75-715: The Bangsamoro Transition Authority is the interim regional government of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of the Philippines and has executive and legislative powers over the region. With the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law following a plebiscite on January 21, 2019, the abolition process of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) began, paving way for the formal creation of
150-521: A parliamentary system in an area of a country with a presidential system of government, no judicial ruling was made against the organic law and consequently a two-part plebiscite was held: one by ARMM citizens determining whether to dissolve the ARMM and immediately replace it with the Bangsamoro and, following the approval on the first part, a second part taken by neighboring municipalities and barangays in
225-734: A Supreme Court decision to exclude Sulu from the Bangsamoro autonomous region. The proposal was opposed by the League of Bangsamoro Organizations (LBO) which called the measure "divisive and disruptive". The Cordillera Administrative Region administers the area that was designated for an autonomous region. Two plebiscites were held in the Cordilleras, the latest in 1998 , to create an autonomous region, but both failed. There have been bills filed in Congress to re-propose and establish an autonomous region in
300-637: A chairman. In the 1977 Southern Philippines autonomy plebiscite , there was a proposal to merge the Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao regions into one autonomous region called the "Bangsamoro Islamic Region". Senator Robin Padilla in November 2024 filed Senate Bill No. 2879 creating the Basulta Autonomous Region with Basilan , Sulu , and Tawi-Tawi as its constituent province. This followed
375-691: A common lineage with Sayyid Capt. Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang, both tracing their ancestry back to the Sultans of Sulu. This shared heritage fostered a close bond between the two leaders, promoting goodwill and cooperation between their respective territories. With Tun Mustapha's support, the first cadre of MNLF fighters, including figures like Al Hussein Caluang, received training in Sabah after their time in Luuk, Sulu (now known as Kalingalan Caluang). While Datu Udtog Matalam's MIM
450-627: A few days later on January 25 by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). The establishment of Bangsamoro was the culmination of several years of peace talks between the Philippine government and several autonomist groups; in particular the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), which rejected the validity of the ARMM and called for the creation of a region with more powers devolved from the national government. A framework agreement known as
525-633: A large portion of the region's population. The Maguindanaons are the primary population in the Bangsamoro's Special Geographic Area in the Soccsksargen region province of Cotabato . The Tausūg , Yakan and Sama peoples are the main groups in the Sulu archipelago . There are two other main minority groups which lives in the region among the Moros; the Lumad and the settler communities. There are five main groups under
600-567: A loss in prestige as they could no longer control the Muslim lands. These politicians lost much of the capabilities they had possessed initially to manage the Muslim populace. In March 1968, fishermen in Manila Bay rescued a Muslim man named Jibin Arula from the waters. They discovered that he had suffered from gunshot wounds, and he later recounted that he was the lone survivor of what would later be termed
675-575: A new autonomous region in the Cordilleras. There was also a failed attempt to establish an autonomous region with a single province. It was proposed that the National Capital Region or Metro Manila be converted to an autonomous region. Metro Manila is governed by mayors of its 16 highly urbanized cities and 1 independent municipality with the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority serving as an advisory body to
750-642: A part of the Spanish regime except for the islands occupied by the Muslims in the southern Philippines. The three-century rule of the Spaniards did not result in the full conquest of the archipelago due to the resistance of the Moros. The violence and brutality of the Spaniards in their attempts to suppress the Moro groups have resulted in killing numerous families and setting villages on fire. The United States' Insular Government of
825-506: A post in his cabinet, but many of its members broke away and became the main force of the MNLF. On September 23, 1972, Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines, including Muslim Mindanao, under martial law . During this tumultuous period, relationships and alliances played a critical role in shaping the events. Tun Mustapha, then Chief Minister of Sabah, shared
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#1733085120230900-529: A result, the proportion of indigenous peoples in Mindanao to shrink from majority in 1913 to minority by 1976. The best lands in Mindanao were given to settlers and owners of corporate agriculture, while most development investments and government services were offered to the Christian population. This caused the Muslim population to be backward and rank among the poorest in their own country. The resettlement programme
975-584: Is a first-level administrative division that has the authority to control a region 's culture and economy. The Constitution of the Philippines allows for two autonomous regions: in the Cordilleras and in Muslim Mindanao . Currently, Bangsamoro , which largely consists of the Muslim-majority areas of Mindanao , is the only autonomous region in the country. On October 15, 2012, a preliminary agreement
1050-456: Is an autonomous region in the Philippines , located in the southwestern portion of the island of Mindanao . Replacing the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), the BARMM was formed with the ratification of its basic law, the Bangsamoro Organic Law , following a two-part legally binding plebiscite in Western Mindanao held on January 21 and February 6, 2019. The ratification was confirmed
1125-536: Is the case for Cebuano because of the mass arrival of Cebuano settlers to Mindanao. Tausug are at ease in speaking Cebuano, because both Tausug and Cebuano are Visayan languages . Chabacano may be the lingua franca of the natives in Sulu Archipelago, along with Tagalog, but it is the main lingua franca in Basilan. Many locals and barter traders in Sulu Archipelago can also speak Sabah Malay . See also: Malay language in
1200-557: The 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite . The recently coined term Bangsamoro is derived from the Old Malay word bangsa (" race " or "nation") and Moro (the collective term for the various predominantly Muslim ethnic groups in the Philippines, from Spanish moro , " Moor " ). For the most part of Philippines' history, the region and most of Mindanao have been a separate territory, which enabled it to develop its own culture and identity. The westernmost and west-central areas have been
1275-523: The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and was formed after voters decided to ratify the Republic Act no. 11054 or the Bangsamoro Organic Law in a January 21 plebiscite . The ratification was announced on January 25, 2019, by the Commission on Elections . This marked the beginning of the transition of the ARMM to the BARMM. On September 9, 2024, the Supreme Court of the Philippines upheld
1350-602: The Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro was negotiated between the national government and the MILF in 2014. After continued negotiations and debates over certain provisions, the Congress of the Philippines created and ratified a basic law for the region, now referred to as the Bangsamoro Organic Law ; the bill was signed into law on July 26, 2018. Despite questions on the region's constitutionality, as it would have adopted
1425-496: The Special Geographic Area (SGA), despite North Cotabato and their respective parent municipalities not being under the administrative jurisdiction of the autonomous region. The barangays were reconstituted into eight municipalities following a plebiscite on April 13, 2024 . Additionally Sulu province was de facto part of Bangsamoro from 2019 to 2024. † 63 barangays of Cotabato province are part of
1500-399: The Supreme Court ruled against the constitutionality of the inclusion of Sulu in BARMM due to the simple majority of residents voting against the province's inclusion in the region during the 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite . The status of which administrative region Sulu belongs to is unclear although the Commission on Elections en banc had the consensus that Sulu should revert to
1575-533: The Zamboanga Peninsula , the region it belonged to prior its inclusion in the ARMM back in 1989. Bangsamoro consists of five provinces, three component cities , 116 municipalities , and 2,490 barangays . The city of Isabela , despite being part of Basilan , is not under the administrative jurisdiction of the autonomous region. Likewise, 63 barangays in North Cotabato also are part of Bangsamoro as
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#17330851202301650-528: The agreement between the government and Moro Islamic Liberation Front . A plebiscite was held in the provinces of Basilan, Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Palawan, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur; and in the cities of Cotabato, Davao, Dapitan, Dipolog, General Santos, Koronadal, Iligan, Marawi, Pagadian, Puerto Princesa and Zamboanga to determine if their residents wished to be part of
1725-611: The " Jabidah Massacre ." According to Jibin Arula's account, the Marcos administration had gathered a group of Tausūg recruits for an operation called "Project Merdeka" ( merdeka being the Malay "freedom"). The military began training them on the island of Corregidor to form a secret commando unit called Jabidah , which would destabilize and take over Sabah . The trainees eventually rejected their mission, for reasons that are still debated by historians today. Jibin Arula said that whatever
1800-530: The ARMM to BARMM took place on February 26, 2019, which meant the full abolition of the former. The inauguration of BARMM and the inaugural session of the Bangsamoro Parliament took place on March 29, 2019. Murad Ebrahim took office as the region's first chief minister. In 2020, the Bangsamoro parliament requested that the BTA be extended for an additional three years past 2022, to allow further time for
1875-601: The ARMM) until June 30, 2019. After that date, the body would be composed of only 80 members. Until the BTA was constituted, Section 5 of Article XVI of the Bangsamoro Organic Law provided for a caretaker body consisting of the same 25 ARMM officials as well as the original 20 members of the Bangsamoro Transition Commission . The 80 appointed members of the BTA took their oath on February 22, 2019, while
1950-486: The ARMM. Of these areas, only four provinces (Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi) voted in favor of inclusion in the new autonomous region. The ARMM was officially inaugurated on November 6, 1990, in Cotabato City, which was designated as its provisional capital. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) ceased to exist after a two-part 2019 plebiscite that ratified the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL). It
2025-537: The Ansar El Islam (Helpers of Islam) along with Sayyid Sharif Capt. Kalingalan Caluang ,Rashid Lucman, Salipada Pendatun, Hamid Kamlian, Udtog Matalam, and Atty. Macapantun Abbas Jr. Accordingly, "it is a mass movement for the preservation and development of Islam in the Philippines". The advocacy of Ansar El Islam would, later on, inspire the creation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and
2100-536: The BARMM. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was proposed in 1976 during the Ferdinand Marcos administration and created on August 1, 1989, through Republic Act No. 6734 (otherwise known as the Organic Act) in pursuance with a constitutional mandate. In 2012 President Benigno Aquino III described ARMM as a "failed experiment". He proposed an autonomous region named Bangsamoro to replace ARMM with
2175-472: The BOL was "deemed ratified" on January 25, 2019. The provincial government of Sulu , where majority voted against inclusion, was also not in favor of the law, with its governor challenging the constitutionality of the law before the Supreme Court . Despite voting against inclusion, Sulu was still included in the Bangsamoro region due to rules stated in the BOL, sparking outrage from residents. In February 2019,
2250-408: The BTA acting as the interim parliament; the 1st (2019–2022) and the 2nd parliaments (2022–present) Bangsamoro Autonomous Region ^ Two-part plebiscite held in two dates. The first part held on January 21, 2019, was for the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law , the charter legislation of the region while the second part was to determine the final possible expanded scope of
2325-599: The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. Under the law, a transition body, the Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA), is to be organized pending the election of the new region's government officials in 2022. It was planned that the BTA will be constituted in February 2019. It is projected that the transition body would be composed of a total of 105 members (80 appointed members and 25 elected officials of
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2400-589: The Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO), which later joined forces with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). Cotabato governor Datu Udtog Matalam saw the anger of the Muslim people of Mindanao and established the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM), which openly called for the secession of the region to create a Muslim state. The MIM did not last long because Datu Udtog Matalam negotiated with Marcos and accepted
2475-502: The Bangsamoro by a sheer majority, with one town even voting for inclusion by 100%. A major camp of the MILF was within the Muslim areas of Lanao del Norte. With the ratification of the BOL following the plebiscite on January 21, 2019, the abolition process of the ARMM began, paving way for the setting up of the Bangsamoro autonomous region. Under the BOL, a transitional body, the Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA),
2550-447: The Bangsamoro government has been considered a testing ground for the wider debate on constitutional reform and federalism in the Philippines . On September 9, 2024, the Supreme Court of the Philippines , voting unanimously, mostly upheld the constitutionality of the Bangsamoro Organic Law but declared the province of Sulu to not be part of the autonomous region because of its simple majority vote against its inclusion therein during
2625-489: The Bangsamoros struggled with their economy, land, and ownership, and the persistence of hostile and unjust actions compared to the Christian communities in Mindanao. As an effect of the resettlement, traditional Muslim leaders (also referred as datu ) were also voted out during the polls as Christians, who made up a significant majority of the voters, preferred the Christian politicians over them. These local datus suffered
2700-489: The Cordilleras, but none of these have succeeded. In 1990, a plebiscite was held to create an autonomous region under Republic Act No. 6766 but only Ifugao voted in favor of the law's ratification. The component provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region at the time and the city of Baguio participated in the plebiscite with only localities voting in favor of the law's ratification to be part of
2775-777: The Lumads, the largest of which are the Teduray . The settlers are primarily Christian which includes various ethnic groups such as the Tagalog , the Ilocanos , the Visayans , the Zamboangueños , and the Chinese . The Moro and Lumad speak their native languages. Non-native languages spoken are Ilocano , Chabacano , Hiligaynon , Cebuano , and Tagalog , of which the latter two serve as lingua francas . This
2850-403: The MILF. Then Lanao del Sur congressman Rashid Lucman called for Congress to begin proceedings to impeach President Marcos after the exposé implied that Marcos was ultimately responsible for the massacre. When his proposal didn't get enough congressional support, he became convinced that Muslims should rule themselves in Muslim Mindanao - a conviction which led him to eventually establish
2925-648: The Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD). The agreement would be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court many weeks later. The deal would have led to the creation of the Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE). Under the administration of President Benigno Aquino III , two deals were agreed upon between the national government and the MILF: the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro , which
3000-672: The Moro separatist movement. On December 23, 1976, the Tripoli Agreement was signed between the Philippine government and the MNLF with the deal brokered by then-Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi . Under a deal an autonomous region was to be created in Mindanao. Marcos would later implement the agreement by creating two regional autonomous governments, rather than one, in Regions 9 and 12, which cover ten (instead of thirteen) provinces. This led to
3075-526: The Philippine Islands had only been in existence for two years in 1903 when it initiated the "Homestead Program," which was meant to encourage migration of landless populations from non-Muslim areas of the country into the Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao. Lanao and Cotabato in particular saw an influx of migrants from Luzon and Visayas . This influx of migrants led to tensions about land ownership and disenfranchisement of Lumads and Muslims, because
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3150-533: The Philippines Between the ratification of the BOL and the inauguration of its first permanent government in 2025, the BTA will head the region. After the ratification of the BOL, the Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC) begins to transition the ARMM into the BARMM. Autonomous regions of the Philippines An autonomous region of the Philippines ( Filipino : rehiyong awtonomo ng Pilipinas )
3225-456: The Philippines. Some Muslim groups turned to extortion and violence to protect their land and avoid being displaced. These activities prevented the Muslims from easily integrating with the rest of the country. The Philippine government did not immediately recognize Islamic laws which resulted in the system of education and the socioeconomic development of the Muslims. Children studying in public schools were forced to learn about Christianity while
3300-488: The area which led to the conversion of the native population to Islam . In 1457, the Sultanate of Sulu was founded, and not long after that, the sultanates of Maguindanao and Buayan were also established. At the time when most of the Philippines was under Spanish rule , these sultanates maintained their independence and regularly challenged Spanish domination of the Philippines by conducting raids on Spanish coastal towns in
3375-410: The collapse of the peace pact and the resumption of hostilities between the MNLF and Philippine government forces . In signing the 1976 Tripoli Agreement, however, Misuari did not consult one of the MNLF's key commanders, Salamat Hashim . Salamat formed a splinter faction along with 57 other MNLF ground commanders, which then became the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). A year after Marcos
3450-648: The early stages of the Pacific War of the Second World War, troops of the Japanese Imperial Forces invaded and overran Mindanao, and the native Moro Muslims waged an insurgency against the Japanese . Three years later, in 1945, combined United States and Philippine Commonwealth Army troops liberated Mindanao, and with the help of local guerrilla units, ultimately defeated the Japanese forces occupying
3525-405: The interim chief minister to submit to the BTA within the first 60 days of the transition period a transition plan containing the Bangsamoro government's "proposed organizational plan, as well as, the schedule for implementation therefor." It also requires the approval or action of the BTA on the proposed plan within 10 days upon its submission. If there is failure to act upon the plan within 10 days,
3600-400: The mostly-Christian migrants established claims on the land, whereas the native peoples of Mindanao didn't have a land titling system in place at the time. This US-led Homestead Program, which was later continued or copied by Philippine administrations after independence, is therefore often cited as one of the root-causes of what would later become the larger Moro conflict . In 1942, during
3675-518: The north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their territory. It was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish suzerainty , but these areas remained loosely controlled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato , until they had to abandon
3750-407: The official turnover of the ARMM to the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region occurred on February 26, 2019. The transition authority also has legislative function during the transition period, with the BTA first convening as the interim Bangsamoro Parliament on March 29, 2019. During the transition period, the BTA as the interim parliament had obligations to complete. The Bangsamoro Organic Law mandates
3825-435: The only Muslim-majority provinces at the time. A plebiscite was held in 1989 for the ratification of the charter which created the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), with Zacaria Candao, a counsel of the MNLF as the first elected regional governor. On September 2, 1996, a final peace deal was signed between the MNLF and the Philippine government under President Fidel Ramos . MNLF leader and founder Nur Misuari
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#17330851202303900-413: The plan would be automatically approved and implemented within 15 days. According to Chief Minister Murad Ebrahim , the start of the transition period for the purpose of submitting the transition plan was on March 29, or the inaugural session of the interim parliament. The plan's deadline was stated to be in May 2019. The transition plan was then submitted to the Bangsamoro Parliament on June 17, 2019, and
3975-473: The presidency of Aquino's successor, Rodrigo Duterte , a new draft for the BBL was made and became legislated into law as the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) in 2018. A plebiscite to ratify the BOL was held on January 21, 2019, with a majority of ARMM voters deciding for the ratification of the law. Voters in Cotabato City voted to join the new autonomous region, while voters in Isabela City voted against inclusion. The Commission on Elections proclaimed that
4050-426: The provinces of Lanao del Norte and Cotabato regarding their cession to the Bangsamoro region. As a result of the second part of the plebiscite, 63 barangays of Cotabato province were handed over to the Bangsamoro government, adding to the autonomous region's territory. The Bangsamoro took the place of the ARMM as the only Muslim-majority autonomous region in the Philippines. Currently in transition until 2025,
4125-454: The reasons behind their objections, all of the recruits aside from him were killed, and he escaped only by pretending to be dead. Marcos loyalist Juan Ponce Enrile , who served as Justice Secretary and Defense Minister during the Marcos administration , claimed this was a hoax, which was reputed as fake news and an attempt "absolve him (Enrile) of his crimes as the architect of martial law". In Lanao del Sur, Domocao Alonto established
4200-424: The region as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish–American War . The Moros had a history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The violent armed struggle against the Japanese , Filipinos , Spanish , and Americans is considered by modern Moro Muslim leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation), although
4275-604: The region's territory. January 21, 2019, is recognized as the "Bangsamoro Foundation Day" as per the Bangsamoro Administrative Code. ^ Effective dissolution of the predecessor autonomous region, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and turnover of governance to the interim body, Bangsamoro Transition Authority . Bangsamoro , officially the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM; Filipino : Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Bangsamoro sa Muslim Mindanao ; Arabic : منطقة باڠسامورو ذاتية الحكم في مينداناو المسلمة , Minṭaqah Banjisāmūrū dhātiyyah al-ḥukm ),
4350-435: The region. As per the organic law, the people "at the advent of the Spanish colonization , were considered natives or original inhabitants of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago and its adjacent islands, shall have the right to identify themselves, their spouses and descendants" as part of the Bangsamoro people. The Moro people are an umbrella term for ethnic groups who are mainly Muslim. The Maranaos and Iranun form
4425-510: The region. Under pressure to resolve agrarian unrest in various parts of the country and noting that Mindanao was rich in mineral resources and weather favorable to agriculture, later Philippine presidents continued the promotion of migration which the American colonial government began in 1903. Massive arrivals of non-Muslim migrants happened particularly during the Commonwealth period under President Manuel Quezon and later under right-wing presidents Ramon Magsaysay and Ferdinand Marcos . As
4500-469: The second round of the plebiscite was held in the province of Lanao del Norte and some towns in North Cotabato . The plebiscite resulted in the inclusion of 63 of 67 barangays in North Cotabato that participated. It also resulted in the rejection from the province of Lanao del Norte against the bid of six of its Muslim-majority towns to join the Bangsamoro, despite the six towns ( Baloi , Munai , Nunungan , Pantar , Tagoloan and Tangcal ) opting to join
4575-420: The term is only used in mainland Mindanao as those in the Sulu archipelago had a much distinct culture. The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Americans, and Spanish by the Moro Muslims persisted and morphed into a war for independence against the Philippine state. The Filipinos in the northern and central Philippines either volunteered or were forced to surrender the existing city-states to become
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#17330851202304650-409: The traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos since the 15th century, even before the arrival of the Spanish, who began to colonize most of the Philippines in 1565. Majority of Mindanao was the homeland of indigenous Lumad groups, who were neither Christians nor Muslims . Muslim merchant arrived in Tawi-Tawi in 1380 and started doing business while also preaching Islam teaching to the native of
4725-399: The transition. On October 28, 2021, Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11593, postponing BARMM's first regular parliamentary elections from 2022 to 2025. The law also extended the transition period of the Bangsamoro until 2025. Following a plebiscite on September 17, 2022 , Maguindanao was split into two provinces; Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte . On September 9, 2024,
4800-399: The validity of the Bangsamoro Organic Law, but declared unconstitutional the provision that considered the provinces of the former Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao to be one unit for purposes of determining ratification. Because majority of the voters of the province of Sulu rejected the ratification of the law in the 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite , it was declared to be not part of
4875-458: Was already defunct, one of its former members, Nur Misuari , established the MNLF a month after the declaration of Martial Law, on October 21, 1972. Proclamation 1081 dissolved the various political groups that had been previously established in the Moro provinces, and with the MIM having already been dissolved, Marcos' declaration of martial law effectively assured the MNLF, which was more radical than its predecessors, would come to dominate
4950-455: Was approved by the legislature the following day. The BTA as the interim Bangsamoro parliament is also required to pass into law "priority legislation" enumerated in the Bangsamoro Organic Law . Following the fourth session of the parliament, eight ad hoc committees were formed to draft the priority legislations. The Bangsamoro Transition Authority has acted as the Bangsamoro Parliament under an interim basis. There has been two meetings under
5025-408: Was elected regional governor three days after the agreement. Another plebiscite was held in 2001 for the expansion of the region, with the city of Marawi and the province of Basilan (excluding Isabela ) joining the region. In 1996, peace talks between the Philippine government and MNLF's rival group, the MILF, began. The first deal between the national government and the MILF was made in 2008:
5100-412: Was formulated but failed to gain traction to become law, owing in part to the Mamasapano clash that occurred in January 2015 that involved the murder of 44 mostly-Christian Special Action Force (SAF) personnel by allegedly combined forces of the MILF and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) after an operation to kill Malaysian militant Zulkifli Abdhir , known by the alias "Marwan". Under
5175-410: Was not entirely peaceful as some settlers managed to obtain land from the native Muslims through harassment and other violent efforts which drove the Muslims out of their own lands. The Muslims felt alienated by the Philippine government and felt threatened by the migrants' economic and political domination in their own homeland, the same way the Lumads were displaced centuries ago when Islam arrived in
5250-446: Was organized pending the election of the new region's government officials in 2022. The second part of the plebiscite held on February 6, 2019, expanded the scope of the future Bangsamoro region to include 63 barangays in North Cotabato. The members of the BTA took their oaths on February 22, 2019, along with the ceremonial confirmation of the plebiscite results of both the January 21, and February 6, 2019, votes. The official turnover from
5325-428: Was ousted from power during the People Power Revolution , the government under President Corazon Aquino signed the 1987 Jeddah Accord in Saudi Arabia with the MNLF, agreeing to hold further discussions on the proposal for autonomy to the entirety of Mindanao and not just the thirteen provinces stated in the 1976 Tripoli Agreement. In 1989, however, an act establishing the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
5400-411: Was passed. The MNLF demanded that the thirteen Tripoli Agreement provinces, majority of which were Christian provinces, be included in the ARMM, but the government refused; eight of those provinces were predominantly Christian . Shortly thereafter, the government held only four provinces as only Lanao del Sur , Maguindanao , Sulu and Tawi-tawi voted to be included in the ARMM. The four provinces were
5475-401: Was replaced with the new Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) and now under the interim government, Bangsamoro Transition Authority . Prior to the ARMM and BARMM, there were two autonomous regions in Mindanao, namely Western Mindanao (Region IX) and Central Mindanao (Region XII), each governed by a Lupong Tagapagpaganap ng Pook (LTP) or Regional Executive Council led by
5550-581: Was signed by the Government of the Philippines' chief negotiator Marvic Leonen, MILF Peace Panel Chair Mohagher Iqbal and Malaysian facilitator Tengku Dato' Ab Ghafar Tengku Mohamed along with President Aquino, Prime Minister Najib Razak of Malaysia, MILF chairman Al-Hajj Murad Ebrahim and Secretary-General Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation at Malacañang Palace in Manila. It replaced
5625-467: Was signed on October 15, 2012, and the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro , on March 27, 2014, which included plans regarding the establishment of a new autonomous region. In 2012, Aquino announced intentions to establish a new autonomous political entity to be named Bangsamoro to replace the ARMM , which he called a "failed experiment". Under his administration, a draft for a Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL)
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