Misplaced Pages

#392607

63-537: Malaki was highly influenced in his religious beliefs by Joswa Kate Mugema . Bamalaki teachings allowed for polygamy, rejected idol worship, and called for the Sabbath to be observed on Saturday. The last caused extensive problems with the British authorities. The Church was strongly anti-colonialist and anti-Western, rejecting among other things Western medicine. By 1921 the movement had approximately 100,000 followers. Most of

126-739: A 1993 survey, only 46 are officially recognised), the Baganda are the largest people of the Bantu ethnic group in Uganda, comprising 16.5 percent of the population at the time of the 2014 census. Sometimes described as "The King's Men" because of the importance of the king, or Kabaka , in their society, the Ganda number an estimated 5.56 million people in Uganda. In addition, there is a significant diaspora abroad, with organised communities in Canada , South Africa , Sweden ,

189-412: A centralized kingship, the Baganda (people of Buganda) shifted away from defensive strategies and toward expansion. By the mid 19th century, Buganda had doubled and redoubled its territory conquering much on Bunyoro and becoming the dominant state in the region. Newly conquered lands were placed under chiefs nominated by the king. Buganda's armies and the royal tax collectors traveled swiftly to all parts of

252-437: A huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. The Benue–Congo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. A characteristic feature of most Atlantic–Congo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, Sotho-Tswana and Nguni languages, is their use of tone. They generally lack case inflection , but grammatical gender

315-552: A major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel . Movements by small groups to

378-466: A more complex intermixing could have taken place. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500   BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo , Angola , and Zambia . Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000   BC), was creating

441-458: A patrilineage. A group of related lineages constituted a clan. Clan leaders could summon a council of lineage heads, and council decisions affected all lineages within the clan. Many of these decisions regulated marriage, which had always been between two different lineages, forming important social and political alliances for the men of both lineages. Lineage and clan leaders also helped maintain efficient land use practices, and they inspired pride in

504-454: A young age. Baganda recognize at a very young age that their superiors, too, live in a world of rules. Social rules require a man to share his wealth by offering hospitality, and this rule applies more stringently to those of higher status. Superiors are also expected to behave with impassivity, dignity, self-discipline, and self-confidence, and adopting these mannerisms sometimes enhances a man's opportunities for success. Authoritarian control

567-499: Is an important theme of Ganda culture. In precolonial times, obedience to the king was a matter of life and death. However, a second major theme of Ganda culture is the emphasis on individual achievement. An individual's future is not entirely determined by status at birth. Instead, individuals carve out their fortunes by hard work as well as by choosing friends, allies, and patrons carefully. Ganda culture tolerates social diversity more easily than many other African societies. Even before

630-546: Is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders ( noun classes ). The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa were likely populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan -speaking hunter-gatherers , Nilo-Saharan -speaking herders, and Cushitic -speaking pastoralists . It

693-478: Is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L 0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. In South Africa, however,

SECTION 10

#1733085330393

756-432: Is generally accepted as a historical who founded Buganda and became its first 'Kabaka', adopting the name Kintu in reference to the legend of Kintu to establish his legitimacy as a ruler. He was successful in unifying what had previously been a number of warring tribes to form a strong kingdom. As such by the 18th century, the formerly dominant Bunyoro kingdom was being eclipsed by Buganda. Consolidating their efforts behind

819-485: Is linguistic evidence for this expansion – a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family , was located in the southern regions of Cameroon . Genetic evidence also indicates that there

882-624: Is the remnant of an independent western Batwa ( Mbenga or "Baaka") language. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan -speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. A few still live by foraging, often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. Prior to

945-426: Is thought that Central African Pygmies and Bantus branched out from a common ancestral population c. 70,000 years ago. Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. It has been proposed that this

1008-452: The Bantu languages are treated as synonymous with the geographic location of ceramic remnants; the popular approach of attempting to correlate linguistic reconstructions with archaeological data has resulted in propagation of the faulty presumption and circular reasoning that the earliest ceramic manufacturing in a given area is evidence for the earliest presence of Bantu-speakers . Within

1071-669: The British colonialists on behalf of the Queen of the United Kingdom . Bantu Migration The Bantu expansion was a major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu -speaking group , which spread from an original nucleus around West - Central Africa . In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced, eliminated or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. There

1134-784: The Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. These include sultanates based at Lamu , Mombasa , Kilwa , Pate and Malindi . The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on

1197-520: The United Kingdom , and the United States . Traditionally, they speak Luganda . According to the 2002 Census of Uganda, 42.7% of Baganda are Roman Catholic , 27.4% are Anglican ( Church of Uganda ), 23% are Muslim , and 4.3% are Pentecostal . The Baganda have a creation myth that says that the first man on earth (and Buganda in particular) was Kintu . Kintu married Nnambi , the daughter of

1260-668: The 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present-day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075–c.1220) in present-day South Africa , and the Zambezi River, where

1323-533: The 1860s and back home in Britain givewithlowing account of the advanced Bantu kingdom he had found in East Africa, and fellow explorers as well as colonialists were to soon follow him into the kingdom. The journalist Henry Morton Stanley visited Buganda in 1875 and painted a good picture of the kingdom's strength, as well as providing an estimate of Buganda troop strength. In 1876 Christian missionaries started entering

SECTION 20

#1733085330393

1386-434: The Bantu expansion. Nilo-Saharan -speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred." In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion

1449-495: The Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale." Seidensticker (2024) indicates that the prevalent paradigm for the Bantu expansion has a forced connection between Central African ceramics and Central African languages , where the geographic location of speakers of

1512-528: The Ganda are a Bantu people, it is most likely that their roots are in the region between West and Central Africa (around what is now Cameroon) and they arrived in their current location by way of the Bantu Migration . As for the founding of the Kingdom of the Ganda (Buganda), the most widely acknowledged account is that it was founded by Kato Kintu. This Kato Kintu is different from the mythical Kintu, as he

1575-415: The Ganda is unclear, with various conflicting traditions as to their origins. One tradition holds that they are descendants of the legendary figure of Kintu , the first human according to Ganda mythology. He was said to have married Nambi, the daughter of the creator deity Ggulu . A related tradition holds that Kintu came from the east, from the direction of Mount Elgon , and passed through Busoga on

1638-582: The President of Uganda since 1986, the kingdom was finally restored in 1993. Buganda is now a kingdom monarchy with a large degree of autonomy from the Ugandan state, although tensions between the kingdom and the country remain. The Ganda came into contact with the British in the nineteenth century, resulting in widespread social upheavals in Buganda. The population of the Ganda, said to have numbered three million during

1701-667: The Sahara into various parts of West Africa (e.g., Benin , Cameroon , Ghana , Nigeria , Togo ), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. From Nigeria and Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate , and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo ) and West Bantu peoples (e.g., Congo, Gabon ) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC. He suggests that Igbo people and Yoruba people may have admixture from back-migrated Bantu peoples. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises

1764-513: The Ugandan state, although tensions between the kingdom and the Ugandan government continue to be a defining feature of Ugandan politics. Since the restoration of the kingdom in 1993, the king of Buganda, known as the Kabaka, has been Muwenda Mutebi II . He is recognised as the thirty-sixth Kabaka of Buganda. The current queen, known as the Nnabagereka, is Queen Sylvia Nagginda . Kabaka Mwanga II

1827-624: The arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic -speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya . Khoisan -speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before

1890-485: The arrival of Europeans, many Ganda villages included residents from outside Buganda. Some had arrived in the region as slaves, but by the early 20th century, many non-Baganda migrant workers stayed in Buganda to farm. Marriage with non-Baganda was fairly common, and many Baganda marriages ended in divorce. After independence, Ugandan officials estimated that one-third to one-half of all adults marry more than once during their lives. Following Uganda's independence in 1962,

1953-452: The best means of securing this relationship is through one's children. Baganda children, some as young as three years old, are sent to live in the homes of their social superiors, both to cement ties of loyalty among parents and to provide avenues for social mobility for their children. Even in the 1980s, Baganda children were considered psychologically better prepared for adulthood if they had spent several years living away from their parents at

Society of the One Almighty God - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-570: The case in the Bantu language-speaking Lemba of Southern Africa . Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 4000–3500   BC. Although early models posited that

2079-554: The centre of the newly formed Uganda Protectorate as part of the British Empire in 1894. Land which had previously belonged solely to the Kabaka , was divided among the Kabaka and the tribal chiefs. Many of the old clan burial-grounds, previously considered sacred, were desecrated. Ganda social organization emphasized descent through males. Four or five generations of descendants of one man, related through male forebears, constituted

2142-425: The chiefs ended up with everything they wanted, including one-half of all the land in Buganda. The half left to the British as "Crown Land" was later found to be largely swamp and scrub. Johnston's Buganda Agreement of 1900 imposed a tax on huts and guns, designated the chiefs as tax collectors, and testified to the continued alliance of British and Baganda interests. The British signed much less generous treaties with

2205-628: The coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. Other inland centres established during this phase of expansion include Bigo bya Mugenyi in Uganda , Thimlich Ohinga in Kenya and the Kweneng' Ruins in South Africa . Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in

2268-557: The communities already present at the coast. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long-existing Indian Ocean trade route , these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders, leading to the development of the Swahili culture . Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal ) by AD 500. Between

2331-517: The conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. Generally, the movements of Bantu language-speaking peoples from the Cameroon/Nigeria border region throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa radically reshaped the genetic structure of the continent and led to extensive admixture between migrants and local populations. A 2023 genetic study of 1,487 Bantu speakers sampled from 143 populations across 14 African countries revealed that

2394-414: The early speakers were both iron-using and agricultural, definitive archaeological evidence that they used iron does not appear until as late as 400   BC, though they were agricultural. The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret , followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500   BC. It

2457-587: The expansion occurred ~4,000 years ago in Western Africa. The results showed that Bantu speakers received significant gene-flow from local groups in regions they expanded into. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of West African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western region of the Sahara , amid the Kiffian period at Gobero , and may have migrated southward, from

2520-407: The god, Ggulu . The Baganda are the descendants of Kintu and Nnambi. According to this myth, Walumbe , Nambi's jealous brother is responsible for all human disease and death on earth. Another brother, Kayiikuuzi tried to protect humans from Walumbe but failed. To this day, Kayiikuuzi is still trying to capture Walumbe from the underground where he hides and take him back home. The early history of

2583-553: The group through ceremonies and remembrances of ancestors. Most lineages maintained links to a home territory (obutaka) within a larger clan territory, but lineage members did not necessarily live on butaka land. Men from one lineage often formed the core of a village; their wives, children, and in-laws joined the village. People were free to leave if they became disillusioned with the local leader to take up residence with other relatives or in-laws, and they often did so. As of 2009, there are at least fifty two (52) recognised clans within

Society of the One Almighty God - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-575: The groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2000 years until today), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. Linguists, classifying

2709-445: The highlands between Cameroon and Nigeria . The 60,000-km Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 and 1988) and Rigobert Tueché (2000) in the region indicates cultural continuity from 3000 BC until today. The majority of

2772-426: The hunter-forager proto- Khoisan , who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. In Eastern and Southern Africa , Bantu speakers may have adopted livestock husbandry from other unrelated Cushitic -and Nilotic -speaking peoples they encountered. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. Archaeological , linguistic , genetic , and environmental evidence all support

2835-499: The kingdom along specially constructed roads which crossed streams and swamps by bridges and viaducts. On Lake Victoria (which the Ganda call Nnalubale), a royal navy of outrigger canoes, commanded by an admiral who was chief of the Lungfish clan, could transport Baganda commandos to raid any shore of the lake. The explorer John Speke, searching for the source of the Nile, had visited Buganda in

2898-621: The kingdom before being defeated once again in 1898 and being exiled to the Seychelles. Kabaka Mwanga II of Buganda was allowed near complete autonomy and a position as overlord of the other kingdoms. While in exile, Mwanga II was received into the Anglican Church, and baptized with the name Danieri (Daniel). He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, aged 35 years. In 1910, his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi. The war against Kabaka Mwanga II had been expensive, and

2961-401: The kingdom of Buganda to introduce the Baganda people to Christianity. Between 1881 and 1890, the Baganda people started to convert to both Islam and Christianity. At Buganda's capital, Stanley found a well-ordered town of about 80,000 surrounding the king's palace, which was situated atop a commanding hill. A wall more than four kilometers in circumference surrounded the palace compound, which

3024-417: The kingdom was abolished by Uganda's first Prime Minister Milton Obote ,in 1966. Following years of disturbance under Obote and dictator Idi Amin, as well as several years of internal divisions among Uganda's ruling National Resistance Movement under Yoweri Museveni, the President of Uganda since 1986, the kingdom was finally restored in 1993. Buganda is now a kingdom monarchy with a large degree of autonomy from

3087-494: The kingdom, the messengers were supplemented by drum signals. Stanley counted 125,000 troops marching off on a single campaign to the east, where a fleet of 230 war canoes waited to act as auxiliary naval support. The British in their colonial ventures were much impressed with the government as well as the society and economic organization of Buganda, which they ranked as the most advanced nation they had encountered in East Africa and ranked it with other highly advanced nations like

3150-468: The kingdom, with at least another four making a claim to clan status. Within this group of clans are four distinct sub-groups which reflect historical waves of immigration to Buganda. The family in Buganda is often described as a microcosm of the kingdom. The father is revered and obeyed as head of the family. His decisions are generally unquestioned. A man's social status is determined by those with whom he establishes patron/client relationships, and one of

3213-468: The languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated

SECTION 50

#1733085330393

3276-474: The members of this Church were Baganda people. This Christianity -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Uganda -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Baganda The Baganda (endonym: Baganda ; singular Muganda ) also called Waganda , are a Bantu ethnic group native to Buganda , a subnational kingdom within Uganda . Traditionally composed of 52 clans (although since

3339-530: The new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, Sir Harry H. Johnston, had orders to establish an efficient administration and to levy taxes as quickly as possible. Sir Johnston approached the chiefs in Buganda with offers of jobs in the colonial administration in return for their collaboration. The chiefs did so but expected their interests (preserving Buganda as a self-governing entity, continuing the royal line of kabakas, and securing private land tenure for themselves and their supporters) to be met. After much hard bargaining,

3402-499: The ones they had encountered in Zimbabwe and Nigeria. Under Kabaka Mwanga II , Buganda became a protectorate in 1894. This did not last, and the Kabaka declared war on Britain on July 6, 1897. He was defeated at the Battle of Buddu on July 20 of the same year. He fled to German East Africa, where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba. The Kabaka later escaped and led a rebel army to retake

3465-442: The other kingdoms (Toro in 1900, Ankole in 1901, and Bunyoro in 1933) without the provision of large-scale private land tenure. Following Uganda's independence in 1962, the kingdom was abolished by Ugandas first Prime Minister, Milton Obote, in 1966. Following years of disturbance under Obote and dictator Idi Amin, as well as several years of internal divisions among Uganda's ruling National Resistance Movement under Yoweri Museveni ,

3528-404: The reign of Muteesa I (1856–1884), diminished to around a 1.5 million as a result of famine and civil war. By the early 1900s, their population had been reduced to around one million as a result of an epidemic of sleeping sickness . Changes to Bugandan society, the first major change being the introduction of a standing army during Muteesa I's reign, were accelerated when Buganda became

3591-520: The second – and possibly others – went south along Africa's Atlantic coast into what is now the Republic of the Congo , Gabon , Cameroon , Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Angola , or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300. Bantuists believe that the Bantu expansion most probably began on

3654-534: The southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. These communities also integrated and intermarried with

3717-447: The way to Buganda. A separate tradition holds that the Ganda are the descendants of a people who came from the east or northeast around 1300. According to the traditions chronicled by Sir Apolo Kagwa , Buganda's foremost ethnographer , Kintu was the first Muganda, and having descended to Earth at Podi is said to have moved on to Kibiro , and having reached Kyadondo in Uganda's modern-day Wakiso District hav,e rmed Buganda there. As

3780-523: Was Buganda's last Powerful Kabaka. After his reign, the Buganda Kingdom's influence in the region was significantly weakened. Kabaka Mwanga II was betrayed by some of his Mengo confidants, who collaborated with colonial British Bazungu to exile the Kabaka to the Seychelles Islands , where he later died as a loner. It was under these circumstances that Buganda Land was divided among regents and

3843-489: Was a large human migration from central Africa, with varying levels of admixture with local population. The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 2,000 BC to AD 1). Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa), and

SECTION 60

#1733085330393

3906-446: Was filled with grass-roofed houses, meeting halls, and storage buildings. At the entrance to the court burned the royal gombolola (fire), which would only be extinguished when the Kabaka died. Thronging the grounds were foreign ambassadors seeking audiences, chiefs going to the royal advisory council, messengers running errands, and a corps of young pages, who served the Kabaka while training to become future chiefs. For communication across

3969-580: Was largely a result of substantial population replacement. In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). For example, one study found this to be the case in Bantu language speakers who are African Pygmies or are in Mozambique , while another population genetic study found this to be

#392607