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120-733: The Baltic Sea Shipping Company (BMP) traces its history from the Saint Petersburg - Lübeck Society of Steamships, founded in 1830. On January 26 (February 8), 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the nationalization of the sea and river fleet, in accordance with which the Main Directorate of Water Transport of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of

240-572: A European great power . It served as a capital of the Tsardom of Russia , and the subsequent Russian Empire, from 1712 to 1918 (being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730). After the October Revolution in 1917, the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow. The city was renamed Leningrad after Lenin's death in 1924. It was the site of the siege of Leningrad during

360-582: A focal point of transports of all industries on the Karelian Isthmus , Ladoga Karelia and southeastern Finland. Trams in Vyborg started in 1912. The Bolshevik revolutionary Vladimir Lenin lived in the town for a period between the February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917. In June 1917, Viipuri hosted a convention of ethnic Polish military men stationed throughout Finland, at which it

480-521: A fortress at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, which was later called Ingermanland . The small town of Nyen grew up around the fort. Before the 17th century, this area was inhabited by Finnic Izhorians and Votians . The Ingrian Finns moved to the region from the provinces of Karelia and Savonia during the Swedish rule. There was also some Estonian , Karelian , Russian and German population in

600-700: A medieval fortress in Finland under Swedish rule during the Third Swedish Crusade . After numerous wars between the Russians and Swedes, the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 defined the border of eastern Finland, and would separate the two cultures. Vyborg remained under Swedish rule until it was captured by the Russians during the Great Northern War . Under Russian rule, Vyborg was the seat of Vyborg Governorate until it

720-400: A naming act that established an official spelling; even in his own letters he used diverse spellings, such as Санктьпетерсьбурк ( Sanktpetersburk ), emulating German Sankt Petersburg , and Сантпитербурх ( Santpiterburkh ), emulating Dutch Sint-Pietersburgh , as Peter was multilingual and a Hollandophile. The name was later normalized and russified to Санкт-Петербург. A former spelling of

840-492: A new general plan was outlined, whereby the city should expand to the south. Constructivism was rejected in favour of a more pompous Stalinist architecture . Moving the city centre further from the border with Finland, Stalin adopted a plan to build a new city hall with a huge adjacent square at the southern end of Moskovsky Prospekt , designated as the new main street of Leningrad. After the Winter (Soviet-Finnish) war in 1939–1940,

960-577: A new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city centre was moved to the Admiralty borough, on the east bank between the Neva and Fontanka . It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the Admiralty building and are now known as Nevsky Prospect (which is considered the main street of the city), Gorokhovaya Street and Voznesensky Avenue . Baroque architecture became dominant in

1080-461: A period of five years. Per the results of the elections on 11 October 2009, all 20 seats were occupied by members of the United Russia party. The Council of Deputies is headed by the head of the municipality, who is elected by deputies from among its members, also for a period of five years. On 20 October 2009, Gennady Alekseyevich Orlov was elected as head of the municipality. Since September 2014,

1200-557: A rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. The style of Petrine Baroque , developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as the Menshikov Palace , Kunstkamera , Peter and Paul Cathedral , Twelve Collegia , became prominent in

1320-520: A reference point in the history of modern architecture. There are also Russian fortifications of Annenkrone , completed by 1740, as well as the monuments to Peter the Great (1910) and Torkel Knutsson . Tourists can also visit the house where the founder of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin prepared the Bolshevik revolution during his stay in Vyborg from 24 September to 7 October 1917. The main street in Vyborg

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1440-464: A sailor began to receive $ 360 per month instead of 40. The queue for receiving apartments for the ship crew was almost completely satisfied. The BSC's net profit from the sale of transport services in 1991 amounted to $ 571 million, and the shipping company deductions formed about 1/3 of the unified budget of Leningrad and the Leningrad region. In February 1993, V.I. Kharchenko , who was the head of BSC,

1560-668: A ship-repair base at the Kanonersky ship-repair plant, the Torgmortrans administration, an expeditionary group of rescue ship-lifting and underwater technical works (EO ASPTR), a repair and construction trust , nautical school and other departments. The BSC fleet consisted of more than 170 large-tonnage cargo and cargo-passenger ships with a total carrying capacity of over 1.5 million tons, visiting more than 400 ports in 70 countries, passenger ships operating on sea, ocean and cruise international lines. The BSC had 18 cargo and passenger lines, and

1680-689: A terminal in the port of Ust-Luga Multimodal Complex , a shipyard with a dry dock, the Lesnoye industrial and business zone in the Vsevolozhsk district of the Leningrad region, a mini-CHP plant and the modern headquarters of the shipping company, as well as the Baltic Interregional High-Tech Medical Center and a residential complex. The total cost of the projects is about US $ 8 billion. Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg , formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad ,

1800-545: A total of 19,986 inhabitants in the rural areas of Vyborg and in Uura, which was located outside the borders of Vyborg but was included in the census, and so the total population of the census area was 72,239. Of the total inhabitants in the census area, 67,609 spoke Finnish, 2,103 Swedish, 1,807 Russian and 439 German. In 1939, the population was slightly less than 75,000 and was Finland's second-largest (Population Register) or fourth-largest (Church and Civil Register) city, depending on

1920-466: A year and a half). Joint-stock company Energomashzhilstroy was established jointly with eight largest Leningrad enterprises, where BSC invested 30% of the capital. A house-building plant with a capacity of up to 100,000 m² of housing per year was purchased in Italy. With the participation of foreign firms, a sanitary equipment plant for 3 thousand sets per year was built. Together with other Soviet enterprises and

2040-634: Is called Prospekt Lenina ( Russian : проспект Ленина ; literally "Lenin Avenue"), formerly also known as Torkkelinkatu, and along it, there is popular Lenin Park  [ ru ] . Sprawling along the heights adjacent to the Gulf of Finland is Monrepos Park , one of the most spacious English landscape gardens in Eastern Europe. The garden was laid out on behest of its owner, Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay , at

2160-492: Is combined with the city's Russian heritage. Another nickname of Saint Petersburg is "The City of the White Nights" because of a natural phenomenon which arises due to the closeness to the polar region and ensures that in summer the night skies of the city do not get completely dark for a month. The city is also often called the "Northern Palmyra ", due to its extravagant architecture. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans ,

2280-589: Is incorporated within Vyborgsky District as Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation . As a municipal division , Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Vyborg Municipal District as Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement . The town lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of Vyborg Bay, 130 km (81 miles) northwest of St. Petersburg, 245 km (152 miles) east of

2400-535: Is its Swedish-built castle , founded in the 13th century and extensively reconstructed in 1891–1894. The Round Tower and the Rathaus Tower date from the mid-16th century and are parts of the medieval Vyborg town wall . Many of the buildings in the historic old town of Vyborg are still in poor condition today. The Viipuri Library by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto and the Hermitage-Vyborg Center are

2520-448: Is still named Leningrad . Having passed the role of capital to Petersburg, Moscow never relinquished the title of "capital", being called pervoprestolnaya ('first throned') for 200 years. An equivalent name for Petersburg, the "Northern Capital", has re-entered usage today since several federal institutions were recently moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Solemn descriptive names like "the city of three revolutions" and "the cradle of

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2640-719: Is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow . It is situated on the River Neva , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . The city had a population of 5,601,911 residents as of 2021, with more than 6.4 million people living in the metropolitan area . Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As

2760-494: Is the municipal formation "City of Vyborg" of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region; the abbreviated name is the municipal entity "City of Vyborg". Local self-government is carried out on the basis of the charter, which was adopted by the decision of the Council of Deputies of Vyborg dated 16 June 2010 No. 63. The representative body of local self-government is the Council of Deputies, consisting of 20 deputies elected in municipal elections in single-member constituencies for

2880-588: Is Αγία Πετρούπολη, Agia Petroupoli ). Saint Petersburg has been traditionally called the "Window to Europe" and the "Window to the West" by the Russians. The city is the northernmost metropolis with more than 1 million people in the world, and is also often described as the " Venice of the North" or the "Russian Venice" due to its many water corridors, as the city is built on swamp and water. Furthermore, it has strongly Western European-inspired architecture and culture, which

3000-736: The Eastern Front (World War II) , in June - July 1941, the ships of the Estonian (formed in October 1940) and Latvian Shipping Company were assigned to the shipping company. During the war years, the BSC, in close contact with the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, was engaged in evacuation, medical support, and the supply of military garrisons defending blockaded Leningrad . Many of the shipping company's employees joined

3120-686: The Gold Star sign was installed in April 1985. In October 1946 some territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland , which had been annexed into the USSR from Finland in 1940 under the peace treaty following the Winter War , were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Leningrad and divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District . These included the town of Terijoki (renamed Zelenogorsk in 1948). Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over

3240-546: The Great Northern War , Peter the Great captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress. On 27 May [ O.S. 16 May] 1703, closer to the estuary (5 km (3 mi) inland from the gulf ), on Zayachy (Hare) Island , he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress , which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia; in some years several Swedish prisoners of war were also involved under

3360-562: The Gulf Stream . The beginning of spring is generally sunny and rather low in precipitation. Summer is moderately warm. Autumn is generally cloudy and rainy. On average, daytime insolation on a horizontal surface is 2.79 kW/m². The most dominant are the south-west and south winds. Vyborg continues to be an important industrial producer of paper . Tourism is increasingly important, and the Russian film festival Window to Europe takes place in

3480-506: The Karelian Isthmus near the head of Vyborg Bay , 130 km (81 miles) northwest of St. Petersburg , 245 km (152 miles) east of the Finnish capital Helsinki , and 38 km (24 miles) south of Russia's border with Finland , where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland . The most recent census population of Vyborg is 72,530 ( 2021 Census ) . Vyborg was founded as

3600-518: The Leningrad Affair (1949–1952), a notable event in the postwar political struggle in the USSR . It was a product of rivalry between Stalin's potential successors where one side was represented by the leaders of the city Communist Party organization – the second most significant one in the country after Moscow. The entire elite leadership of Leningrad was destroyed, including the former mayor Kuznetsov ,

3720-759: The Leningrad Military District of the Russian Armed Forces . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage , one of the largest art museums in the world, the Lakhta Center , the tallest skyscraper in Europe , and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and the UEFA Euro 2020 . The name day of Peter I falls on 29 June, when

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3840-685: The Narva Triumphal Arch . In 1825, the suppressed Decembrist revolt against Nicholas I took place on the Senate Square in the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne. By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects as Andrei Stackenschneider ( Mariinsky Palace , Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace , Nicholas Palace , New Michael Palace ) and Konstantin Thon ( Moskovsky railway station ). With

3960-544: The October Revolution , which led to the end of the social-democratic provisional government , the transfer of all political power to the Soviets , and the rise of the Communist Party . After that the city acquired a new descriptive name, "the city of three revolutions", referring to the three major developments in the political history of Russia of the early 20th century. In September and October 1917, German troops invaded

4080-472: The October revolution " used in the Soviet era are reminders of the pivotal events in national history that occurred here. Petropolis is a translation of a city name to Greek, and is also a kind of descriptive name: Πέτρ- is a Greek root for 'stone', so the "city from stone" emphasizes the material that had been forcibly made obligatory for construction from the first years of the city (a modern Greek translation

4200-691: The Pan-Scandinavian King Eric of Pomerania in 1403. It withstood a prolonged siege by Daniil Shchenya during the Russo-Swedish War of 1496–1497 . Under Swedish rule, Vyborg was closely associated with the noble family of Bååt , originally from Småland . The late-medieval commanders and fief holders of Vyborg were (almost always) descended from or married to the Bååt family. In practice, though not having this as their formal title, they functioned as Margraves , had feudal privileges, and kept all

4320-492: The Russian Orthodox Church observes the memory of apostles Peter and Paul . The consecration of the small wooden church in their names (its construction began at the same time as the citadel) made them the heavenly patrons of the Peter and Paul Fortress , while Saint Peter at the same time became the eponym of the whole city. When in June 1703 Peter the Great renamed the site after Saint Peter, he did not issue

4440-571: The Second World War , the most lethal siege in history. In June 1991, only a few months before the Belovezha Accords and the dissolution of the USSR , voters supported restoring the city's original appellation in a city-wide referendum . As Russia's cultural centre, Saint Petersburg received over 15 million tourists in 2018. It is considered an important economic, scientific, and tourism centre of Russia and Europe. In modern times,

4560-568: The Supreme Soviet of the National Economy was created. On May 18, 1918, to manage the nationalized transport (both fleets and all freight and passenger traffic in the Baltic), the Regional Directorate of Maritime Transport of the Baltic Sea of the Main Directorate of Water Transport of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR was formed. In February 1919, it was reorganized into

4680-604: The West Estonian archipelago and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On 12 March 1918, Lenin transferred the government of Soviet Russia to Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During the Russian Civil War , in mid-1919 Russian anti-communist forces with the help of Estonians attempted to capture the city, but Leon Trotsky mobilized the army and forced them to retreat back to Estonia . On 26 January 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd

4800-461: The emancipation of the serfs undertaken by Alexander II in 1861 and an Industrial Revolution , the influx of former peasants into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously developed on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it became one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval base (in Kronstadt ),

4920-653: The "Regulations on the State Merchant Fleet of the RSFSR", which was the constituent document for state shipping enterprises. On the basis of this document, Baltmortrans (Baltic Sea Transport Administration) was transformed into the State Baltic Shipping Company of the Central Board of the State Merchant Fleet of the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Railways. In 1924, the shipping company became part of

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5040-435: The 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into regularly planned boroughs . Constructivist architecture flourished around that time. Housing became a government-provided amenity ; many "bourgeois" apartments were so large that numerous families were assigned to what were called "communal" apartments ( kommunalkas ). By the 1930s, 68% of the population lived in such housing under very poor conditions. In 1935,

5160-586: The Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years, from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944. The Siege of Leningrad proved one of the longest, most destructive, and most lethal sieges of a major city in modern history . It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through the Road of Life across Lake Ladoga , which could not make it through until

5280-410: The Baltic Directorate of Sovtorgflot (BDSTF). On 15 March 1934, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the reorganization of water transport management bodies", the Central Department of the Marine Fleet (Tsumorflot) was established. On the basis of this resolution, Bumorflot was established in Leningrad. After the Sovtorgflot association

5400-416: The Baltic-Mariinsky Directorate of Water Transport, and in January 1920 - into the Directorate of Maritime Transport of the Baltic Sea (Baltmortran) of the Central Directorate of Maritime Transport of the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Communications. The date of foundation (and actually re-creation) of the shipping company is June 13, 1922. On this day, the Council of Labor and Defense of the RSFSR approved

5520-632: The Finnish capital Helsinki, and 38 km (24 miles) south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland. Similar to many other areas along the Baltic Sea , Vyborg has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with large temperature differences between summer and winter. The climate is characterised by a fairly cloudy beginning of winter, but an increasing share of sunshine from February. Winter temperatures are being somewhat moderated by maritime effects compared to Russian cities further inland even on more southerly latitudes, but still cold enough compared to areas that are nearer

5640-400: The German words Sankt and Burg . In March 1917, during the February Revolution Nicholas II abdicated for himself and on behalf of his son, ending the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years of Romanov dynastic rule . On 7 November [ O.S. 25 October] 1917, the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , stormed the Winter Palace in an event known thereafter as

5760-412: The Hamburg firm "Transglob", the shipping company built the first plant in the North-West for the production of containers for sea transportation, which had to be bought abroad earlier. In the state farm "Agro-Balt" sponsored by the shipping company in the Kingiseppsky , a powerful complex was created: fruit and vegetable, meat and dairy, sausage factories. With the help of Dutch combines in the fields of

5880-482: The Karelo-Finnish SSR. During the Soviet era, the town was settled by people from all over the Soviet Union. The naval air bases of Pribylovo and Veshchevo were built nearby. In 1940s and the 1950s, new factories were built: shipbuilding (1948), instrumentational (1953). In 1960, a local history museum was opened. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Vyborg serves as the administrative center of Vyborgsky District . As an administrative division, it

6000-496: The Neva River, and a seaport on the Baltic. The names of Saints Peter and Paul , bestowed upon the original city's citadel and its cathedral (from 1725 – a burial vault of Russian emperors) coincidentally were the names of the first two assassinated Russian emperors, Peter III (1762, supposedly killed in a conspiracy led by his wife, Catherine the Great ) and Paul I (1801, Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov and other conspirators who brought to power Alexander I ,

6120-406: The Order of the People's Commissariat of Water Transport No. 99 approved the Charter of the Baltic State Shipping Company. In 1939, the People's Commissariat of the USSR was liquidated, and the shipping company was taken over by the People's Commissariat of the USSR Navy. By 1941, the shipping company numbered 20 ships with a total cargo capacity of more than 84 thousand tons. With the beginning of

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6240-549: The Soviet era, many historic architectural monuments of the previous centuries were destroyed by the new regime for ideological reasons. While that mainly concerned churches and cathedrals, some other buildings were also demolished. On 1 December 1934, Sergey Kirov , the Bolshevik leader of Leningrad, was assassinated under suspicious circumstances, which became the pretext for the Great Purge . In Leningrad, approximately 40,000 were executed during Stalin's purges. During World War II, German forces besieged Leningrad following

6360-504: The Soviet–Finnish border moved northwards. Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Square maintained the functions and the role of a city centre. In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast . At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned into Vsevolozhsky District , Krasnoselsky District , Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). During

6480-400: The Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great in the 1760s–1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments. However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva, Annunciation Bridge , was allowed to open. Before that, only pontoon bridges were allowed. Obvodny Canal (dug in 1769–1833) became

6600-508: The acting mayor Pyotr Sergeevich Popkov, and all their deputies; overall 23 leaders were sentenced to the death penalty, 181 to prison or exile (rehabilitated in 1954). About 2,000 ranking officials across the USSR were expelled from the party and the Komsomol and removed from leadership positions. The Leningrad Metro underground rapid transit system , designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated with marble and bronze . However, after Stalin's death in 1953,

6720-405: The annexation was not recognized by any foreign state, even Finland's ally, Germany . By 1942, the population had risen to 16,000. About 70% of the evacuees from Finnish Karelia returned after the reconquest to rebuild their looted homes but were again evacuated after the Red Army 's Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive , timed to coincide with the Battle of Normandy . By the time of the Soviet offensive,

6840-462: The area of what is now Vyborg used to be a trading center on the Vuoksi River 's western branch, which has since dried up. The region was inhabited by the Karelians , a Balto-Finnic tribe which gradually came under the domination of Novgorod and Sweden . It has been claimed that Vyborg appeared in the 11th–12th centuries as a mixed Karelian-Russian settlement, although there is no archeological proof of any East Slavic settlement of that time in

6960-409: The area, and it is not mentioned in any of the earliest historical documents, such as the Novgorod First Chronicle or the Primary Chronicle . Wider settlement in the area of Vyborg is generally regarded to date from 13th century onwards when Hanseatic traders began traveling to Novgorod . Vyborg Castle was founded during the Third Swedish Crusade in 1293 by marsk Torkel Knutsson on

7080-412: The area. At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport to trade with the rest of Europe. He needed a better seaport than the country's main one at the time, Arkhangelsk , which was on the White Sea in the far north and closed to shipping during the winter. On 12 May [ O.S. 1 May] 1703, during

7200-440: The author of the first nickname of Petersburg which he called Петри ( Petri ). It took some years until the known Russian spelling of this name finally settled. In 1740s Mikhail Lomonosov uses a derivative of Greek: Πετρόπολις (Петрополис, Petropolis ) in a Russified form Petropol ' (Петрополь). A combo Piterpol (Питерпол) also appears at this time. In any case, eventually the usage of prefix " Sankt- " ceased except for

7320-405: The bottom of the Baltic Sea to Lubmin in Germany. It started operating in September 2011, enabling Russia to export gas directly to Western Europe. The feeding pipeline in Russia ( Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline ) is operated by Gazprom and is a part of the integrated gas transport network of Russia connecting existing grid in Gryazovets with the coastal compressor station at Vyborg. Before

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7440-441: The census data. Vyborg had sizable minorities of Swedes , Germans , Russians , Romani , Tatars and Jews . During that time, Alvar Aalto built the Vyborg Library , an icon of functionalist architecture . During the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939–1940, over 70,000 people were evacuated from Vyborg to other parts of Finland. The Winter War was concluded by the Moscow Peace Treaty , which stipulated

7560-514: The city architecture of the early 18th century. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences , University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great. In 1725, Peter died at age fifty-two. His endeavors to modernize Russia had been opposed by the Russian nobility . There were several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son. In 1728, Peter II of Russia moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under Empress Anna of Russia , Saint Petersburg

7680-400: The city authorities arranged for the mayoral elections and a referendum upon the city's name, when the original name Saint Petersburg was restored. The turnout was 65%; 66.13% of the total count of votes went to Anatoly Sobchak , who became the first directly elected mayor of the city . Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country tried to adapt to major changes. For

7800-496: The city authorities until December 2010, when after the statement of President Dmitry Medvedev , the city decided to find a more appropriate location for this project. In the same year, the new location for the project was relocated to Lakhta , a historical area northwest of the city centre, and the new project would be named Lakhta Center . Construction was approved by Gazprom and the city administration and commenced in 2012. The 462 m (1,516 ft) high Lakhta Center has become

7920-407: The city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli with such buildings as the Winter Palace . In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by neoclassical architecture . Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city could be higher than

8040-414: The city has the nickname of being "the Northern Capital of Russia" and is home to notable federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of Russia , as well as the home to the headquarters of the Russian Navy , and

8160-415: The city was renamed Leningrad in January 1924. The referendum on restoring the historic name was held on 12 June 1991, with 55% of voters supporting " Saint Petersburg " and 43% supporting " Leningrad ". The turnout was 65% . Renaming the city Petrograd was not an option. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991. Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg

8280-410: The city's name in English was Saint Petersburgh . This spelling survives in the name of a street in the Bayswater district of London, near St Sophia's Cathedral , named after a visit by the Tsar to London in 1814. A 14 to 15-letter-long name, composed of the three roots , proved too cumbersome, and many shortened versions were used. The first General Governor of the city Menshikov is maybe also

8400-424: The crown's incomes from the fief to use for the defense of the realm's eastern border. Vyborg remained in Swedish hands until its capture in 1710 after the Siege of Vyborg by Tsar Peter the Great in the Great Northern War . In the course of Peter's second administrative reform , Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Province of St. Petersburg Governorate . The 1721 Treaty of Nystad , which concluded

8520-434: The decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of February 13, 1930, the joint-stock company was reorganized into the All-Union Association "Sovtorgflot" of the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways (since 1931 - the People's Commissariat of Water Transport), its Baltic office was transformed into the Baltic Administration of the Sovtorgflot (BUSTF), which in 1933 reorganized into

8640-744: The decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 27, 1964, were once again merged with the BSC. In January 1967, they became independent again. In January 1969, the Lithuanian Shipping Company was established on the basis of the Klaipeda Maritime Agency BMP. In 1982, the BSC was headed by Viktor Ivanovich Kharchenko, who held this post for twelve years. During this period, the Baltic Shipping Company reached its peak of development. In 1990, it had three ports in its structure (Leningrad, Vyborg and Kaliningrad ),

8760-483: The end of the 1990s, the BSC existed only formally and no longer had a single vessel. Sergey Frank ( Russian : Сергей Франк ) was the supervisor at the OJSC Baltic Shipping Company ( Russian : АООТ “Балтийское морское пароходство” ), which was worth $ 2.5 billion, had 180 vessels, and was the largest shipping company in Russia when Baltic Shipping when bankrupt. On November 5, 2002, while Sergei Frank

8880-478: The first tallest skyscraper in Russia and Europe outside of Moscow. Vyborg Vyborg ( / ˈ v iː b ɔːr ɡ / ; Russian : Выборг , IPA: [ˈvɨbərk] ; Finnish : Viipuri , IPA: [ˈʋiːpuri] ; Swedish : Viborg , IPA: [ˈvǐːbɔrj] ) is a town and the administrative center of Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast , Russia. It lies on

9000-531: The first time since the 1940s, food rationing was introduced, and the city received humanitarian food aid from abroad. This dramatic time was depicted in photographic series of Russian photographer Alexey Titarenko . Economic conditions began to improve only at the beginning of the 21st century. In 1995, a northern section of the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro

9120-400: The formal official documents, where a three-letter abbreviation "СПб" ( SPb ) was very widely used as well. In the 1830s Alexander Pushkin translated the "foreign" city name of "Saint Petersburg" to the more Russian Petrograd (Russian: Петроград , IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat] ) in one of his poems. However, it was only on 31 August [ O.S. 18 August] 1914, after

9240-482: The former capital of Imperial Russia , and a historically strategic port , it is governed as a federal city . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May 1703 on the site of a captured Swedish fortress , and was named after the apostle Saint Peter . In Russia , Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated with the birth of the Russian Empire and Russia's entry into modern history as

9360-467: The head of the city administration . The title of the city head was changed from "mayor" to "governor". In 2000, Yakovlev won re-election. His second term expired in 2004; the long-awaited restoration of the broken subway connection was expected to finish by that time. But in 2003 Yakovlev suddenly resigned, leaving the governor's office to Valentina Matviyenko . The law on election of the City Governor

9480-500: The head of the administration, who is appointed under a contract concluded based on the results of a competition for a period of five years. From 2 August 2011, the head of the administration was Alexander Aleksandrovich Buyanov. On 24 September 2014, the post of head of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg" was taken by Alexander Petrovich Lysov. His candidacy was supported unanimously. Vyborg's most prominent landmark

9600-531: The joint-stock company Soviet Merchant Fleet (Sovtorgflot) and was reorganized into the Baltic head office of Sovtorgflot. In December 1925, the Leningrad city office of the North-West branch of Dobroflot, formed in 1924, was transferred to the subordination of the Baltic head office, which became known as the Leningrad city office of the Baltic head office. In May 1926, it was merged with the freight forwarding unit. By

9720-420: The lake froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. There were incidents of cannibalism, with around 2,000 residents arrested for eating other people. Many others escaped or were evacuated, so the city became largely depopulated. On 1 May 1945 Joseph Stalin , in his Supreme Commander Order No. 20, named Leningrad, alongside Stalingrad , Sevastopol , and Odesa , hero cities of

9840-407: The new conditions, the enterprise gained full economic independence, 50% of the earned profit was left at the disposal of the shipping company. At that time, contracts were signed for the construction of 18 new ships at the shipyards of Leningrad, Poland, Germany, in 1991 the passenger ferry "Anna Karenina" was purchased. The working conditions of seafarers have changed, their real wages have increased:

9960-432: The new opportunities in the BSC, the fleet of ships was significantly updated. The shipping company gained leadership in the Baltic basin and even began to dictate freight prices. Within a year, the BSC launched the country's first wetsuit factory. They actively provided the sailors with housing, not only buying it from the city, but also building it independently (in particular, a record 750 apartments were commissioned in

10080-440: The newly created Grand Duchy of Finland in 1811 (1812 NS). Over the course of the 19th century, the town developed as the centre of administration and trade for eastern Finland. The inauguration of the Saimaa Canal in 1856 benefited the local economy, as it opened the vast waterways of Eastern Finland to the sea. Vyborg was never a major industrial center and lacked large production facilities, but its location made it serve as

10200-466: The original name, Sankt-Peterburg , was returned by citywide referendum. Today, in English the city is known as Saint Petersburg . Local residents often refer to the city by its shortened nickname, Piter (Russian: Питер , IPA: [ˈpʲitʲɪr] ). After the October Revolution the name Red Petrograd (Красный Петроград, Krasny Petrograd ) was often used in newspapers and other prints until

10320-518: The people's militia, soviet partisans , worked on the Road of Life and in the ports of Ladoga . In 1944, BMP flights were resumed within the Gulf of Finland, and then throughout the Baltic. By the end of the war, the shipping company had 24 vessels with a cargo capacity of 72 thousand tons. In 1956 and 1958, on the basis of the units of the Baltic Shipping Company, independent Estonian and Latvian state shipping companies were formed, which later, according to

10440-484: The perceived ornamental excesses of the Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while the functionalist apartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there from kommunalkas in the city centre to live in separate apartments. On 12 June 1991 , simultaneously with the first Russian SFSR presidential elections ,

10560-610: The position of head of the Vyborg District Municipal District of the Leningrad Oblast has been occupied by Alexander Petrovich Lysov. Also in September 2014, Gennady Alekseyevich Orlov assumed the position of head of the administration of the municipal formation "Vyborg District" of the Leningrad Oblast. The executive and administrative body of local self-government is the administration. It is formed and headed by

10680-421: The post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial urban development in the north as well as in the south. In 1953, Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954, the settlements Levashovo , Pargolovo and Pesochny merged with Leningrad. Leningrad gave its name to

10800-594: The preservation of its historical and architectural environment became controversial. After 2005, the demolition of older buildings in the historical centre was permitted. In 2006, Gazprom announced an ambitious project to erect a 403 m (1,322 ft) skyscraper (the Okhta Center ) opposite to Smolny , which could result in the loss of the unique line of Petersburg landscape. Urgent protests by citizens and prominent public figures of Russia against this project were not considered by Governor Valentina Matviyenko and

10920-491: The ships went on schedule even to Australia and New Zealand. The total number of employees in the organization reached 46,000 people, including 15,400 - sailors on ships serving 18 regular shipping lines. During the years of perestroika , the Ministry offered BSC an economic experiment, within the framework of which the shipping company was given greater independence in resolving certain organizational and economic issues. Thanks to

11040-563: The site of an older Karelian fort which was burned. The castle, which was the first centre for the spread of Christianity in Karelia, was fought over for decades between Sweden and the Republic of Novgorod . As a result of the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden, Vyborg was finally recognized as a part of Sweden. The town's trade privileges were chartered by

11160-649: The son of their victim). The third emperor's assassination took place in Saint Petersburg in 1881 when Alexander II was murdered by terrorists (see the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood ). The Revolution of 1905 began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces. On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd , meaning "Peter's City", to remove

11280-631: The southern limit of the city. The most prominent neoclassical and Empire-style architects in Saint Petersburg included: In 1810, Alexander I established the first engineering higher education , the Saint Petersburg Main military engineering School in Saint Petersburg. Many monuments commemorate the Russian victory over Napoleonic France in the Patriotic War of 1812 , including the Alexander Column by Montferrand, erected in 1834, and

11400-403: The state farm, crops were grown up to 300 centners of potatoes per hectare, which were stored without loss in a new vegetable storehouse. Crews and coastal services were provided with fresh and high quality while the country introduced a ration stamp . On January 13, 1990, the shipping company was reorganized into a leased company (from November 12, 1992 - OJSC) “Baltic Shipping Company”. Under

11520-607: The subsequent Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944, Finland returned to the borders set by the Moscow Peace Treaty and ceded more land than the treaty originally demanded. In the Paris Peace Treaties (1947), Finland relinquished all claims to Vyborg. After the Second World War, Leningrad Oblast wanted to incorporate the area of Vyborg, but it took until November 1944 for the area to be finally transferred from

11640-477: The supervision of Alexander Menshikov . Tens of thousands of serfs died while building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate . Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712, nine years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war. He referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital (or seat of government) as early as 1704. While the city

11760-480: The town each year. An HVDC back-to-back facility for the exchange of electricity between the Russian and Finnish power grids was completed near Vyborg in 1982. It consists of three bipolar HVDC back-to-back schemes with an operating voltage of 85 kV and a maximum transmission rate of 355 MW, so that the entire maximum transmission rate amounts to 1,420 MW. The Nord Stream 1 offshore pipeline runs from Vyborg compressor station at Portovaya Bay along

11880-617: The town had a population of nearly 28,000. The town was captured by the Red Army on 20 June 1944, but the Finnish forces, using war material provided by Germany, managed to halt the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Tali-Ihantala , the largest battle fought by any of the Nordic countries , in Viipuri Rural Municipality, which surrounded the town, during which the town was seriously damaged. In

12000-564: The transfer of Vyborg to Soviet control, and the whole Karelian Isthmus, and those places were emptied of their residents, to Soviet control. It was incorporated into the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic on 31 March 1940. As the town was still held by the Finns, the remaining Finnish population, some 10,000 people, had to be evacuated in haste before the handover. Thus, practically the whole population of Finnish Vyborg

12120-603: The war with Germany had begun, that Tsar Nicholas II renamed the city Petrograd in order to expunge the German words Sankt and Burg . Since the prefix "Saint" was omitted, this act also changed the eponym and the "patron" of the city from Saint Peter to Peter the Great, its founder. On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Vladimir Lenin , it was renamed to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград , IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat] ), meaning 'Lenin City'. On 6 September 1991,

12240-469: The war with Sweden, finalized the transfer of the town and a part of Old Finland to Russia. The loss of Vyborg led Sweden to develop Fredrikshamn as a substitute port town. Another result of the loss of Vyborg was that its diocese was moved to Borgå , transforming the town into an important learning centre. In 1744, Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Governorate . In 1783, the governorate

12360-637: The war, Vyborg was a major Finnish town of culture. Even today, a few choirs cherish Vyborg singing traditions . These are, for example, the Wiipurilaisen osakunnan kuoro of the University of Helsinki and the Viipurin Lauluveikot male choir, with the latter founded in Vyborg in 1897. Vyborg is a municipal entity within the Vyborgsky District of the Leningrad Oblast . Its official name

12480-686: The war. A law acknowledging the honorary title of "Hero City" passed on 8 May 1965 (the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War), during the Brezhnev era . The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Leningrad as a Hero City the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal "for the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege". The Hero-City Obelisk bearing

12600-529: Was Minister of Transport and after a meeting of former BSC director Viktor Kharchenko with President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin , the shipping company was revived and re-registered as Joint Stock Company Baltic Sea Shipping Company Holding Company (HC BMP LLC). The company's development program provides for the construction of 116 vessels for various purposes, 4 passenger ferries and large infrastructure facilities, which include

12720-574: Was again designated as the capital of the Russian Empire . It remained the seat of the Romanov dynasty and the Imperial Court of the Russian tsars , as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until the communist revolution of 1917 . In 1736–1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee under Burkhard Christoph von Münnich commissioned

12840-530: Was arrested on charges of major violations in the expenditure of foreign exchange funds of the shipping company, placed in a pre-trial detention center for 4 months, but then released on recognizance not to leave (the case was subsequently closed for lack of corpus delicti). In the mid-1990s, the division of BSC began. Passenger ships and several dozen more of the best ships were arrested abroad for salary and loan debts and subsequently sold at auction, and regular ferry service between St. Petersburg and European cities

12960-576: Was being built, Peter lived in a three-room log cabin with his wife Catherine and their children. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by

13080-480: Was captured by Finnish troops. At first, the Finnish Army did not allow civilians into the town. Of the 6,287 buildings, 3,807 had been destroyed. The first civilians started to arrive in late September, and by the end of the year, Vyborg had a population of about 9,700. In December 1941, the Finnish government formally annexed the town, along with the other areas that had been lost in the Moscow Peace Treaty. However,

13200-537: Was captured by the White Guard in the Battle of Vyborg , on 29 April 1918. In April to May 1918, 360 to 420 civilians were murdered by White Guards during the Vyborg massacre . The city served as the starting point of the civil war, which later spread to the rest of Finland. Vyborg served as the seat of Viipuri Province . In the 1930 census, the administrative area of the city of Vyborg had 52,253 inhabitants. There were

13320-524: Was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by universal suffrage that started in 1991. In 2006, the city legislature re-approved Matviyenko as governor. Residential building had intensified again; real-estate prices inflated greatly, which caused many new problems for the preservation of the historical part of the city. Although the central part of the city has a UNESCO designation (there are about 8,000 architectural monuments in Petersburg),

13440-987: Was conferred the status of " City of Military Glory " by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev . The city hosts the Russian end of the 1,222 km (759 mi) Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline, laid in 2011 and operated by a consortium led by Russia's Gazprom state hydrocarbons enterprise to pump 55 billion cubic meters (1.9 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas a year under the Baltic Sea to Lubmin , Germany. [REDACTED] Sweden 1293–1710 [REDACTED] Tsardom of Russia 1710–1721 [REDACTED] Russian Empire 1721–1812 [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Finland 1812–1917 [REDACTED] Finland 1917–1918 [REDACTED] Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1918 [REDACTED]   Finland 1918–1940 [REDACTED]   Soviet Union 1940–1941 [REDACTED]   Finland 1941–1944 [REDACTED]   Soviet Union 1944–1991 [REDACTED]   Russia 1991–present According to archeological research,

13560-400: Was cut off by underground flooding, creating a major obstacle to the city development for almost ten years. On 13 June 1996, Saint Petersburg, alongside Leningrad Oblast and Tver Oblast , signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 4 April 2002. In 1996, Vladimir Yakovlev defeated Anatoly Sobchak in the elections for

13680-742: Was decided to form the Polish Legion in Finland to fight for Finnish independence from Russia (see also Finland–Poland relations ). The 1,700-strong Legion was then stationed in Viipuri. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the fall of the Russian Empire , Finland declared itself independent . During the Finnish Civil War , Viipuri was in the hands of the Finnish Red Guards until it

13800-489: Was incorporated into the newly established Grand Duchy of Finland , an autonomous part of the Russian Empire . Finland declared its independence from Russia in 1917, after which Vyborg became its second-most significant city after Helsinki, and represented internationally as its most multicultural city. During World War II , Vyborg's population was evacuated and the town was ceded to the Soviet Union . In 2010, Vyborg

13920-627: Was interrupted. On June 30, 1996, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1004 "On State Support of the Russian Merchant Marine Fleet in the Baltic" was issued, instructing the government to take urgent measures to stabilize the operation of infantry fighting vehicles, protect the marine fleet in the Baltic and bring to justice those responsible for violations of Russian legislation on privatization. Despite this, by

14040-789: Was liquidated in April 1934, the Baltic Directorate was reorganized into the Baltic Sea Fleet Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Water Transport. In 1935 it was transformed into the Baltic State Shipping Company (BSMP) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Water. On March 5, 1935, in accordance with Article 2 of the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of December 9, 1934 on state shipping companies,

14160-532: Was renamed Leningrad . Later many streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly, with names in honour of communist figures replacing historic names given centuries before. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums, including the cruiser Aurora – a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the Russian Navy . In

14280-446: Was resettled elsewhere in Finland. The town became the administrative center of Vyborgsky District . The evacuees from Finnish Karelia came to be a vociferous political force, and their wish to return to their homes was an important motive when Finland sought support from Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union. As a result, Finland fought with Nazi Germany as a co-belligerent during the Second World War . On 29 August 1941, Vyborg

14400-639: Was transformed into the Vyborg Viceroyalty and in 1801 back into Vyborg Governorate. In 1802, the Vyborg Governorate was renamed the Finland Governorate. One of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Vyborg Bay , was fought in Vyborg Bay on 4 July 1790. After the rest of Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, Emperor Alexander I incorporated the town and the governorate into

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