The Baku Higher Combined Arms Command School ( BVOKU ) was one of the military academies of the USSR . It trained military personnel in a number of specializations. It was located in Baku in the Azerbaijan SSR .
179-563: On November 29, 1939, the school was founded by order of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union , Marshal Kliment Voroshilov . Colonel Vasily Sytnikov was appointed the first head of the school. In 1950, a two-year training period was introduced. In 1951, the school ranked 6th place among the infantry schools in the country. On November 28, 1966, by order of the Supreme Soviet,
358-787: A military parade of the Baku Garrison in honor of the golden jubilee (50th anniversary) of Soviet Azerbaijan . All participants in the parade from the school received personal thanks from the Minister of Defense of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union Andrei Grechko , who the next day visited the location of the BVOKU. In 1978, the BVOKU was awarded the Diploma of the Minister of Defense and
537-415: A daily newspaper. In the 1830s, general Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of Belorussky Rail Terminal ) was inaugurated in 1870. Sokolniki Park , in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with
716-406: A plan for the acquisition of military academies; f) drawing up instructions and instructions on the questions of admission and graduation of students to military academies and military departments; g) the supply of military academies with teaching aids and teaching and laboratory equipment; g) preparation of a consolidated plan for the development of research work; h) consideration of plans for
895-457: A plan of orders for the air defense weapons of the army and placing orders in industry; d) review and testing of new air defense weapons; j) supplying the Air Defense forces with Air Defense means; k) development of plans for the supply and accumulation of mobilization reserves of Air Defense assets; l) development of staffs, timesheets and standards of armament by means of Air Defense; m)
1074-572: A prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s. On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of eight kilometres (5 mi) from the Kremlin, by 1282 Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, aged 42. Before his death, he became a monk and, according to his will,
1253-503: A record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight. Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.2 °C (20.8 °F), in
1432-506: A special honour guard unit that served as the official ceremonial ambassador of the military forces of the republic. It participated in the march on of the school battle banner, the welcoming of the Soviet leadership (the General Secretary , the head of state and head of government ) and foreign delegations to Baku, as well public events such as wreath laying ceremonies. In the late 60s,
1611-448: A symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improved sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less discussion about the poor conditions of public health. However, in
1790-499: A week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately −10 °C (14 °F), though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above 0 °C (32 °F), and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below −20 °C (−4 °F). These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around 1 May to 5 October. The highest temperature ever recorded
1969-528: Is 19.7 °C (67.5 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in late November and melts at the end of March. On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August. This large annual variation
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#17330855492932148-566: Is a scientific medical council under the head of the Sanitary Administration. Directly managed by the head of the Sanitary Administration are: a) The Central Military Medical Commission; b) Scientific Research Educational Sanitary Institute of the Red Army; c) Institute of Aviation Medicine of the Red Army; d) Central Military Hospital; e) Central sanatoriums and rest houses of the Red Army. Chapter XVI. Veterinary Administration of
2327-656: Is a surname, most common in Russia, Bulgaria , Ukraine and North Macedonia . Additionally, there are similarly named places in Poland like Mozgawa . According to a Finno-Ugric hypothesis, the Merya and Muroma people, who were among the pre-Slavic tribes which inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term. Other theories, having little or no scientific basis, are rejected by linguists. The original Old Russian form of
2506-472: Is about −7.0 °C (19.4 °F). At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching −30.0 °C (−22.0 °F) a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013). The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below: Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory. One of them
2685-480: Is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as Edinburgh . Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to
2864-517: Is entrusted with: a) combat training of the Air Defense Forces of the Red Army and parts of barrage and observation balloons; b) the management of military schools of the Air Defense; c) selection and registration of the commanding composition of the Air Defense forces and participation in its certification; d) inspecting, according to the instructions of the Government, the preparations for
3043-472: Is entrusted with: a) organization of the educational process and combat training of cadets; b) inspection of infantry military schools and infantry courses to improve the personnel of the personnel and stock in all respects; c) selection and registration of the commanding and teaching staff of schools and participation in its certification; d) conducting acceptance tests, graduations and deductions of cadets of higher educational institutions; e) drawing up
3222-435: Is exempted from active military service; – manning the army with horseback; – development and improvement of all weapons and military equipment; – conducting experimental mobilization; – armament of the Red Army with all types of military equipment; – supplying the army with all types of allowances; – implementation of the defensive construction of the Red Army; – management of the sanitary and veterinary services of
3401-437: Is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, 2010 , 2011, 2021 ). Along with a southern part of Central Russia , after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets hot-summer classification trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), while now it
3580-527: Is home to Russian companies in different industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes four international airports , ten railway terminals, a tram system , a monorail system , and the Moscow Metro , which is the busiest metro system in Europe and one of the largest rapid transit systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of
3759-628: Is one of twelve Hero Cities . The demonym for a Moscow resident is rendered as Muscovite in English. The site of modern-day Moscow has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Among the earliest finds are relics of the Lyalovo culture , which experts assign to the Neolithic period. They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, Vyatichi and Krivichi , settled here. The Vyatichi may have formed
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#17330855492933938-733: Is the Gorodnya River with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the Quaternary and older Cretaceous periods are located. Fossils of the bivalve mollusk Inoceramus kleinii and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new ichnospecies Skolithos gorodnensis , were discovered in the Coniacian deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River. Ichnogenera Diplocraterion , Planolites , Skolithos and possibly Ophiomorpha were found in
4117-546: Is the central body of the People's Commissariat of Defense for directing the combat and technical training of armored forces and for supplying them with means of armored weapons. 41. The Main Armored Directorate is entrusted with: a) combat and technical training of armored forces; b) the management of armored military schools; c) selection and accounting of commanding personnel and participation in its certification; d)
4296-551: Is the central body of the People’s Commissariat of Defense for the supply of the Red Army with food, fodder, clothing and economic equipment, and for housing allowances of troops. 47. The Main Quartermaster's Office is entrusted with: a) the supply of the Red Army with food and fodder and household items; b) supply of uniforms and equipment; c) supply of carts, harnesses and camp kitchens; d) development of plans for
4475-432: Is the first deputy and replaces the People's Commissar in his absence. 14. Deputies of the People's Commissar of Defence are the closest and immediate assistants to the People's Commissar of Defence. The circle of their activities is determined by the people's commissar. 15. In the absence of the People's Commissar of Defense and his first deputy, the People's Commissar replaces one of the remaining deputies, as directed by
4654-564: The Albian deposits. Paleolithic flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed. In 1878, paleontologist Hermann Trautschold discovered the left flipper of an ichthyosaur near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named Undorosaurus trautscholdi , after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of
4833-741: The Moja Ulitsa (in English: My Street ) urban redevelopment program or the Residency renovation one. By its territorial expansion on 1 July 2012, southwest into the Moscow Oblast the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people. The annexed territory
5012-524: The Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled with water from Neglinnaya. Known as the Alevizov moat and with a length of 541 metres (1,775 feet), width of 36 metres (118 feet), and depth of 9.5 to 13 metres (31–43 feet) was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls. In the 16th and 17th centuries, three circular defenses were built: Kitay-gorod ,
5191-532: The Republic of Crimea . The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК ) , which is 3 hours ahead of UTC , or UTC+3 . Daylight saving time is no longer observed. According to the geographical longitude the average solar noon in Moscow occurs at 12:30. Moscow has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to
5370-616: The Wehrmacht and 650,000-1,280,000 for the Red Army. During the postwar years, there was a housing crisis, solved by the invention of high-rise apartments . There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing most of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings. Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory, before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film Irony of Fate parodies this construction method. The city of Zelenograd
5549-556: The "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts, are now marked by the Garden Ring . Three square gates existed on the east side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (after the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while
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5728-418: The 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century. Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi . The Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as
5907-432: The 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–97
6086-542: The 4th Cadet Battalion. People%27s Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union The People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union ( Russian : Народный комиссариат обороны Советского Союза , romanized : Narodnyy komissariat oborony Sovetskovo Soyuza ) was the highest military department of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946. In the 1920–1930s, the highest military authority of
6265-478: The BVOKU since 1939: A public organization of veterans called Commonwealth of BVOKU graduates is currently active and hosts meetings of alumni, commanders, teachers and family members, usually held on the anniversaries of the school. A museum of the history of the school is located on the premises of the Azerbaijan Higher Military School. A virtual museum of the BVOKU is on a website dedicated to
6444-511: The Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union [See note 2 to the text]. 28. The Chief of the General Staff is the direct and closest executor of instructions and orders of the People's Commissar of Defense and, in accordance with these instructions, combines the activities of all the departments of the People's Commissariat of Defense. 29. The chief of the General Staff signs the orders of
6623-546: The Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, the Main Military Council of the Red Army and the Higher Attestation Commission. 32. The Chief of the General Staff monitors the development and improvement of all branches of military affairs and the dissemination of military knowledge in the Red Army. 33. The Chief of the General Staff supervises the military scientific work of the General Staff,
6802-701: The General Staff Academy and the Mikhail Frunze Military Academy are subordinate to him. Chapter III. General Directorate of Military Air Forces 34. The Main Directorate of the Military Air Force is the central body of the People's Commissariat of Defense for the management of combat, political and technical training of the Red Army military air forces and for the material and technical supply of these troops. 35. The Main Directorate of
6981-639: The General Staff of the Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions, and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city, then driven off in the Battle of Moscow . Many factories were evacuated, together with much of
7160-421: The General Staff of the Red Army, theaters of operations and the entire territory of the Soviet Union for the use of air forces during the war; f) organization and management of the rear services of the military air forces; g) selection and registration of the commanding personnel of the military air forces and participation in its certification; h) accumulation and training of flight and technical personnel of
7339-595: The Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral. The Russian famine of 1601–03 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. Between 1610 and 1612, troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities led by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose against
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7518-519: The MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. In December 2002 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The Third Ring Road , intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at
7697-493: The Main Military Council of the Red Army is established by the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union. 19. The Main Military Council is entrusted with: a) consideration of the main issues on the organization and arrangement of ground and air forces of the Red Army, manning and mobilization training of the army, and questions on all areas of activity of the People's Commissariat of Defense, put up for discussion by
7876-410: The Military Air Force is entrusted with: a) directing the combat and political training of units of the military air forces; b) the management of military schools of the air forces; c) development of issues of organization and development of the military air forces of the Red Army and their use during the war; d) improvement of combat driving methods of aviation units; e) studying, as directed by
8055-564: The Military Chemical Defense is the central body of the People's Commissariat of Defense for the combat training of chemical forces, chemical training of all branches of the armed forces, and the supply of chemical weapons and property to units of the Red Army. 58. The Office of the Military Chemical Defense is entrusted with: a) military and chemical training of chemical troops, chemical training of all military branches; b) management of chemical military educational institutions of
8234-534: The Mongols under Batu Khan burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants. The timber fort na Moskvě "on the Moscow River" was inherited by Daniel , the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky , in the 1260s. Daniel was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, Yaroslav of Tver . Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in
8413-500: The People's Commissar annually by October 15 of a report on the state of combat training of troops; g) submission for approval to the People's Commissar of the annual plan for inspecting troops. 51. The combat training department consists of the following departments: a) combined arms training; b) the preparation of combined arms headquarters and military rear areas; c) program and methodological; d) infantry combat training; e) preparing an infantry stock; f) combat training of
8592-465: The People's Commissar of Defense; 18) The financial department under the People's Commissar of Defense; 19) Inspections at the People's Commissar of Defense: a) Inspection of infantry; b) Inspection of the cavalry; c) Inspection of artillery; d) Inspection of armored forces; e) Air Force Inspection; e) Inspection of engineering troops; g) Inspection of communications; 20) Military publishing house; 21) Management of military stud farms of
8771-455: The People's Commissar of Defense; b) consideration of new models of weapons and military equipment, as well as the weapons system of the Red Army; c) discussion of measures to train army personnel; d) discussion of draft laws to be submitted for approval by the Government. 20. Decisions of the Main Military Council are announced by orders of the People’s Commissariat of Defense. Section 3. Central departments, inspections and departments of
8950-429: The People's Commissar. Section 2. The Main Military Council of the Red Army 16. To consider the main issues of organization and organization, combat and mobilization training, weapons and technical equipment of the Red Army, the Main Military Council of the Red Army is formed. 17. The chairman of the Main Military Council of the Red Army is the People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union. 18. The composition of
9129-838: The People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union 21. The composition of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union includes: 1) General Staff of the Red Army; 2) The Main Directorate of Political Propaganda of the Red Army; 3) General Directorate of the Military Air Force; 4) Main Artillery Directorate; 5) Main Armored Directorate; 6) The main military engineering department; 7) The main quartermaster office; 8) Office of combat training; 9) Air Defense Administration; 10) Office of Communications; 11) Office of military chemical protection; 12) Fuel Supply Management; 13) Office of military schools; 14) Office of personnel; 15) Sanitary management; 16) Veterinary management; 17) Management of affairs under
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#17330855492939308-778: The Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them . In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty . The 17th century saw several risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682 . During the first half of the 17th century,
9487-663: The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union, the People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union merged with the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union into a single Union–Republican People's Commissariat of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union . Under this name, the central authority was designated in documents for less than a month, since in accordance with the Law of
9666-607: The Red Army Moscow Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia . The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia , with a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits, over 19.1 million residents in the urban area, and over 21.5 million residents in its metropolitan area . The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi), while
9845-410: The Red Army 68. The Sanitary Administration of the Red Army is the central body of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union for the management of the sanitary service in the Red Army. 69. The Sanitary Administration is entrusted with: a) combat and special training of the sanitary service; b) management of medical military educational institutions; c) selection and registration of
10024-489: The Red Army consists of departments: a) operational; b) intelligence; c) organizational; d) military communications; e) mobilization; e) rear services and supplies; g) staffing; g) military topographic departments: a) fortified areas; b) military-historical; c) personnel; d) economic. Note: The head of the Military Communications Directorate of the General Staff is simultaneously
10203-423: The Red Army is entrusted with: a) combat training of communications troops and all military branches on communications; b) the management of military educational institutions of communications; c) selection and accounting of the commanding staff of communications and participation in its certification; d) the development, at the direction of the General Staff, of proposals for the best use of communications for
10382-403: The Red Army, regulations, instructions and instructions on the combat and operational use of the armed forces of the Soviet Union, device and service of troops; e) the rules for the registration of military personnel and those liable for military service and the rules on the procedure for granting them deferrals and benefits on conscription; f) orders related to compulsory military service; g)
10561-543: The Red Army. 39. The main artillery directorate consists of the following departments: a) combat training of ground and anti-aircraft artillery; b) weapons of ground artillery; c) armament of anti-aircraft artillery; d) small arms; e) mortar weapons; e) warehouses and arsenals; g) repair; g) artillery personnel; h) artillery committee; departments: a) mechanical traction; b) mobilization planning; c) financial; d) military schools. Chapter V. The Main Armored Directorate 40. The Main Armored Directorate
10740-614: The Red Army. 45. The main military engineering department consists of the following departments: a) military engineering training; b) defensive construction; c) Military engineering supplies and stocks; d) departments: a) organizational and methodological; b) personnel; c) financial and d) administrative part. The Main Military Engineering Directorate has a Technical Council. Chapter VII. Main Quartermaster Office 46. The Main Quartermaster Office
10919-492: The Red Army. 59. The Office of Military Chemical Defense consists of the departments: a) combat training of chemical forces; b) combat training of the chemical service; c) organizational and staffing and combat use; d) mobilization planning; e) respiratory tract protection; e) skin protection; g) military and rear chemical machines; g) military chemicals and degassing; h) warehouses, bases, workshops and repairs; i) research; g) financial; k) personnel and k)
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#173308554929311098-532: The Red Army. 8. The People's Commissar of Defence enter representations in the Government on cases to be resolved in the highest bodies of state power and bodies of state administration. 9. People's Commissar of Defence of the Soviet Soviet Union: a) appoints and dismisses the commanding staff of the Red Army, and also enters, as appropriate, with representations to the Government on these issues; b) assigns military ranks to commanders, up to and including
11277-417: The Red Army; 22) The editors and publishers of the central organ of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union of the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda. Chapter I. General Staff of the Red Army 22. The General Staff of the Red Army is the central governing body of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union for the preparation and use of ground and air armed forces of the Soviet Union for
11456-479: The Red Army; c) selection and registration of the commanding composition of chemical forces and participation in its certification; d) development, at the direction of the General Staff, of proposals for the use of chemical troops and improvement of their combat employment methods; e) drawing up a plan of orders for chemical weapons and placing orders in industry; f) consideration and testing of new samples of military chemical weapons; g) development of plans for
11635-436: The Red Army; inspections: a) for fire protection; b) boiler supervision in the Red Army; branches: a) secret b) administrative. Chapter VIII. Red Army Combat Training Directorate 49. The Combat Training Directorate of the Red Army is the central body of the People’s Commissariat of Defense for the management of all branches of combat training of infantry and airborne troops (personnel troops and reserve), as well as
11814-420: The Red Army; j) construction of quartermaster warehouses; k) storage and accounting of food, clothing and economic property; l) the development of staffs, timesheets and norms of food, clothing and welfare supplies; m) the management of the development, consideration and testing of new models of military-economic supply; n) the development of manuals, instructions and manuals for the commissary service and
11993-413: The Red Army; – training and accounting personnel of the command and rank and file; – leadership, on the basis of the Law, of the initial and pre-conscription training of students; – providing pensions and benefits to personnel of the Red Army; – accounting for military stock; – accounting of all types of transport, horse and harness to be trained by the Red Army for mobilization; – verification of
12172-399: The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic/Soviet Union was called the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs . On June 20, 1934, the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs of the Soviet Union was transformed into the All-Union People's Commissariat for Defence of the Soviet Union. On December 30, 1937, the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union
12351-451: The Soviet Union of March 15, 1946 on the transformation of the Councils of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Union Republics into Councils of Ministers, it was renamed the Ministry of Armed Forces of the Soviet Union . On February 25, 1947, in accordance with the aforementioned decisions, amendments were made to the Constitution of the Soviet Union. The printing organ of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs in
12530-416: The Soviet Union. 5. The People's Commissar of Defence is appointed and dismissed by the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union. 6. The People's Commissar of Defence is a member of the Committee of Defence under the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union. 7. The People's Commissar of Defence is responsible for the state of combat, political and mobilization readiness of the ground and air forces of
12709-430: The Soviet Union; g) selection and accounting of commanding staff of the quartermaster service and participation in its certification; h) management of quartermaster military educational institutions; i) the preparation of a plan for the procurement of food and fodder and a plan for orders for clothing and wagon-economic property and placing orders in industry; j) management of boiler supervision and fire protection in
12888-643: The US and other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by conservative communists opposed to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev . When the USSR was dissolved in 1991, Moscow remained the capital of the Russian Federation . Since then, a market economy has emerged, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. The city continued to grow during
13067-602: The White City and the Earthen City. However, in 1547, fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow , burning everything except the Kremlin. The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived. The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but were held back by new walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon . In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers
13246-399: The accumulation of mobilization reserves of these funds; g) the construction of communications; h) storage and accounting of communications; i) research work on communications and telemechanics and conducting field and military tests of communications equipment; g) the development of staffs, time sheets, and standards for supplying the army with communications and special equipment; j)
13425-616: The actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City . The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road were incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the Summer Olympic Games , which were boycotted by
13604-453: The airborne troops; g) combined arms and infantry charters; g) planning material support for combat training; h) the general part. Chapter IX. Air Defense Administration 51. The Air Defense Administration is the central body of the People's Commissar of Defense for organizing air defense in the Red Army and for inspecting, on instructions from the Government, the preparations for the local Air Defense. 52. The Air Defense Administration
13783-507: The ancient " Novgorod Chronicle " and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime. The original Moscow Kremlin was built in the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from Renaissance Italy , such as Petrus Antonius Solarius , who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower
13962-418: The armed forces of foreign states; e) the development of plans for the organization of the armed forces and the mobilization deployment scheme of the Red Army; e) the development of instructions for driving army formations; g) the development of general assumptions for the large maneuvers of the Red Army; h) the development of measures for the military mobilization of the Red Army; i) the organization of
14141-475: The army and the departments of the People's Commissariat of Defense, in accordance with the instructions of the People's Commissar of Defense. 30. The chief of the General Staff leads the development of plans for preparation for war and combines the work of the headquarters of the military districts in this regard. 31. The Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army is a member of the Defense Committee under
14320-474: The basis of economic calculation and approval of their charters. 3. The People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union publishes: a) the orders of the People's Commissar for the Army for leadership of the Red Army; b) the orders of the People's Commissar of Defense to manage the activities of the People’s Commissariat of Defense; c) the orders of the People's Commissar for the army; d) combat regulations of
14499-663: The capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . When the Tsardom of Russia was proclaimed, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. Under the reign of Peter the Great , the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of Saint Petersburg in 1712, decreasing Moscow's influence. Following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Russian SFSR ,
14678-499: The capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, where it later became the political center of the Soviet Union . In the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Moscow remained the capital city of the newly established Russian Federation. The northernmost and coldest megacity in the world, Moscow is governed as a federal city , where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe . As an alpha world city , Moscow has one of
14857-405: The central body of the People's Commissariat of Defense in charge of the combat and technical training of artillery of the Red Army and supplying it with artillery weapons. 38. The Main Artillery Directorate is entrusted with: a) combat training of ground and anti-aircraft artillery troops and aeronautical units; b) the management of artillery military schools; c) selection and registration of
15036-474: The chief of military communications of the Red Army and the head of the railway troops, and the head of the Military Topographic Directorate is the head of the military topographic units. Chapter II. Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army 26. The head of the General Staff of the Red Army is the chief of the General Staff. 27. The Chief of the General Staff is appointed and dismissed by
15215-441: The city and −30 °C (−22 °F) in the suburbs to above 5 °C (41 °F) in the winter, and from 10 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F) in the summer. Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F), but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes for
15394-498: The city. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656. The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648. In 1712 Peter the Great moved his government to the newly built Saint Petersburg on the Baltic coast. After losing the status as capital, the population at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750,
15573-475: The colonel; c) represent the commanding staff for the appropriation of general ranks; d) represents the personnel of the army for awarding orders and medals. 10. The People's Commissar of Defence is the manager of loans of the People's Commissariat of Defence, according to the Law. 11. In extraordinary circumstances, the People’s Commissar of Defence resolves issues subject to the supreme authority, if
15752-441: The combined arms training of all the combat arms. 50. The Combat Training Directorate is entrusted with: a) verification of combat training of military units; b) the study and generalization of the combat and training experience of our and foreign armies, the experience of using new tactics and new weapons and improving all branches of combat training of troops; c) monitoring the correct use of combat manuals and instructions in
15931-450: The commanding artillery personnel and participation in its certification; d) supply of troops with artillery weapons of all kinds; e) the development, at the direction of the General Staff, of proposals for the use of artillery formations and artillery means and for improving the methods of combat employment of artillery in the Red Army; f) drawing up a plan of orders for artillery weapons and placing orders in industry; g) management of
16110-524: The commanding composition of the engineering troops and participation in its certification; d) preparation, at the direction of the General Staff, of military theaters in fortification, camouflage, energy, hydraulic engineering, hydrogeological and road-building relations and the preparation of directories and descriptions of them; e) defensive construction of fortified areas, construction of barracks and communications in fortified areas; f) preparation of projects and estimates for defensive construction; g)
16289-411: The commanding composition of the frame and stock and the management of this accounting on the ground; b) the study and selection of the commanding staff of all military branches (except for the air force, political personnel, artillery, engineering troops, communications, armored, medical and veterinary); c) report to the People’s Commissar of Defense of issues: 1) on the appointment and relocation of
16468-465: The commanding staff of the sanitary service and participation in its certification; d) development of a plan for the supply and accumulation of mobilization reserves for the sanitary service; e) development of measures for medical, medical-evacuation, anti-epidemic and sanitary-chemical services of the Red Army for wartime; f) the construction of sanitary warehouses and sanitary medical institutions; g) storage and accounting of sanitary property; g)
16647-620: The commanding staff; 2) on the appropriation of military ranks to the personnel and personnel reserve; 3) on awarding the commanding staff with orders and medals; 4) on rewarding the commanding staff with badges; 5) on the appointment of pensions and benefits to the commanding staff and their families; 67. The personnel management of the Red Army consists of the departments: a) combined arms; b) military schools (combined arms); c) organizational and mobilization; d) accounting and statistics; e) on assignment, ranks, awards and pensions; e) general. Chapter XV. Sanitary Administration of
16826-433: The compilation of a consolidated annual plan of orders of the People’s Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union for all types of weapons, technical and material supplies; n) leadership in the development of operational and tactical missions to improve weapons and technical means of combat; o) leadership of the military topographic service in the Red Army; p) the supply of troops with cards in peacetime and wartime; c)
17005-680: The conduct of military training of citizens in the institutions of the Society for the Promotion of Defence, Aviation and Chemical Construction, the Russian Red Cross Society, civilian people's commissariats and other central institutions of the Soviet Union; – fulfillment of the Government’s tasks on organizing the air defence of the Soviet Union, inspecting the preparations for the local air defense of air defence points and objects, and checking
17184-408: The construction of engineering warehouses and landfills; g) storage and accounting of engineering property; j) management of the development, review and testing of new types of engineering weapons; k) the development of staffs, timesheets and standards of engineering weapons and supplies; l) the development of charters, manuals, instructions and manuals for the engineer troops and their supply to
17363-859: The construction of gas depots and gas depots; g) storage and accounting of fuels and lubricants; g) the development of staffs, timesheets and fuel consumption standards; h) the development of manuals, instructions and teaching aids for the fuel supply service and the supply of them to the Red Army. 62. The fuel supply department consists of the following departments: a) mobilization; b) supply and operation of fuels and lubricants; c) supply and operation of containers pumping and refueling, and means of transportation of fuel; d) operation of warehouses of fuels and lubricants; e) scientific and technical; e) financial; g) capital construction of warehouses; branches: a) training and accounting personnel; b) accumulation, refreshment and accounting of mobilization reserves of fuels and lubricants; c) secret and d)
17542-560: The course of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) . These new outskirts became known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda , after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine". The entire city of the late 17th century are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug . Numerous disasters befell
17721-513: The defense of the country. 23. The General Staff of the Red Army is entrusted with: a) the development of plans for war and the operational use of ground and air armed forces and equipment; b) the development of tasks for the operational preparation of theaters of operations in all respects; c) the development of tasks for the operational preparation and use of communications in wartime; d) collection and processing of military-statistical materials and information on theaters of operations and on
17900-905: The destruction during the French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the centre. Among many buildings constructed, or reconstructed, was the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury , the Moscow University , the Moscow Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre . The Arbat Street had been in existence since at least
18079-431: The development of charters, manuals, instructions and manuals for the Air Defense Forces and their supply to the Red Army. 53. The Air Defense Directorate consists of the following departments: a) organizational and mobilization; b) Air Defense Services; c) air defense; d) air surveillance, alerts and communications; e) local defense; e) personnel; g) planning and financial; g) export-technical [see note 3 to
18258-468: The development of charters, manuals, instructions and textbooks of manuals for the military air forces and supply them with parts of the Red Army; r) monitoring, at the direction of the Government, the development and training of the civil air fleet, in accordance with its mobilization mission. 36. The Main Directorate of the Military Air Forces of the Red Army consists of: 1) The headquarters of
18437-461: The development of charters, manuals, regulations, instructions and training manuals for communications troops and the supply of them to the Red Army; k) monitoring, as directed by the Government, the construction of civilian radio stations, the operation of civilian broadcasting and other radio stations both in peacetime and in wartime; l) the distribution, as directed by the Government, of wave ranges for all military and civilian radio stations; m)
18616-471: The development of issues to combat radio interference; n) organization and management of the postal service. 56. The Communications Directorate of the Red Army consists of the following departments: a) combat training; b) operational-technical; c) mobilization planning; d) telephone and telegraph weapons; e) radio weapons; e) special equipment; g) warehouses and workshops; g) personnel; h) financial; i) scientific and technical committee d)
18795-612: The development of staffs, timesheets and sanitary standards; h) the development of manuals, instructions and training aids for the sanitary service and their supply to the Red Army. 70. Sanitary management consists of departments: a) organizational and mobilization; b) medical; c) sanitary and epidemic; d) health resort and child care facilities; e) personnel; e) medical training and health promotion; g) supply; g) financial; h) departments: a) scientific publishing and inventions; b) toxicological and sanitary-chemical protection; c) secret; d) administrative. Note: There
18974-417: The development, at the direction of the General Staff, of proposals for the combat use of engineer troops and for the improvement of methods for their combat use; g) drawing up a plan of orders for engineering weapons, engineering equipment and placing these orders in industry; h) development of plans for the supply and accumulation of mobilization stocks of engineering weapons and engineering equipment; i)
19153-462: The development, review and testing of new models of artillery weapons; g) development of plans for the supply and accumulation of mobilization reserves of artillery weapons; h) the construction of artillery warehouses and ranges; i) storage and accounting of artillery property; g) the development of staffs, timesheets and artillery weapons standards; j) the development of charters, manuals, instructions and manuals on artillery and their supply to
19332-432: The direction of the Government, of a list of settlements of the threatened zone of the territory of the Soviet Union, classified as "air defense points"; g) determination of the deadlines for the readiness of measures of local Air Defense in points and objects of Air Defense in the first and second zones of Air Defense; g) development and submission to the Government for approval through the People's Commissar of Defense of
19511-456: The end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude – such as parts of Eastern Canada or Siberia – have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from −25 °C (−13 °F) in
19690-611: The end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 letters were written to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar". Stalin rejected this suggestion. During World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and
19869-487: The expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor , was officially introduced, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor. When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as
20048-430: The following departments: a) combat training of armored forces; b) Armored; c) Autotractor; d) Operation and repair of armored and tractor fleets; departments: a) mobilization planning; b) personnel; c) financial; d) the general and secret parts. Chapter VI. Main Military Engineering Directorate 43. The Main Military Engineering Directorate is the central organ of the People's Commissariat of Defense for
20227-511: The fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion. Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour . In 2010s Moscow's Administration has launched some long duration projects like
20406-419: The general (secret) part. Chapter XII. Red Army Fuel Supply Administration 60. The Directorate of Fuel Supply of the Red Army is the central body of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union for the supply of the Red Army with all types of fuel and lubricants. 61. The Fuel Supply Administration is entrusted with: a) combat training of the rear organs for the supply of fuels and lubricants and
20585-455: The general part. Chapter XIII. Department of military educational institutions of the Red Army 63. The Directorate of Military Educational Institutions of the Red Army is the central body of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union for the programmatic and methodical management of infantry military schools and infantry improvement courses for the chief of staff and reserve. 64. The Department of Military Educational Institutions
20764-546: The government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be in a siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On 1 May 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted. German and Soviet casualties during the battle have been debated, as sources provide different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for
20943-768: The greenest cities in the world. The city's name is thought to be derived from the Moskva River . Theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed. The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root * mŭzg -/ muzg - from the Proto-Indo-European * meu - "wet", so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or marsh. Its cognates include Russian : музга , muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian : mazgoti and Latvian : mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit : májjati "to drown", Latin : mergō "to dip, immerse". In many Slavic countries Moskov
21122-660: The headquarters bands of the 4th Army and the Baku Air Defense District . The band was responsible for accompanying cadets with music at events such as morning assemblies, parades and pass outs of cadets . It also often participated in the review of bands in the Transcaucasian Military District in Tbilisi . The band dormitory and studio was located at the BUO (Training Support Battalion). The following have led
21301-408: The inspectorate; f) the general (secret) part. Chapter XIV. Office of the Red Army 65. The personnel management of the Red Army is the central body of the People’s Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union for staffing the Red Army with commanding staff and accumulating a reserve of commanding staff. 66. The Personnel Department is entrusted with: a) quantitative and qualitative accounting of
21480-442: The interaction of land, sea and air forces in wartime and for the preparation of the rear and theaters of operations with regard to communications; e) drawing up a plan of orders for communications and telemechanical equipment and placing orders in industry; f) consideration and testing of new models of communications and special equipment; g) the development of plans to supply the army with communications and special equipment and
21659-427: The latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва , Moskva , which is a result of morphological generalization with the numerous Slavic ā -stem nouns . The form Moskovĭ has left traces in other languages, including English: Moscow ; German : Moskau ; French : Moscou ; Portuguese : Moscou, Moscovo ; and Spanish : Moscú . Moscow has acquired epithets , such as The Third Rome . Moscow
21838-456: The leadership of the combat, mobilization and political training of the ground and air forces of the Red Army and their operational use in wartime. The People's Commissariat of Defence is entrusted with: – development and submission for approval by the Government of the Soviet Union of plans for organizing and arming the Red Army; – development of plans for the defence of the country and the operational use of ground and air forces and means and
22017-417: The leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet). Teplostan Upland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet). The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD ) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi). Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of European Russia , Belarus and
22196-418: The local Air Defense of the points and objects of the Air Defense and checking the state of combat readiness of these points, regardless of their departmental affiliation; e) determination, according to the instructions of the Government, of the border of the part of the territory of the Soviet Union threatened by air attacks, as well as the borders of the first and second air defense zones; f) compilation, at
22375-459: The majority of Moscow's indigenous population. The first known reference to Moscow was in 1147, as a meeting place of Yuri Dolgorukiy and Sviatoslav Olgovich . At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. In 1156, Dolgorukiy fortified the town by creating a wooden wall; this structure became the Kremlin. In the course of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' ,
22554-402: The management of combat and technical training of engineer troops and for strengthening the land borders of the Soviet Union. 44. The Main Military Engineering Directorate is entrusted with: a) combat training of engineering troops and engineering training of all combat arms; b) the management of engineering military educational institutions of the Red Army; c) selection and registration of
22733-463: The management of the conscription of the Red Army and the dismissal of those who have served in the military. 24. The General Staff of the Red Army issues: a) the orders of the Chief of the General Staff given in pursuance of the instructions of the People's Commissar of Defense; b) instructions, instructions and guidelines on the activities of the General Staff of the Red Army. 25. The General Staff of
22912-519: The medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory sevenfold, from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometres (170,000 to 1,080,000 square miles). He took control of
23091-400: The military air forces; 2) Management: a) combat training; b) operation and military repair; c) personnel; d) military educational institutions; e) aerodrome service; f) aircraft orders; g) orders of motors; h) orders of weapons and ammunition; i) communications orders; j) supplies; k) repair. Chapter IV. Main Artillery Directorate 37. The Main Artillery Directorate is
23270-500: The moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto . The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway , was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as Peterburskoye Schosse after it
23449-486: The mobilization readiness of industry, the central institutions of the Soviet Union and public organizations; – the production of military geodesic, military topographic and military aerial photographs throughout the Soviet Union; – the establishment, on the basis of the Law, of a regime for citizens living in areas of fortified areas, military depots, training grounds and military airfields; – development of military legislation; – organization of enterprises operating on
23628-589: The most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo . Afterward, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and Siberia , and parts of many other lands. In 1462 Ivan III became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of
23807-472: The name is reconstructed as * Москы , * Mosky , hence it was one of a few Slavic ū -stem nouns . As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written references in the 12th century were Московь , Moskovĭ ( accusative case ), Москви , Moskvi ( locative case ), Москвe/Москвѣ , Moskve/Moskvě ( genitive case ). From
23986-591: The only ceremonial units in Baku were an army and navy guard, a motorcycle detachment, and a military band . The uniform of the unit was based on that of the 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment in Moscow . Its first commander was Major S. Akopdzhanyan. It had participated in the welcoming ceremonies of the leaders of Turkey , Iran , Senegal (Prime Minister Mamadou Dia ) and Egypt at Binah Airport (now Heydar Aliyev International Airport) . It also took part in
24165-457: The organization of the rear and material support of the Red Army; – the organization of ground and air forces of the Red Army, in accordance with the instructions of the Government; – combat training of troops; – political education of the personnel of the Red Army; – leadership in the implementation of measures to train personnel of the Red Army, both personnel and stock, rank-and-file and commanding personnel; – setting goals and monitoring
24344-584: The part of the General Staff was the Military Affairs magazine. The central organ of the People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union to educate the commanding and rank-and-file staff of the Red Army, to promote combat training tasks and to develop advanced military thought was the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper . Regulation on the People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union [See note 1 to
24523-428: The placement of these orders in industry; m) the development of plans for the supply of military air forces in time of war and the accumulation of mobilization reserves; n) the construction of aviation depots, airfields and scientific research institutions of the air force; o) the development of staffs, timesheets and standards for aviation weapons; p) storage and accounting of all aviation technical equipment; c)
24702-424: The population doubled from 100,000 to 200,000, and it expanded beyond its ramparts in the latter part of the century. In the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , being driven from their homeland by Muscovite invaders. By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted from their hometowns in
24881-523: The population grew tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The 1770–1772 Russian plague killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow. By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In 1730, permanent street lights were introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow
25060-491: The power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother Dmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod . From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir . Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel. Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as
25239-599: The preparation of means for pumping, refueling and transportation; b) selection and registration of the commanding staff of the fuel supply service and participation in its certification; c) development, at the direction of the General Staff, of a plan for the accumulation of mobilization reserves and mobilization training of the Red Army for the supply of fuel; d) drawing up plans for orders for fuels and lubricants, means of mechanized pumping, transportation and placing orders in industry; e) consideration and testing of new samples of means for pumping and transporting fuel; f)
25418-412: The rear and material support of the Red Army both in peacetime and in wartime; j) planning military transport in peacetime and wartime; k) the development of mobilization requests to the people's commissariats, the central institutions of the Soviet Union and industry for providing the Red Army with wartime resources; l) the deployment of storage facilities for mobilization reserves; m) management of
25597-421: The resolution of these issues cannot be postponed without prejudice to state interests. Chapter III. Deputies People's Commissar of Defence 12. Deputies of the People's Commissar of Defence are appointed and dismissed by the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and report directly to the People's Commissar of Defence of the Soviet Union. 13. One of the deputies of the People's Commissar of Defence
25776-494: The rules for keeping records of vehicles, horses and harnesses belonging to departments and the population, which are to be supplied by the Red Army for mobilization. Chapter II. People's Commissar of Defence of the Soviet Union 4. At the head of the People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union is the People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union, who is also the Commander-in-Chief of all ground and air forces of
25955-607: The school was formally disbanded as a result of the collapse of the Soviet government and the following year, was replaced by the Azerbaijan Higher Military Academy . The cadets of the 1988, 1989, and 1990 school years were sent for graduation to other general military schools of the Russian Federation . It has a history of participating in military parades in Azerbaijan . Its last International Workers Day Parade
26134-753: The school was given the honorific of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR . In the 1980s, during the period of hostilities of the limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan , mountain and airborne training of cadets was introduced in the BVOKU. In 1987, the Ministry of Defense suggested that the school be closed and its cadets be sent to other parts of the country, which resulted in cadets rioting throughout its premises, which only stopped after Azerbaijani Politburo member Heydar Aliyev intervened. In 1991,
26313-502: The secret part and j) the general part. Note: The communications commander of the Red Army is directly subordinated to: communications units of the High Command reserve, communications center of the People's Commissariat of Defense, research and testing institute of communications and special equipment, central dog breeding school, and central communications warehouses. Chapter XI. Office of Military Chemical Defense 57. The Office of
26492-574: The sediments from which the specimen was taken to be Kimmeridgian , but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the Tithonian age of the Jurassic period. Albian foraminifera and ammonites also known from the Moscow deposits. Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the Orlov Museum of Paleontology and Vernadsky State Geological Museum . According to
26671-579: The sole collector of taxes for the Mongol rulers, making Moscow the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal . By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan . While the Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of
26850-399: The state of combat readiness of these points and objects, regardless of their departmental affiliation; – military zoning of the Red Army; – deployment and movement of troops; – carrying out, on the basis of the Law, calls of citizens of the Soviet Union for serving active military service and training camps; – scheduling diseases and physical disabilities, according to which the drafted
27029-438: The stock of military air forces, in accordance with decisions of the Government; i) supply of military air forces with aviation and aeronautical assets; j) management of technical operation and organization of repair of the aircraft materiel; k) guidance on the improvement of aircraft, engines and special equipment; l) development of a plan of orders for aircraft, engines, aircraft weapons, special property and equipment, and
27208-508: The study, at the direction of the General Staff, of the theaters of operations with a view to using armored formations on them; e) the development, at the direction of the General Staff, of proposals for the use of armored forces and for the improvement of combat driving methods of armored forces; f) drawing up a plan of orders for armored weapons and placing these orders in industry; g) consideration and testing of new models of combat vehicles and armored vehicles; g) development of plans for
27387-439: The suburbs it is about −8.3 °C (17.1 °F). The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights. Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of global warming , though by definition, climate change
27566-432: The supply and accumulation of mobilization reserves of armored vehicles; h) the construction of armored warehouses and landfills; i) storage and accounting of armored property; g) the development of the states, timesheets and standards for armored vehicles; j) the development of charters, manuals, instructions and manuals for armored forces and their supply to the Red Army. 42. The main armored directorate consists of
27745-412: The supply and accumulation of mobilization stocks of chemical weapons, materials and means of chemical protection; g) the construction of chemical warehouses and landfills; h) storage and accounting of chemical weapons and property; i) development of staffs, timesheets and chemical weapons standards; d) drawing up charters, manuals, instructions and manuals for chemical troops and supplying them with
27924-552: The supply and accumulation of mobilization stocks of food, clothing and wagon-economic property; e) housing allowance of troops; f) registration of housing funds of the People’s Commissariat of Defense; g) drawing up a plan of non-defensive construction for the Red Army and monitoring the implementation of this plan by the Main Construction Directorate of the Armed Forces under the Council of People's Commissars of
28103-466: The supply of units and institutions of the Red Army; 48. The main quartermaster office consists of controls: a) food supply; b) clothing supplies; c) Economic and economic supply; d) Housing-exploitation; e) the Technical Committee; departments: a) mobilization planning; b) organizational; c) personnel; d) warehouses and vehicles; e) on the organization of trade for units of
28282-568: The text] Section 1 Chapter I. People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union 1. The People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union, in accordance with Article 77 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, is the All-Union People's Commissariat of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 2. The People's Defense Commissariat of the Soviet Union is concentrating on
28461-444: The text]; h) the general (secret) part. Chapter X. Office of Communications of the Red Army 54. The Communications Directorate of the Red Army is the central authority of the People's Commissariat of Defense for the management of combat training of the communications troops, for the organization of official communications in the Red Army and for the supply of communications assets to troops. 55. The Communications Administration of
28640-401: The total scope and nature of the activities of the local Air Defense, to be carried out at points and at the objects of Air Defense in the first and second zones of Air Defense; h) the organization, at the direction of the Government, of the air surveillance, warning and communication service and the provision of timely notification of air danger to the local Air Defense service; i) drawing up
28819-487: The training and advanced training of the faculty of military academies; i) the supply of higher education institutions with material and technical means, teaching aids and military equipment; g) the development of manuals, instructions, teaching aids for higher education institutions of the Red Army. The management of military educational institutions consists of the following departments: a) educational; b) academic; c) personnel; d) organizational and planning; e)
28998-453: The troops; d) the development of new and correction of existing combined arms and infantry combat manuals and manuals, as well as military training programs; e) providing combat training of troops with monetary and material means; f) submission to the People’s Commissar of Defense of conclusions on annual attestations for combined arms generals, as well as for senior officers represented for appointment to senior positions; g) submission to
29177-436: The urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi), and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi). Moscow is among the world's largest cities , being the most populous city in its entirety in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent. First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to serve as
29356-501: The visit of Leonid Brezhnev to Baku in 1982 and ruby jubilee celebrations of Victory Day in 1985. In 1965, the unit had the honor to represent the academy by opening a military parade for the first time. The band of the school ( Russian : Оркестр БВОКУ ) consisted in the early 60s of 25 musicians, which was around the national average at the time for Russian military bands . Most of the band were active duty servicemen, with around two-fifths being students. Many were also members of
29535-597: The wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put it back on the agenda. In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed. In November 1917, upon learning of the uprising in Petrograd , Moscow's Bolsheviks began their uprising . On 2 November (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, Soviet power
29714-405: The world's largest urban economies . The city is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations and is one of Europe's most visited cities . Moscow has the second-highest number of billionaires of any city (tied with Hong Kong ). The Moscow International Business Center is one of the largest financial centers in the world and features the majority of Europe's tallest skyscrapers . Moscow
29893-459: Was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on 29 July 2010, during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves . Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022. The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020
30072-563: Was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600. A trading settlement, or posad , grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as Zaradye . In the time of Ivan III, the Red Square , originally named the Hollow Field appeared. In 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect
30251-498: Was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along with the Leningradskoye Shosse , and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs . Moscow State University moved to its campus on Sparrow Hills in 1953. In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign . Of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On 8 May 1965, due to
30430-470: Was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery. Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing primogeniture , whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons. By 1304, Yury of Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of Vladimir . Ivan I eventually defeated Tver to become
30609-569: Was detached from it. On February 1, 1944, in connection with the adoption of the Law of the Soviet Union on the creation of military formations of the Union republics, the People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union was transformed from the All–Union People's Commissariat into the Union–Republican. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic has created its own People's Commissariat of Defence. On February 25, 1946, by decree of
30788-507: Was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy , Danilov , Simonov , Novospasskiy , and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya ,
30967-421: Was established in Moscow. Vladimir Lenin , fearing invasion, moved the capital back to Moscow on 12 March 1918. The Kremlin once again became the seat of power, political centre of the new state. With the change in values imposed by communist ideology , the tradition of preserving cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks, were disbanded by
31146-650: Was in 1960. In 1965, the school, alongside the Tbilisi Higher Artillery Command School , opened a parade in Tbilisi (the capital of the Georgian SSR ) in honor of the 20th anniversary of the end of the Second World War . During the 1967 October Revolution Day Parade on Lenin Square , the school was represented by the guard of honor of its 4th Cadet Battalion. In October 1970, the school, opened
31325-559: Was officially named Новая Москва (New Moscow). Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River , which flows for just over 500 km (311 mi) through the East European Plain in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest- steppe zone. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where
31504-438: Was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov . Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built. When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. The Moscow fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's Grande Armée was forced to retreat and nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter. In 1813, following
31683-443: Was recognized as one of the best according to the results of the All-Army review contest dedicated to the diamond jubilee of the Great October Socialist Revolution . In 1980, the school was awarded the Memorial Red Banner of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan following the results of a socialist competition in honor of the 110th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Lenin . The 4th cadet battalion maintained
31862-454: Was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by several streets called val ("ramparts"). In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across
32041-423: Was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics and one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The city contains several UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is known for its display of Russian architecture , particularly in areas such as the Red Square and buildings such as the Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Moscow Kremlin , the latter of which is the seat of power of the Government of Russia . Moscow
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