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75-457: Gold was discovered in the region by Ute natives who displayed their find to local traders. After learning of the discovery, Civil War Veterans flocked from Fort Union to prospect Baldy Mountain. Elizabethtown or E-Town was established in 1866 to service claims on the east side of Baldy Mountain. The town's position in the Moreno valley was advantageous for water supply and transportation, but

150-605: A ball mill . This mill continued to process small ore and remill tailings until its decommission in 1940. The Big Ditch was a water infrastructure project which brought water from the head of the Red River , 41 miles (66 km) to the West side of Baldy Mountain above Willow Creek. The project was an engineering marvel of its time which was designed for 700 miner inches of water or 7.65 million gallons (29 million liters) of water to be transported per day. The project cost $ 200,000. Ultimately,

225-790: A hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The Ute occupied much of the present state of Colorado by the 1600s. The Comanches from the north joined them in eastern Colorado in the early 1700s. In the 19th century, the Arapaho and Cheyenne invaded southward into eastern Colorado. The Utes came to inhabit a large area including most of Utah, western and central Colorado, and south into the San Juan River watershed of New Mexico. Some Ute bands stayed near their home domains, while others ranged further away seasonally. Hunting grounds extended further into Utah and Colorado, as well as into Wyoming, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. Winter camps were established along rivers near

300-441: A 50-ton stamp and amalgamation mill was added, and subsequently ran by a man called C.H. Anderson. The mill started processing ore assayed at $ 80 per ton but the value quickly fell to around $ 7.50. In 1937, a group of wealthy men decided to buy the mine. They created The French Henry Mining and Milling Company on July 5, 1938. The new manager was Matt Gorman, a foreman who had worked at the neighboring Aztec Mine . Gorman oversaw

375-501: A considerable portion to the ranch and allowed for treks to access Baldy Mountain, one of the tallest peaks in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . Upon inspection, the leadership of the Boy Scouts of America at the time determined it necessary to "clean up" the prior industrial land to make it suitable for scouts to hike through and interact with. This included the demolition of mine portals and

450-422: A group of French miners under Henry Buruel began mining on what is now called French Henry Ridge, north of Baldy Town. The mine had a 60’ shaft and a rich ore deposit. Buruel, however did not have the means of processing said ore since Baldy Town's major mills were owned by Maxwell and refused to process his ore. The mine closed soon after. Brothers Alexander T. and William P. McIntyre began plans in 1898 to bore

525-617: A lack of ability to process the ore. Maxwell's nearby Aztec Mill would not process the ore from the French Henry. Shipping the ore elsewhere to be processed would have been prohibitively expensive. In 1894, mining started again, this time under the Claude Mining and Milling company. The new owners installed a 15 stamp stamp mill along the South Ponil River with a 2,700 foot aerial tramway running down French Henry ridge. In 1936,

600-694: A majority of the bullion from the Baldy Mining District, upwards of $ 2 million over its lifetime. Struck in 1869 by "Big Jack", the Montezuma mine sat directly south of the Aztec. A 30-stamp mill was created to process the mine's ore. The Montezuma was nearly as profitable as the Aztec, netting $ 1,000 a day in 1869. The Montezuma followed the Aztec's situation and was discontinued in the early 20th century. Main Article: French Henry In 1870,

675-565: A reservation in 1881. Today, there are three federally recognized tribes of Ute people: These three tribes maintain reservations: Uintah-Ouray in northeastern Utah (3,500 members); Southern Ute in Colorado (1,500 members); and Ute Mountain which primarily lies in Colorado, but extends to Utah and New Mexico (2,000 members). The origin of the word Ute is unknown; it is first attested as Yuta in Spanish documents. The Utes' self-designation

750-402: A result of processing ore with chemicals such as Mercury and Cyanide , the water traveling below the Aztec mill was polluted. The segregation of residential spaces, where Mexicans lived below the mill, spoke to racism and xenophobia in the early 20th century. In 1868, Lucien Maxwell invested in a $ 8,000 15-stamp mill and 12 horse power steam engine built below the Aztec mine to service

825-642: A total of $ 31 million in a land claims settlement. The Ute Mountain Tribe used their money, including what they earned from mineral leases, to invest in tourist related and other enterprises in the 1950s. In 1954, a group of mixed blood Utes were legally separated from the Northern Utes and called the Affiliated Ute Citizens. Since the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 ,

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900-411: A tunnel deep into Baldy Mountain in search of a legendary lode of gold. In 1900, they began to mine on the west side of Baldy Mountain, extracting sparse veins of gold and copper. The McIntyres were able to reach significant depth, but did not find a significant deposit of gold. With no profit to show by 1908 most promoters of the mine withdrew their investment. The McIntyres continued to bore a tunnel from

975-488: A visiting geologist. There are showers, as well as a trading post and commissary. Ute Tribe Ute ( / ˈ j uː t / ) are an Indigenous people of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau in present-day Utah , western Colorado , and northern New Mexico . Historically, their territory also included parts of Wyoming, eastern Nevada, and Arizona. Their Ute dialect is a Colorado River Numic language , part of

1050-798: Is Núuchi-u , meaning 'the people'. Ute people speak the Ute dialect of the Colorado River Numic language , which is closely related to the Shoshone language . Their language is from the Southern subdivision of the Numic language branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family . This language family is found almost entirely in the Western United States and Mexico , stretching from southeastern California, along

1125-586: Is a significant problem at Ute Mountain, affecting nearly 80% of the population. The age expectancy there was 40 years of age as of 2000. The culture of the Utes was influenced by the invasion of neighboring Native American tribes. The eastern Utes had many traits of Plain Indians, and they lived in tepees after the 17th century. The western Utes were similar to Shoshones and Paiutes , and they lived year-round in domed willow houses. Weeminuches lived in willow houses during

1200-418: Is no longer operational. The site of the mill(located at 36°38′09.5″N 105°11′05.1″W  /  36.635972°N 105.184750°W  / 36.635972; -105.184750 ) is down the ridge from the mine, along the South Ponil River. It is used as a Living history camp for Philmont's summer program. The mill site has three standing log cabins , two were built while the mine was operational and one

1275-548: Is well below that of their non-Native neighbors. Unemployment is high on the reservation, in large part due to discrimination, and half of the tribal members work for the government of the United States or the tribe. The Ute language is still spoken on the reservation. Housing is generally adequate and modern. There are annual performance of the Bear and Sun dances. All tribes have scholarship programs for college educations. Alcoholism

1350-622: The Colorado River to Colorado and extending south the Nahuan languages in central Mexico. The Numic language group likely originated near the present-day border of Nevada and California, then spread north and east. By about 1000 CE, hunters and gatherers in the Great Basin spoke Uto-Aztecan. They are the likely ancestrors of the Ute, Shoshone , Paiute , and Chemehuevi peoples. Linguists believe that

1425-679: The Domínguez–Escalante expedition (1776). Utes left images of firearms and horses in the 1800s. The Crook's Brand Site depicts a horse with a brand from George Crook's regiment during the Indian Wars of the 1870s. Public land surrounding the Bears Ears buttes in southeastern Utah became the Bears Ears National Monument in 2016 in recognition for its ancestral and cultural significance to several Native American tribes, including

1500-655: The Mesa Verde National Park , Navajo Reservation , and the Southern Ute Reservation. The Ute Mountain Tribal Park abuts Mesa Verde National Park and includes many Ancestral Puebloan ruins. Their land includes the sacred Ute Mountain . The White Mesa Community of Utah (near Blanding) is part of the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe but is largely autonomous. The Ute Mountain Utes are descendants of

1575-605: The Plains Indian cultures of the Great Plains . They also became involved in the horse and slave trades and respected warriors. Horse ownership and warrior skills developed while riding became the primary status symbol within the tribe and horse racing became common. With greater mobility, there was increased need for political leadership. The Utes had direct trade with the Spanish at least by 1765 and possibly earlier. The Utes had already acquired horses from neighboring tribes by

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1650-565: The Taos , Santa Clara , Pecos and other pueblos. The Ute also traded with Navajo , Havasupai , and Hopi peoples for woven blankets. The Utes were closely allied with the Jicarilla Apache who shared much of the same territory and intermarried. They also intermarried with Paiute, Bannock and Western Shoshone peoples. There was so much intermarriage with the Paiute, that territorial borders of

1725-863: The Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation . The bands included the San Pitch , Pahvant , Seuvartis, Timpanogos and Cumumba Utes. The Southern Ute Tribes include the Muache , Capote , and the Weeminuche , the latter of which are at Ute Mountain . This is also a half-Shoshone, half-Ute band of Cumumbas who lived above Great Salt Lake , near what is now Ogden, Utah . There are also other half-Ute bands, some of whom migrated seasonally far from their home domain. The Utes traded with Rio Grande River Pueblo peoples at annual trade fairs or rescates held in at

1800-479: The Uto-Aztecan language family Historically, the Utes belonged to almost a dozen nomadic bands, who came together for ceremonies and trade. They also traded with neighboring tribes, including Pueblo peoples . The Ute had settled in the Four Corners region by 1500 CE. The Utes' first contact with Europeans was with the Spanish in the 18th century. The Utes had already acquired horses from neighboring tribes by

1875-868: The 1810s. The French expedition recorded meeting members of the Moanunts and Pahvant bands. After the Utes acquired horses, they started to raid other Native American tribes. While their close relatives, the Comanches , moved out from the mountains and became Plains Indians as did others including the Cheyenne , Arapaho , Kiowa , and Plains Apache , the Utes remained close to their ancestral homeland. The south and eastern Utes also raided Native Americans in New Mexico, Southern Paiutes and Western Shoshones, capturing women and children and selling them as slaves in exchange for Spanish goods. They fought with Plains Indians , including

1950-547: The 1847 arrival of Mormon settlers . After initial settlement by the Mormons, as they moved south to the Wasatch Front, Utes were pushed off their land. Wars with settlers began about the 1850s when Ute children were captured in New Mexico and Utah by Anglo-American traders and sold in New Mexico and California. The rush of Euro-American settlers and prospectors into Ute country began with an 1858 gold strike . The Ute allied with

2025-481: The 1890s. In 1914, Geologist Ernhest V. Deshayes drilled 300 feet (91.4 meters) below the original Aztec discovering a new rich lode of gold. The renewed mining of the Aztec briefly revitalizes Baldy Town, bringing hundreds of miners, investment, and infrastructure. In 1915 and early 1916, Baldy Town was one of the largest towns in the region. By late 1916, however, the Aztec mine once again ran dry and hundreds vacated in search of other opportunities. The Aztec produced

2100-570: The 4 million acres (16,185 km ) reservation area. Founded in 1861, it is located in Carbon , Duchesne , Grand , Uintah , Utah , and Wasatch Counties in Utah. Raising stock and oil and gas leases are important revenue streams for the reservation. The tribe is a member of the Council of Energy Resource Tribes . The Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation (Northern Ute Tribe) consists of

2175-508: The Aztec Mine claim. They remodeled the town, creating company buildings, residences, stores, and saloons above the mill. By 1886, the core of economic and social activity had shifted to the new town core. The prior site of mixed mining residences became a ghetto for Hispanic miners. It was called multiple names including "Old Baldy Town", "Little Chihuahua", and simply "the Mexican settlements". As

2250-576: The Big Ditch only transported 100 miner inches of water due to leakage. While it did improve water conditions, it never satisficed all the needs of placer mining and the investment of promoters. The Company then tapped the waters of the South Ponil creek and created a pool below the mill on the New Orleans flat to provide additional water for placer mining on the West slopes of Baldy. Businesses grew above

2325-703: The Comanche, who had previously been allies. The name "Comanche" is from the Ute word for them, kɨmantsi , meaning enemy. The Pawnee , Osage and Navajo also became enemies of the Plains Indians by about 1840. Some Ute bands fought against the Spanish and Pueblos with the Jicarilla Apache and the Comanche. The Ute were sometimes friendly but sometimes hostile to the Navajo. The Utes were skilled warriors who specialized in horse mounted combat. War with neighboring tribes

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2400-542: The Comanche. The Utes traded their goods for cloth, blankets, guns, horses, maize, flour, and ornaments. Several Ute learned Spanish through trading. The Spanish "seriously guarded" trade with the Utes, limiting it to annual caravans, but by 1750 they were reliant on the trade with the Utes, their deerskin being a highly sought commodity. The Utes also traded in enslaved women and children captives from Apache, Comanche, Paiute and Navajo tribes. French trappers passed through Ute territory and established trading posts beginning in

2475-736: The Four Corners Motorcycle Rally each year. The Ute operate KSUT, the major public radio station serving southwestern Colorado and the Four Corners. The Southern Ute Tribes include the Muache , Capote , and the Weeminuche , the latter of which are at Ute Mountain . The Ute Mountain Reservation is located near Towaoc, Colorado in the Four Corners region. Twelve ranches are held by tribal land trusts rather than family allotments. The tribe holds fee patent on 40,922.24 acres in Utah and Colorado. The 553,008 acre reservation borders

2550-823: The Red Cedar Gathering Company, which owns and operates natural gas pipelines in and near the reservation. The tribe also owns the Red Willow Production Company, which began as a natural gas production company on the reservation. It has expanded to explore for and produce oil and natural gas in Colorado, New Mexico, Texas and in the deep water in the Gulf of Mexico. Red Willow has offices in Ignacio, Colorado and Houston, Texas . The Sky Ute Casino and its associated entertainment and tourist facilities, together with tribally operated Lake Capote, draw tourists. It hosts

2625-631: The Southern Numic speakers (Ute and Southern Paiute ), left the Numic homeland first and that the Central and then the Western subgroups later migrated east and north. The Southern Numic -speaking tribes, the Ute, Shoshone, Southern Paiute , and Chemehuevi , all share many cultural, genetic, and linguistic characteristics. There were ancestral Utes in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah by 1300, living

2700-510: The United States and Mexico in its war with the Navajo during the same period. Mormons continued to push the Utah Utes off their homelands, which escalated into the Walker War (1853–54). By the mid-1870s, the U.S. federal government forced Utes in Utah onto a reservation, less than 9% of their former land. The Utes found it to be very inhospitable and tried to continue hunting and gathering off

2775-500: The United States made a series of treaties with the Ute and executive orders that ultimately culminated with relocation to reservations: The Uinta and Ouray Indian Reservation is the second-largest Indian Reservation in the US – covering over 4,500,000 acres (18,000 km ) of land. Tribal owned lands only cover approximately 1.2 million acres (4,855 km ) of surface land and 40,000 acres (160 km ) of mineral-owned land within

2850-658: The Ute generally did not - the Southern Utes developed such societies late, and soon lost them in reservation life. Warriors were exclusively men but women often followed behind war parties to help gather loot and sing songs. Women also performed the Lame Dance to symbolize having to pull or carry heavy loads of loot after a raid. The Utes used a variety of weapons including bows, spears and buffalo-skin shields, as well as rifles, shotguns and pistols which were obtained through raiding or trading. The Ute people traded with Europeans by

2925-602: The Ute left petroglyphs in rock along with rock art by the earlier peoples. Some of the images are estimated to be more than 900 years old. The Utes petroglyphs were made after the Utes acquired horses, because they show men hunting while on horseback. The Ute were divided into several nomadic and closely associated bands, which today mostly are organized as the Northern, Southern, and Ute Mountain Ute Tribes. Hunting and gathering groups of extended families were led by older members by

3000-616: The Utes and the Southern Paiutes are difficult to ascertain in southeast Utah. Until the Ute acquired horses, any conflict with other tribes was usually defensive. They had generally poor relations with Northern and Eastern Shoshone. In 1637, the Spanish fought with the Utes, 80 of whom were captured and enslaved. Three people escaped with horses. Their lifestyle changed with the acquisition of horses by 1680. They became more mobile, more able to trade, and better able to hunt large game. Ute culture changed dramatically in ways that paralleled

3075-595: The Utes control the police, courts, credit management, and schools. All Ute reservations are involved in oil and gas leases and are members of the Council of Energy Resource Tribes . The Southern Ute Tribe is financially successful, having a casino for revenue generation. The Ute Mountain Ute Tribe generates revenues through gas and oil, mineral sales, casinos, stock raising, and a pottery industry. The tribes make some money on tourism and timber sales. Artistic endeavors include basketry and beadwork. The annual household income

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3150-553: The Utes. Members of the Ute Mountain Ute and Uintah and Ouray Reservations sit on a five-tribe coalition to help co-manage the monument with the Bureau of Land Management and United States Forest Service . The Ute appeared to have hunted and camped in an ancient Ancestral Puebloans and Fremont people campsite in near what is now Arches National Park . At a site near natural springs, which may have held spiritual significance,

3225-520: The Weeminuche band, who moved to the western end of the Southern Ute Reservation in 1897. (They were led by Chief Ignacio , for whom the eastern capital is named). Prior to living on reservations, Utes shared land with other tribal members according to a traditional societal property system. Instead of recognizing this lifestyle, the U.S. government provided allotments of land, which was larger for families than for single men. The Utes were intended to farm

3300-409: The abundance of game. Cañon Pintado , or painted canyon, is a prehistoric site with rock art from Fremont people (650 to 1200) and Utes. The Fremont art reflect an interest in agriculture, including corn stalks and use of light at different times of the year to show a planting calendar. Then there are images of figures holding shields, what appear to be battle victims, and spears. These were seen by

3375-405: The addition of a 50-ton ball crusher along the banks of the South Ponil as well as mechanical separators, to retrieve the gold from the crushed ore, and a few new buildings. When operations began, any high value ore quickly ran out. It was suspected that the mine may have been salted with ore from the Aztec Mine. When the mine was inspected by a now unknown former Arizona Bureau of Mines geologist,

3450-467: The children sent to boarding school in Albuquerque died in the mid-1880s, due to tuberculosis or other diseases. There was a dramatic reduction in the Ute population, partly attributed to Utes moving off the reservation or resisting being counted. In the early 19th century, there were about 8,000 Utes, and there were only about 1,800 tribe members in 1920. Although there was a significant reduction in

3525-454: The decision was made to shut down after only two months of operations. There seemed to be no ore worth mining and the French Henry ceased operations for the last time. Much of the machinery and equipment was sold as the owners attempted to recoup their investment. The mine was acquired in 1963 by the Boy Scouts of America . The French Henry is now owned by Philmont Scout Ranch . The mine

3600-469: The domain of the Utes. Pikes Peak was a sacred ceremonial area for the band. The mineral springs at Manitou Springs were also sacred and Ute and other tribes came to the area, spent winters there, and "share[d] in the gifts of the waters without worry of conflict." Artifacts found from the nearby Garden of the Gods, such as grinding stones, "suggest the groups would gather together after their hunt to complete

3675-646: The early 19th century including at encampments in the San Luis Valley , Wet Mountains , and the Upper Arkansas Valley and at the annual Rocky Mountain Rendezvous . Native Americans also traded at annual trade fairs in New Mexico, which were also ceremonial and social events lasting up to ten days or more. They involved the trading of skins, furs, foods, pottery, horses, clothing, and blankets. In Utah, Utes began to be impacted by European-American contact with

3750-501: The exception of a ventilation addit out of the Aztec-Ponil (which is displayed through French Henry's camp program ), have been intentionally collapsed or barred for safety. Evidence of mine portals, pit mines , and tailings Ponds are still visible for visitors to see as they hike up Baldy Mountain. Scouts who stop at Baldy Town are introduced to mining and geology through a living history program. The current facilities can support more than 250 participants, 10 staff members, and

3825-430: The first structure built by the BSA in 1965. Originally, it was only a modest single room Staff kitchen, until being expanded to include a large porch and museum for displaying artifacts. Opposite the museum, on the site of the town's former school house, is a commissary for distributing food to backpacking scouts. Adjacent to the museum, there is a modest trading post which sells hiking gear built in 1983. Directly north of

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3900-533: The following groups of people: The Southern Ute Indian Reservation is located in southwestern Colorado, with its capital at Ignacio . The area around the Southern Ute Indian reservation are the hills of Bayfield and Ignacio, Colorado. The Southern Utes are the wealthiest of the tribes. The Tribe holds a triple A credit rating with all three primary rating agencies. Oil & gas, and real estate leases, plus various off-reservation financial and business investments, have contributed to their success. The tribe owns

3975-439: The general store, the last original building, as a safety concern. AKA: Aztec-Ponil, Aztec Reservation, Azurite, Aztec Extension The Aztec Mine was the primary producer of gold bullion on the east side of Baldy Mountain. In 1868, three rich veins of gold-infused quartz were discovered between the Ute and South Ponil Creeks. Lucien Maxwell and fellow promoters filed for the claim and invested in an expensive 15-stamp mill below

4050-420: The gold-rich San Juan area, which was followed in 1879 by the loss of most of the remaining land after the " Meeker Massacre ". Utes were later put on a reservation in Utah, Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation , as well as two reservations in Colorado, Ute Mountain Ute Tribe and Southern Ute Indian Reservation . Following acquisition of Ute territory from Mexico by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848,

4125-543: The land, which also was a forced vocational change. Some tribes, like the Uintah and Uncompahgre were given arable land, while others were allocated land that was not suited to farming and they resisted being forced to farm. The White River Utes were the most resentful and protested in Washington, D.C. The Weeminuches successfully implemented a shared property system from their allotted land. Utes were forced to perform manual labor, relinquish their horses, and send their children to American Indian boarding schools . Almost half of

4200-524: The late 17th century. During this time, few Europeans entered Ute territory. Exceptions to this include the Spanish Domínguez–Escalante expedition of 1776. The Utes traded with other tribes who were part of the deerskin and fur trade with the Spanish in New Mexico in the 18th century. The Utes, the main trading partners of the Spanish residents of New Mexico, were known for their soft, high-quality tanned deerskins, or chamois, and they also traded meat, buffalo robes, and Indian and Spanish captives taken by

4275-473: The late 17th century. They had limited direct contact with the Spanish but participated in regional trade. Sustained contact with Euro-Americans began in 1847 with the arrival of the Mormons to the American West and the gold rushes of the 1850s. Utes fought to protect their homelands from invaders, and Brigham Young convinced U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to forcibly remove Utes in Utah to an Indian Reservation in 1864. Colorado Utes were forced onto

4350-408: The mid-17th century. Activities, like hunting buffalo and trading, may have been organized by band members. Chiefs led bands when structure was required with the introduction of horses to plan for defense, buffalo hunting, and raiding. Bands came together for tribal activities by the 18th century. Multiple bands of Utes that were classified as Uintahs by the U.S. government when they were relocated to

4425-454: The mill around 1688. The Aztec Mining and Milling Company moved their offices above the mill in 1885, and the town's core with it. The town then grew from 1885 to 1897, with investment from the Maxwell Company. The town experienced a second revitalization between 1913 and 1917, with the discovery of additional ore veins. In 1941, major components of the town were auctioned and most structures were ruined. In 1965, The Boy Scouts of America destroyed

4500-573: The mine was largely abandoned. The Mystic was one of the first mines established on Baldy Mountain, struck in 1866 close to the peak of the mountain. Here, gold, quartz, and copper were discovered in pockets. The mine was difficult to profit from due to its location and ore's various mineral composites. The mine changed hands often. Source: After the 1914–1916 Aztec Mine boom, Baldy Town slowly crept towards its abandonment. A few miners and businessmen attempted further strikes, and updated mechanization with limited success. In 1926, Baldy Town's post office

4575-423: The mine. The mine proved very profitable, the richest deposit in the Baldy Mining District . The Aztec was worked until 1879, when there was litigation between the owners on how the mine should be developed. Frank Springer attempted to reopen the Aztec in 1881, and Baldy Town grew to support his operations and investment in the mine. Springer's investments proved unprofitable and the Aztec Mine ceased operating by

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4650-539: The number of Utes after they were relocated to reservations, in the mid-20th century the population began to increase. This is partly because many people have returned to reservations, including those who left to attain college educations and careers. By 1990, there were about 7,800 Utes, with 2,800 living in cities and towns and 5,000 on reservations. Utes have self-governed since the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Elections are held to select tribal council members. The Northern, Southern, and Ute Mountain Utes received

4725-430: The present-day cities of Provo and Fort Duchesne in Utah and Pueblo , Fort Collins , Colorado Springs of Colorado. Aside from their home domain, there were sacred places in present-day Colorado. The Tabeguache Ute's name for Pikes Peak is Tavakiev , meaning sun mountain. Living a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, summers were spent in the Pikes Peak area mountains, which was considered by other tribes to be

4800-399: The removal of rubble from the town. The last structure at Baldy Town, the original General Store, was a large stone masonry building likely built in the 1890s. The last remnants of the store were demolished in 1967 to prevent possible collapse. Today, many of the foundations of the town can still be seen at or just below ground level. Today, the town is centered around a large cabin, which was

4875-406: The reservation. In the meantime, the Black Hawk War (1865–72) occurred in Utah. In 1868, the U.S. federal government established reservation in Colorado. Indian agents tried to get the Utes to farm, a dramatic lifestyle change which lead to starvation due to crop failures. Their lands were whittled away until only the modern reservations were left. A large cession of land in 1873 transferred

4950-410: The ruins of the former Baldy Hotel, Philmont erected a cabin for the staff quarters in 2011. The road traveling from Baldy Town to Ute Park has been maintained to allow vehicle traffic for logistics. The road connecting Baldy Town to the French Henry/Aztec-Ponil Mining Complex is also continually maintained. Roads and trails connecting Baldy Town to other mines have disappeared over time. All mines, with

5025-407: The same. Ore was moved from the mine to the mill by burro originally. The same year, an arial tramway was installed to transport ore easier. Then in 1885, the mill was replaced by a 30 stamp mill by the Aztec mining and Milling Co. In 1921, The arial tramway was replaced with simple track and the mill was updated. In 1934, as an effort to process small rich deposits quickly, the mill was replaced by

5100-457: The summer. The Jicarilla Apache and Puebloans influenced the southeastern Utes. All groups also lived in structures 10–15 feet in diameter that were made of conical pole-frames and brush, and sweat lodges were similarly built. Lodging also included hide tepees and ramadas , depending upon the area. French Henry mine The French Henry mine is a gold and silver mine located on Baldy Mountain (Colfax County, New Mexico) . The mine

5175-433: The tanning of hides and processing of meat." The old Ute Pass Trail went eastward from Monument Creek (near Roswell ) to Garden of the Gods and Manitou Springs to the Rocky Mountains . From Ute Pass, Utes journeyed eastward to hunt buffalo. They spent winters in mountain valleys where they were protected from the weather. The North and Middle Parks of present-day Colorado were among favored hunting grounds, due to

5250-422: The west and east ends of Baldy Mountain which finally met in 1936. The Deep Tunnel's completion and unprofitability was emblematic of the end of Baldy Town's relevance. John Kempt founded the Black Horse, south of the Aztec, in 1871. The mine was moved in 1880, under the Four Creeks Milling Co. The mine proved somewhat profitable, but suffered from lack of investment. Mining operations were sporadic until 1908, when

5325-471: Was a larger liability than a business. Within weeks the residents of Baldy Town left. In 1941, mining equipment and infrastructure was removed as capital. Similarly, houses were scavenged and ruined. By 1942, no person lived in Baldy Town. 10,098 acres (4,086.5 hectares) of land surrounding Baldy Mountain, including Baldy Town, was purchased by the Boy Scouts of America with a $ 100,000 donation from then BSA Vice President Norton Clapp in 1963. The land added

5400-582: Was discontinued. In 1936, the Deep Tunnel was completed, ceremoniously closing the era of mining at Baldy Town. After, a majority of work was redirected to remilling discarded ore from the Aztec Mine which was mildly profitable. On September 1, 1940, the Aztec Mill, the heart of Baldy Town, stopped milling. The Dutch Company who owned the property redirected attention to the German Invasion . The mine and mill

5475-579: Was in operation intermittently from 1870 to 1938. Part of the Baldy Mining District , the mine has changed ownership many times and is now owned by the Boy Scouts of America as a part of Philmont Scout Ranch . The French Henry is no longer operational. The French Henry mine was originally discovered in 1869 by a team led by Henry Buruel; the mine's namesake. The deed to the mine was obtained from Lucian Maxwell and mining operations started in 1870. Operations were halted later that same year due to

5550-497: Was mostly fought for gaining prestige, stealing horses, and revenge. Men would organize themselves into war parties made up of warriors, medicine men, and a war chief who led the party. To prepare themselves for battle Ute warriors would often fast, participate in sweat lodge ceremonies, and paint their faces and horses for special symbolic meanings. The Utes were master horsemen and could execute daring maneuvers on horseback while in battle. Most plains Indians had warrior societies , but

5625-549: Was too far to service claims on the east side of Baldy Mountain. To minimize transportation of ore, Lucien Maxwell created a 15 Stamp Mill to process gold ore directly below the Aztec Mine. Baldy Town began a series of dwellings and services adjacent to the mill and grew into a small town. Baldy Town originally was a series of miners homes in Ute Meadows, a couple hundred feet below the Aztec Mill. In 1884, an English company, The Aztec Mining & Milling Co., came under control of

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