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91-690: The Nabhanids dynasty may be a possible ancestor of the Nabhan family, a family of Syrian and Lebanese descent that has influential members in the United States. Some immigrated and settled in New York City in the mid-20th century. Other members of the family have influence in Brazil, especially in rural areas, such as Luiz Antonio Nabhan Garcia , Minister of Land Affairs in the Bolsonaro government and former president of

182-482: A bench that has 305 parliamentarians?”, He said. In the end, he ended the interview sharply, upset with questions about the lack of a government agenda for indigenous organizations and movements that fight for land. Pública sent new questions about the reaction of the military who left Incra and their participation in the conflicts in Pontal do Paranapanema, but the secretary did not respond. In August, Nabhan Garcia suffered

273-649: A bitter defeat in the STF with the removal of the prerogative to interfere in crucial issues for the ruralist caucus, such as the identification and demarcation of indigenous lands. The attribution was linked to the Agriculture portfolio, but the STF sent it back to the Ministry of Justice along with the Funai structure. That is, legally, Nabhan Garcia cannot interfere in demarcation. The comings and goings of Funai by ministries are seen by

364-730: A bridge that will connect Porto Murtinho (MS) to Carmelo Peralta (Paraguay) for the realization of the Bioceanic Corridor , completion of asphalting of BR-163 in Pará, inauguration of the Abunã Bridge connecting Rondônia to Acre, paving of BRs in the Northeast such as BR-222 and the BR-235 , in addition to being programmed new concessions for the main highways of Paraná and President Dutra Highway , among others. During Bolsonaro's government, there

455-406: A firearm, a citizen will have to provide proof of the "existence of a safe or a secure location for storage" of the weapon at home. Requirements for possession such as passing training courses and background checks remain, as does the minimum age requirement of 25 years. The Bolsonaro Government took office in 2019 under the country's poor result in the 2018 PISA exam: among 79 countries analyzed,

546-563: A government-sanctioned video. On 18 June 2020, Minister of Education Abraham Weintraub resigned. In one of his first actions as president, Bolsonaro increased the minimum wage from R$ 954 to R$ 998. Within days of assuming office, Bolsonaro transferred land reform duties from the National Indigenous Foundation (FUNAI) to the Ministry of Agriculture . Most of the remaining duties previously assigned to FUNAI are now part of

637-518: A grandson of Amin Jahjah Nabhan and Chames Nabhan. Nabhan Garcia is a rancher and farmer, with farms in São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul , he became known for his clashes with the landless in Pontal do Paranapanema, in western São Paulo , between 1990 and 2010. The secretary became known for preaching the radicalism that resulted in several conflicts in Pontal do Paranapanema in the mid-1990s, during

728-435: A moderate growth rate, averaging 1.5% per year. At the same time, job insecurity , inflation and hunger increased, while per capita income , social inequality and poverty reached its worst levels since 2012. Bolsonaro, at the time of his election, was a 27-year member of Congress ; his victory has been credited to voter anger at the political class over years of corruption in politics, economic recession , and

819-707: A result of toughening laws, increasing police powers and implementing anti-violence programs. In the first 11 months of the first year of government, the murder rate fell 22.3%, attempted murder fell 9.5%, personal injury followed by death 3.5% and rape cases fell 10.9%. All other robbery and theft rates fell above 20% on average. President Bolsonaro issued a decree to facilitate gun ownership in Brazil on 15 January 2019. The decree, signed by Bolsonaro in an event at Planalto Palace , extends valid ownership period from five to ten years and allows citizens to own up to four firearms. The decree loosens restrictions for gun possession but does not affect those for gun carry. In order to own

910-473: A small group of friends and trusted servants, General Jesus Corrêa said that he was leaving Incra just as he was starting the most complex work, attacking the 30 superintendencies, “wherever there are, in some of them , real criminal organizations installed”. He mentioned the superintendencies of Mato Grosso and Rondônia as the most problematic and said why he thinks it fell: “As we were going against interests and acting with ethics and honesty, we became

1001-502: A story stating that Bolsonaro's team has chosen World Bank director and former finance minister Joaquim Levy to head the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES). A report was later issued by Folha de S. Paulo that Bolsonaro has yet to confirm the nomination of Levy to the post. A press release from Paulo Guedes's team, released the next day, confirmed Levy's appointment. On 15 November 2018, economist Roberto Campos Neto

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1092-459: A surge in violent crime . According to sociologist Clara Araújo, “the dissatisfaction over the economic crisis, it seems to me, was channeled along with a discourse about conservative morals”. The economy of Brazil was recovering from crisis, with an unemployment rate of 12 percent at the time of the election, double that of five years prior. The crisis was caused by, among other factors, weak commodity prices; events revealed underlying weaknesses in

1183-480: A thorn in the side”, he said. More explicitly, Colonel Marco Antônio dos Santos, who occupied the Board of Management of Incra, told Crusoé magazine that the group was fired, not for delay in regularization, as the secretary argued, but for going against its interests. “We fell because we bothered Nabhan Garcia and his group, which is a small segment of the ruralist caucus. They thought that we were not complying with

1274-496: A trade agreement was announced between Mercosur and European Union , which provides, among other matters, for the elimination of tariffs for various products, such as fruit, orange juice, instant coffee, fish, crustaceans, vegetable oils, and quotas for the sale of meat, sugar and ethanol. For example, an increase in the export of fruits from the Brazilian Northeast to Europe was expected. However, since then, France , which

1365-659: Is a Brazilian politician and farmer, who was the Secretary of Land Affairs in the government of President Jair Bolsonaro , in addition to being appointed as president of the Rural Democratic Union . A member of the Brazilian branch of the Nabhan family, he is the son of Sofia Nabhan Garcia and Rafael Garcia Martins. On his mother's side, Nabhan is a descendant of one of the first Lebanese and Syrian immigrants in Brazil , as

1456-465: Is a competitor of Brazil in the sale of commodities and which depends on the protectionism of the European Union to sell its products, has purposely and unilaterally blocked the execution of the agreement, through massive demands, a common tactic in international negotiations to prevent actions. Nevertheless, during Bolsonaro's tenure, the country's agriculture broke successive production records. It

1547-512: Is called Hisn Tammah, and is said to take its name from an Iranian ruler of the town before the Islamic period. The fort testifies to the power of the Nabhani in their heyday. The period is poorly documented. It seems that at times the Nabhani only controlled part of the interior of the country, and at other times also ruled over the coastal lands. The Oman suffered from Persian invasions, and at one point

1638-743: Is committed to ending illegal deforestation in the Amazon by 2030 and stated "the need of an adequate financial support from the international community, compatible with the magnitude and urgency of the challenges to be faced". According to TV host and entrepreneur Luciano Huck , outreach from the Biden administration "opens a door for Brazil to correct its current course of climate denialism". In April 2021, nearly 200 Brazilian organizations published an open letter warning US lawmakers against making deals with Bolsonaro's administration unless it reverses its anti-environmental agenda. According to Mother Jones , deforestation in

1729-458: Is composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%. During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of wind energy and solar energy reached its highest level throughout history. As of February 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind energy was 19.1 GW, with average capacity factor of 30%. In 2020 Brazil

1820-439: Is double the number in the outgoing lineup under President Michel Temer", and that "there are no blacks, despite half of Brazil’s population being at least partly descended from Africans." On 7 November 2019, Roberto Alvim was nominated Special Secretary for Culture under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism, only to be fired on 17 January 2020 after appearing to quote a speech by German Nazi politician Joseph Goebbels in

1911-431: Is estimated that the national grain harvest will break the 3rd consecutive record in 2021, with a production of 260.5 million tons (2.5% increase compared to the previous year, when production was 254.1 million tons). In terms of gross value, in 2020, the country's agricultural production increased by 17% compared to the previous year, reaching R$ 871.3 billion. Official rates of violence in the country have been falling as

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2002-470: The 2022 general election to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . In the years Brazil has been a democracy since 1985 , Bolsonaro became the first president to lose an election as an incumbent. His government was characterized by the strong presence of ministers with a military background, international alignment with the populist right and autocratic leaders, and was recognized for his anti-environmental, anti-indigenous people and pro gun policies. He

2093-570: The Brazilian economy was recovering and growing, though at a slower pace than predicted by the government. In 2021, Brazil broke a record with more than 4 million companies being opened by the private sector, of which 1.4 million end up closing, an increase of 34.6% when compared to 2020. Talking about most of the reforms enacted by Bolsonaro, according to the Interunion Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies, "the final objective [of

2184-751: The EU ". After French president Emmanuel Macron conditioned France's support for a trade accord between the European Union and Mercosul to Brazil remaining in the Paris Agreement , Bolsonaro said, at the meeting of the G20 in Osaka, that Brazil "will not leave the Paris Agreement", also inviting Macron to visit Brazil's Amazon region. In August 2019, Bolsonaro accused Macron of having "a misplaced colonialist mentality in

2275-575: The Escola sem Partido (ESP), which encourages students to film teachers to collect evidence for its allegation that the education system is dominated by progressive parties. Students protested the education cuts in Rio de Janeiro. According to a report by the National Institute for Space Research the deforestation of the rainforests in Brazil more than doubled during Bolsonaro's presidency. Bolsonaro called

2366-736: The European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment. Bolsonaro's Facebook comments mocking Brigitte Macron's looks escalated the diplomatic clash, which was dubbed "the worst diplomatic crisis between France and Brazil in 40 years". During a conversation with journalists in July 2019, Bolsonaro lashed out at European leaders, saying that the Amazon belongs to Brazil and European countries can mind their own business because they have already "destroyed their environment". He also said: "We preserve more [rainforest] than anyone. No country in

2457-735: The Federal Police (PF) that Nabhan, with a ninja cap covering his face, sunglasses and a cap, was standing between farmers and security guards. who allowed themselves to be photographed carrying large-caliber weapons by the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo , “to scare the Landless Workers' Movement and inhibit land invasions in Pontal do Paranapanema”. This statement was read by the former CPMI (Mixed Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry) rapporteur on Land, João Alfredo (Psol-CE), who concluded that there are “strong indications that Nabhan Garcia and other rural landowners in Pontal do Paranapanema encourage

2548-490: The International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and genocide for harm to Indigenous people and destruction of the Amazon. Another has been submitted for ecocide by indigenous chiefs. In October 2019, Bolsonaro said that Brazil has stopped taking care of its military and needs to rearm. He also said that "Brazil needs new armaments", and that "nobody wants an extremely bellicose Brazil", but that

2639-707: The 11th and 12th centuries Oman was controlled by the Seljuk Empire . They were expelled in 1154, when the Nabhani dynasty came to power. Bani Nabhan were one of the Arab tribes of the interior with an ascribed Azdi origin. After the collapse of the Makramid dynasty, the Buyids appointed the Bani Nabhan as the governors of Sohar . The Nabhanids retained their power under the transition to Seljuk rule, and emerged as sovereign rulers after

2730-598: The 21st century" in reference to criticism by the French president, when he called on G7 leaders to discuss the Amazon crisis . He later tweeted "I regret that the President Macron seeks to exploit an internal issue in Brazil and other Amazonian countries for personal political gains." He added that "the Brazilian government remains open to dialogue, based on objective data and mutual respect." Macron stated he will refuse to ratify

2821-535: The Amazon rainforest by 2030, in the COP26 climate summit 's first major agreement. Following the disappearance of Brazilian indigenous expert Bruno Pereira and British journalist Dom Phillips in June 2022 while on a trip to report the remote Brazilian Amazon region of Javari Valley and to interview indigenous people who were patrolling the area against illegal miners and fishers, Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro downplayed

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2912-473: The Amazon reached a 12-year high during Bolsonaro's administration and he has dismantled environmental policies, removed resources from enforcement agencies, and reduced environmental regulations. During the Leaders Summit on Climate , Bolsonaro pledged Brazil would go carbon-neutral by 2050, ten years earlier than previously pledged. In November 2021, Bolsonaro promised to end and reverse deforestation of

3003-414: The Amazon. They instead attributed the fires to farmers clearing land. In 2020 the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030. It also set a target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060 if it receives 10 billion dollars per year as help from the international community. On 15 April 2021, in a letter to U.S. president Joe Biden , Bolsonaro said that Brazil

3094-816: The Banu Nabhan emerged as a powerful leader in 1151 and had taken control by 1154. He lived until 1176. The Nabhans ruled as muluk , or kings, while the Imams were reduced to largely symbolic significance. The Imams lost moral authority since the title came to be treated as the property of the dominant tribe at any time. According to the historian Sirhan bin Said there were no records of Imams from 1153, when Imam Musa bin Abu Ja'afar died, until 1406, when Imam Hubaise bin Muhammad died. The Nabhan came to make their capital at Bahla . The Bahla Fort

3185-604: The Bolsonaro government do not help in the solution the demands of the field. The CAR model, with 6 million areas registered in the last seven years, according to the engineer, has a very low validation rate because, like the Federal Revenue Service, it does not have an intelligence structure that allows verification, which, instead of solving can exacerbate tensions. In a message via the WhatsApp application, addressed to

3276-492: The Brazilian people at risk for spreading misinformation by encouraging the use of hydroxychloroquine as a valid treatment for COVID-19. In March, as the nation saw a surge in deaths, Bolsonaro criticized the measures to curb the virus and told the public to "stop whining". In June 2021, protests erupted all over Brazil against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on

3367-511: The Javari Valley region, which is the second biggest indigenous territory in Brazil and is believed to have one of the world's highest concentrations of uncontacted indigenous tribes. His damage to the Amazon has widely been described by indigenous groups, human rights groups, politicians, academics and journalists as an ecocide and a genocide . Indigenous chiefs and human rights organizations have submitted an Article 15 communication to

3458-827: The Lamu Archipelago claimed descent from the Omani dynasty. Oman had an elected Imam and a hereditary Nabhani sultan from the 15th century into the 17th century, with the Imams gaining the ascendancy. The Nabhani ruler Suleiman bin Mudhafar was removed by the Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail (1500–29). However, the Nabhanis clung to power in the Bahla region. In 1507 the Portuguese captured the coastal city of Muscat , and gradually extended their control along

3549-457: The MEC had already initiated measures to try to reverse the situation: a National Program of Civic-Military Schools, Full-time Secondary and Elementary Education, opening of more places, use of the internet to improve education and greater use of universities. The Bolsonaro government also inherited a terrible position from Brazil in the ranking of the best universities in the world. At the end of 2018,

3640-485: The Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights. Bolsonaro spent the first months of his administration trying to pass legislation and enact reforms with the stated goal of creating more economic freedom and growth for Brazil. The federal government cut taxes for some specific sectors of the economy and removed import tariffs for several areas, such as capital goods, and IT or telecommunication products which were necessary for technological evolution and increased production in

3731-635: The Union for Rural Democracy (UDR). After the early days of Islam, the tribes in the interior of Oman were led by Imams, who held both spiritual and temporal power. The Yahmad branch of Azd tribes gained power in the 9th century. They established a system where the ulama of the Banu Sama, the largest of the Nizari tribes of the interior, would select the Imam. The authority of the Imams declined due to power struggles. During

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3822-406: The United States. He added that lack of confidence in the vote was to blame for the storming of the U.S. Capitol building, and that Brazil should return to printed ballots to avoid fraud. Bolsonaro has claimed without evidence that the Brazilian electronic voting system is "riddled with fraud". Brazil's electoral authorities and Supreme Court have ordered an investigation into his campaign against

3913-399: The aim of regularizing illegal possessions. "We've already seen this: they say it's for the small and then they pass it on to the landowners." For the entities, Nabhan Garcia as an agrarian manager and indigenist is, at the very least, a sign of the government's complacency with the backward segment of agribusiness and of retrogression in the rights of traditional peoples. “It's like

4004-652: The beginning of the Ya'rubi state and they treated Jabal al-akhdar (The Green Mountains located in the interior of Oman) as an emirate. Thus, the Nabahinah transferred their loyalties from the Banu Rawahah to the Banu Riyam at the beginning of the seventeenth century. They became the tamimah of the Banu Riyam and princes of the Jabal al-Akhdar, and survived as such until they were defeated in

4095-562: The best Brazilian university was not even in 250th place, and after that, all were in positions below 400th place. By the end of 2020, even with educational institutions closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil had slightly improved in the ranking: USP and UNICAMP had risen in rank and six national institutions had entered the ranking. In May 2019, the government cut 30% of the education budget for three universities due to alleged issues with partisan activities. President Bolsonaro has supported

4186-531: The capital of Oman. Although the Ya'Aruba ruled under the title of Imam, since they originated from the Nabahina kings dynasty they actually continued to rule as kings inheriting the title of Imam through vertical succession, thereby contradicting the Imamate tradition which provides that the Imam must be chosen from among the ahl al-hal wal ‘aqd transliterated as "those who loosen and bind". (This concept evolved during

4277-404: The changes. After Biden won the 2020 US presidential election , Bolsonaro was quick to make unsubstantiated allegations, along with Trump, that there was a possibility of fraud in the election. In an interview, he said he would wait to officially recognise Biden as president. In January 2021, Bolsonaro said the Brazilian electronic voting system could fall victim to the same fate as that of

4368-483: The coast up to Sohar in the north and down to Sur in the southeast. Omani histories record that the Bahla fort was destroyed in the early 17th century shortly before the Ya'Aruba dynasty took control of Oman, although it is possible that parts of the old structure remained and were used as the basis for later construction. In 1624 Nasir bin Murshid of the Ya'Aruba took over control of Oman. The Nabahina retained power at

4459-605: The coast was controlled by the Kingdom of Hormuz . The Nabhan coordinated themselves politically with the Kingdom of Hormuz while they managed matters of the Omani interior. The Banu Nabhan were dominant over the other tribes until the end of the 15th century. There are records of personal visits by Nabhani rulers to Ethiopia , Zanzibar , the Lamu Archipelago of what is now Kenya , and Persia . The al-Nabhani dynasty of Pate Island in

4550-667: The coordinator of the Organization of Indigenous Peoples of Rondônia , Northwest of Mato Grosso and South of Amazonas (Opiroma), José Luiz Kassupá, as a sign that the government may try to return the autarchy to the command of Nabhan Garcia through a new provisional measure. “He [Nabhan Garcia] sees us as an obstacle to development. He stopped the demarcations at a time when several peoples were asking for areas that were left out of previously approved processes. Meanwhile, in Congress there are more than one hundred projects that withdraw

4641-422: The country "needs to have the least deterrent power". In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced his defence minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto ; the latter, like Bolsonaro, lionized the 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil , unlike Silva. A day later, the leaders of the army, air force, and navy all resigned. In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into

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4732-609: The country ranked 59th in reading, 71st in mathematics and 67th in science, a performance below the OECD average and one of the worst in South America. The Minister of Education, Abraham Weintraub , criticized the situation of the education that the Government had just been given to administer, stating that "Brazil's poor PISA result is entirely the PT 's fault." In the 1st year of Bolsonaro's mandate,

4823-496: The crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020. Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19 is no deadlier than the " common flu " and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis. He criticized the governor of Rio de Janeiro for suspending flights from other states with confirmed cases, claiming that Rio de Janeiro was behaving like its own country and that taking precautions such as closing businesses to limit

4914-528: The digital platform " gov.br ". Bolsonaro also sanctioned the Economic Freedom Act, reducing bureaucracy in economic activities and facilitating the opening and operation of businesses throughout the country, which proved very beneficial, especially for small companies. During his administration crime dropped across the country and unemployment rates slowly fell, with the Brazilian GDP showing

5005-410: The economy did grow, poverty and inequality expanded under Bolsonaro. According to the economist Guilherme Delgado, the proposed measures made by Bolsonaro disorganized the public service, stifled investments, privileged the rich, weakened democratic rights and deepened economic and social inequalities. The result of Bolsonaro's economic reforms were mixed. Overall, prior to the COVID-19 recession ,

5096-605: The economy, which include poor infrastructure, excessive bureaucracy, an inefficient tax system, and corruption. On 11 October 2018, days before his election victory, Bolsonaro had already announced DEM congressman Onyx Lorenzoni as the future chief of staff in his cabinet. On 31 October, president-elect Bolsonaro announced astronaut Marcos Pontes as the future Minister of Science and Technology; as of that date, he had already confirmed two other ministerial nominations: Paulo Guedes as Economy minister, and Augusto Heleno as defence minister. However, on 7 November, Augusto Heleno

5187-509: The end of June 2021, more members of Bolsonaro's opposition called for his impeachment for his handling and spreading of misinformation during the pandemic. The opposition signed a document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and more than 20 others. In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement

5278-409: The fiscal management of all entities of the federation, reduction of taxes for productive sectors of the economy, reduction of direct public investments in the economy, and the debureaucratization of the State, while increasing funding for programs that fight poverty. Some of those proposals were able to successfully go through Congress, though others were stopped in different committees. Overall, though

5369-442: The fox guarding the henhouse,” says Oliveira. Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Jair Bolsonaro 's tenure as the 38th president of Brazil began with his inauguration on 1 January 2019, and ended on 1 January 2023. Bolsonaro took office following his victory in the 2018 general election , defeating Fernando Haddad . His presidency ended after one term in office, following his defeat in

5460-415: The government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso . Later, already at the head of the movement to refound the UDR, in 2003 his name was involved in a rumored arrest of a farmer accused of illegal possession and smuggling of weapons, affiliated with the entity. Accused in flagrante delicto with nine large caliber weapons for the exclusive use of the Armed Forces, cattle rancher Manoel Domingues Paes Neto reported to

5551-436: The government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch. Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held a political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not. In February, Supreme Court Justice Rosa Weber charged Bolsonaro with putting

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5642-444: The governor of São Paulo , for not acting on the crisis at a federal level, instead leaving the responsibility of placing measures to tackle the virus to the individual states. On 7 July 2020, Bolsonaro said that he had tested positive for COVID-19 . On 25 July, he announced that he had tested negative for COVID-19 in a fourth test since being diagnosed, but the next week he indicated that he had also started suffering from " mold in

5733-447: The land titles that he asked for. Title over his group. He always wanted me to title farms etc. I never said to title people settled in an agrarian reform program,” he said, according to the magazine. In the 40-minute interview with Pública, made before the crisis that overthrew General Jesus Corrêa, Nabhan Garcia got irritated several times, especially when asked about the strong influence of the ruralist group on Funai. “How can you ignore

5824-408: The lung ". Even so, he stated his opposition to mandatory vaccination. In August, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration. In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available; he supported the efficacy of any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe. In

5915-426: The matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%. In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix

6006-447: The medical, industrial, and agricultural sectors. The president also removed the import tariffs of sailing ships , jet skis and other luxury items. The government also passed a controversial pension reform , along with making other changes across the economy. The government also tried to pass economic plans such as the Plano Mais Brasil , which centered around the decentralization of resources combined with greater responsibility in

6097-500: The most important road works carried out in Bolsonaro's term include: completion of the duplication of the BR-116 in Rio Grande do Sul, of the BR-101 in the Northeast, of BR-116 in Bahia, of BR-364 between Cuiabá and Rondonópolis, duplication of the BR-470 in Santa Catarina, from BR-280 in Santa Catarina, of the BR-381 in Minas Gerais, construction of the International Integration Bridge (linking Foz do Iguaçu to Presidente Franco, in Paraguay), bidding for construction of

6188-424: The organization of private militias. That report ended up defeated and became a separate vote, with the parallel report by Deputy Alberto Lupion (DEM-PR) prevailing. FHC’s Minister of Agrarian Reform, in whose role he served in Pontal do Paranapanema, Raul Jungmann – who has always been critical of the Landless Workers' Movement – says that Nabhan’s stance as president of the UDR and the positions he has adopted in

6279-409: The pair's disappearance, calling the trip an "unrecommended adventure" they should not have taken. The United Nations Human Rights Committee said the Brazilian government response to Bruno Pereira and Dom Phillips disappearance and subsequent murder was 'extremely slow' and highlighted both the indigenous expert and the journalist works as raising awareness, monitoring and reporting illegal activities in

6370-503: The period of the Khulafa ar-Rashidoon as a mechanism to choose the leader of the Muslims. The ahl al-hal wal ‘aqd are the leading personalities of society who are knowledgeable and have a proven track record of sincerity and sacrifice. They have no personal or class interests. The person who is appointed leader also does not covet such a position but is seen as most suitable for the job.) Notes Citations Sources Luiz Antonio Nabhan Garcia Nabhan Garcia (born May 22, 1958)

6461-413: The publication a lie and fired the institute's director, Ricardo Galvão . In June 2019, German chancellor Angela Merkel said she was concerned about deforestation in the Amazon rainforest and would seek "straight talk with Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro on the upcoming G20 summit in Osaka". She also said that the situation "does not affect the imminent free trade agreement between Mercosur and

6552-455: The reforms] was to reduce the size of the State, not so that it could become more agile, but so that the private sector could profit from activities that were previously done by the government." The Bolsonaro administration left Brazil with a public debt of $ 5,87 trillion reais (or US$ 1.12 trillion). Bolsonaro ended his term leaving the largest federal debt in the history of the country. Bolsonaro

6643-513: The rights of the indigenous people under debate to reduce lands and open them up for exploitation”, says Kassupá. According to him, there are reports that even old villages occupied by isolated groups are destroyed with the purpose of de-characterizing areas of traditional indigenous use and, thus, reducing the indigenous territory to legalize invasions. And he claims that Incra has been carrying out surveys in places occupied by small squatters within indigenous territories and protected forest areas with

6734-563: The same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall". In December 2020, Bolsonaro made comments in jest at a political event in Porto Seguro , Bahia that people taking the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine might get side-effects including transforming into crocodiles, becoming superhuman, turning into bearded ladies, and developing effeminate voices. In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to

6825-426: The spread was hurting the economy. In March 2020, there were demonstrations throughout the country calling for Bolsonaro's resignation due to his government's handling of the virus. According to independent polls taken at the time: 44% of Brazilians considered Bolsonaro's government "bad", 33% thought it ordinary, and 26% thought it excellent. In the same poll, 64% of Brazilians disapproved of Bolsonaro's handling of

6916-536: The streets" if he ordered them. In mid-August, the military conducted a 10-minute tank parade in Brasília , with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was only announced a day before, and it passed by the country's national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected

7007-417: The streets. In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that was removed had shown that Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello , comparing the virus to HIV . In other videos, Bolsonaro criticised efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine. By

7098-487: The tax on solar energy import of solar energy equipment. One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government was to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed until that point, or even having started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$ 144 billion. Some of

7189-535: The vaccine and that the irregularities were not found in the prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $ 45 million to a company in Singapore. in response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorised a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro. He has denied the allegations, calling the investigation "an embarrassment" and saying "I'm incorruptible". Bharat Biotech claimed innocence with regard to the deal. In 2019,

7280-422: The virus, and 44.8% favored his resignation. As cases in the country rose, Bolsonaro claimed that "Brazilians never catch anything", and as an example said that a Brazilian man can jump into sewage and nothing will happen to him. He continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it a "fantasy" created by the media. He has been criticised by João Doria ,

7371-428: The voting system. In response he claimed that the country was "under attack" and that he refused to be intimidated by the investigation. He also said there would be no election in 2022 unless the system was overhauled; these claims gave rise to thousands of protesters filling the streets to support the overhaul of the electronic voting system. Top judges across the country have rejected Bolsonaro's claims, stating that

7462-682: The waning of the Seljuk state. They eventually came to control cities in the interior such as Nizwa and Rustaq , but these were won back by the Ibadi Imamate . The best quality frankincense , a valuable product in the Middle Ages, comes from Dhofar in the interior of southern Oman. The Banu Nabhan controlled the trade in frankincense on the overland route via Sohar to the Yabrin oasis , and then north to Bahrain , Baghdad and Damascus . Muhammed al-Fallah of

7553-776: The war of Jabal Akhdar in 1956. At the time the Sheikh of the Bani Riyam was Suleiman bin Himyar Al-Nabhani, Lord of the Jebel Akhdar-and descendant of the ancient Nabahina dynasty. After the war Suleiman bin Himyar fled to Saudi Arabia where he remained in exile until he returned to Oman on Thursday, 28 November 1996, where he lived his remaining days in Muscat until he died on Thursday, 7 May 1998 – most of his kin remain to this day living in Muscat

7644-451: The world has the moral right to talk about Amazon." During the 2019 Brazil wildfires , Bolsonaro accused (without providing any evidence) non-governmental organizations of starting the forest fires, due to a reduction of government funding to the NGOs. Environmental and climate experts described Bolsonaro's accusation as a "smokescreen" to hide his own government's rolling back of protections for

7735-477: Was "two and a half years without corruption". In the same month, a scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" had washed over the country. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price. It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for

7826-657: Was also a greater focus on the construction of railways, with the government inaugurating a stretch of the North-South Railway, between Goiás and São Paulo, start of construction of the Railroad of East-West Integration in Bahia, in addition to planning the construction of Ferrogrão, between Mato Grosso and Pará, among others. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil , Bolsonaro and his administration have been accused of downplaying

7917-405: Was also responsible for a broad dismantling of cultural, scientific and educational government programs, in addition to promoting repeated attacks on democratic institutions and spreading fake news . His government was responsible for a significant reduction in bureaucracy and modernization of public systems, with the fast paced digitization of federal public services, through the creation of

8008-466: Was also the first Brazilian president since the Plano Real , in the mid-90s, to end his term with a real minimum wage worth less than when taking office. The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than most other countries. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of

8099-523: Was appointed to the Institutional Security Office of Brazil . On 1 November, Bolsonaro confirmed that anti-graft judge Sergio Moro had accepted his invitation to serve as Justice minister. The decision drew backlash from the international press because Moro had convicted Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Bolsonaro's chief political rival in the election, for money laundering and corruption. On 11 November 2018, O Estado de S. Paulo released

8190-623: Was named as the future Central Bank governor. In December 2018 the final composition had emerged after weeks of announcements and appointments. The cabinet would include 22 personnel, of which 16 are ministers, two are cabinet-level positions and four are secretaries directly linked to the presidency. The 22 figure is down from 29 in the outgoing administration. Seven of the ministers will be military men, eight have technocrat profiles, and seven are politicians. Hindustan Times commented that "there are just two women in Bolsonaro’s government, which

8281-412: Was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW). As of April 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 8.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 24%. In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW). Bolsonaro is against any kind of taxation on solar energy . In 2020, the government zeroed

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