walters (born Louis Abraham Warmwater); her parents were children of Russian Jewish immigrants. Her paternal grandfather, Abraham Isaac Waremwasser, was born in the Polish city of Łódź and emigrated to England where he changed his surname to Warmwater. Walters' father
16244-620: Was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1989, received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the NATAS in 2000 and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007. Walters began her career at WNBT-TV ( NBC 's flagship station in New York) in 1953 as writer-producer of a news-and-information program aimed at the juvenile audience, Ask the Camera , hosted by Sandy Becker . She joined the staff of
16375-565: Was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1989. On June 15, 2007, Walters received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She won Daytime and Prime Time Emmy Awards, a Women in Film Lucy Award , and a GLAAD Excellence in Media award. In 2008, Walters was honored with the Disney Legends award, given to those who made an outstanding contribution to The Walt Disney Company , which owns
16506-408: Was named host in 1971, he refused to do joint interviews with Walters unless he was given the first three questions. She was not named co-host of the show until McGee's death in 1974 when NBC officially designated Walters as the program's first female co-host. She became the first female co-host of a U.S. news program. Walters signed a five-year, $ 5 million contract with ABC , establishing her as
16637-495: Was pioneered in radio. Later still, television displaced radio and newspapers as the main news sources for most of the public in industrialized countries. Some of the programming on radio is locally produced and some is broadcast by a radio network, for example, by syndication . The "talent" (professional voices) talk to the audience, including reading the news. People tune in to hear engaging radio personalities, music, and information. In radio news, stories include speech soundbites,
16768-604: Was president. She also gained acclaim and notoriety for interviewing subjects such as Fidel Castro , Anwar Sadat , Menachem Begin , Katharine Hepburn , Sean Connery , Monica Lewinsky , Hugo Chávez , Vladimir Putin , Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , Jiang Zemin , and Bashar al-Assad . Walters created, produced, and co-hosted the ABC daytime talk show The View ; she appeared on the program from 1997 until she retired in 2014. Later she continued to host several special reports for 20/20 as well as documentary series for Investigation Discovery . Her final on-air appearance for ABC News
16899-407: Was seen by a record 74 million viewers, the highest rating ever for a news program. Walters asked Lewinsky, "What will you tell your children when you have them?" Lewinsky replied, "Mommy made a big mistake," at which point Walters brought the program to a dramatic conclusion, turning to the viewers and saying, "... that is the understatement of the year." Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People
17030-475: Was the subject of an arrest warrant for "failure to appear" after he failed to show up for a New York court date because the family was in Las Vegas; Cohn was able to have the charge dismissed. Walters testified as a character witness at Cohn's 1986 disbarment trial. Walters dated future U.S. Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan in the 1970s and was linked romantically to United States Senator John Warner in
17161-456: Was young kept her from being "in awe" of them. When she was a young woman, her father lost his night clubs and the family's penthouse on Central Park West . As Walters recalled, "He had a breakdown . He went down to live in our house in Florida, and then the government took the house, and they took the car, and they took the furniture. [...] My mother should have married the way her friends did, to
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