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67-445: The Bajío (the lowland ) is a cultural and geographical region within the central Mexican plateau which roughly spans from northwest of Mexico City to the main silver mines in the northern-central part of the country. This includes (from south to north) the states of Querétaro , Guanajuato , parts of Jalisco (Centro, Los Altos de Jalisco ), Aguascalientes and parts of Zacatecas , San Luis Potosí and Michoacán . Located at

134-696: A Ford plant. Bajío Shimbun is a monthly, Japanese-language newspaper founded in June 2015. The first Japanese consulate was inaugurated in January 2016 in León to serve the Bajío region. As of 2017 there were 1143 Japanese, 294 United-Statesians and 200 Spanish legal immigrants in Aguascalientes according to the immigration authorities, although the total number of immigrants is thought to be much higher. In 2015, authorities reported

201-479: A crownpiece of double buckskin and metal, and into his chest, so he fell with the horse dead on the ground ‘this was seen by many who are still living’ (Powell 48). The Chichimeca were nomadic making them very mobile and experts of the rough vegetation filled (mostly cactus) land in which they always looked for hiding spots. “His long use of the food native to the Gran Chichimeca gave him far greater mobility than

268-495: A detour would be very lengthy. Within "The Path of Hell" the most ferocious attacks took place. Ancient Guachichil murals of the region paint the indigenous accounts of these events. The chieftain of the tribe was also the military leader. The Spaniards observed that they attacked in gangs of few members who differed from the other Chichimecas by painting their heads and hair red. They attacked their enemies warlike with obsidian swords, spears, darts, and arrows. They first selected

335-617: A hub for the national industrial market, because it naturally sits between Mexico's three main cities: Mexico City to the south, Guadalajara to the west and Monterrey to the northeast. The region has attracted foreign companies due to its relative proximity to the United States, second only in American manufacturing plants to the Mexico-US border. Faster access to port cities such as Manzanillo , Tampico and Veracruz compared to border cities

402-565: A shower of arrows. The political organization of the Guachichiles was very rudimentary when the Spanish arrived. It was patriarchal and consisted of the most powerful warrior who managed to overthrow the chief who ruled at that time would be the chief. If he failed to overthrow the chief, he separated from the tribe with some families and settled elsewhere. Although tribes could also unite and thus become more powerful through inter-tribal marriages. At

469-730: A snake", guani "like", in turn it can be associated with the Maratino "niwa / chigger" of equal meaning. The frequent ending -amé can be associated with the Coahuilteco "am é" used to create participles and adjectives, -le in Comecrudo and -né in Quinigua. As of 2023, the Guachichil Nation, centered in San Luís Potosí, Mexico, (composed of many affiliated Guachichil groups spread across Mexico and

536-440: A total of 6230 legally-registered immigrants in the state of Querétaro , most of them from the United States, Spain, Colombia, South Korea, Germany, Cuba, France, Canada, Japan and Venezuela. Now archetypal in the development plans of the local governments, these business partnerships with multinational corporations have been criticized for exploiting Mexico's weak labor laws and low wages, lacking long-term potential of benefiting

603-702: Is also attractive for Asian and European markets. The main investor was Japan, although the United States, South Korea, Germany, France, Italy and Spain also have important presence in the area. It is estimated that, by 2016, Asian foreign direct investment totaled over 1.5 billion dollars. Guanajuato ( León-Silao and Celaya ) hosts General Motors , Pirelli , Honda , Toyota , Mazda , Denso , Mitsubishi , and Sumitomo plants. Aguascalientes hosts Nissan , Renault , Mercedes , Yazaki and Jatco plants. Querétaro hosts Mitsubishi , Samsung , Bombardier and Safran plants. San Luis Potosí hosts BMW and Yazaki . The State of Mexico ( Cuautitlán Izcalli ) hosts

670-556: Is best remembered from the Chichimeca nations, the name given by the Mexicas to a group of indigenous chiefdoms without clear states, boundaries or dwelling places, who inhabited the center and north of the country, such as Guachichiles , Guamares , Pames , Tecuexes , among others. By 1536 the Spanish and the Otomí leader Conín had founded the multi-ethnic city of Santiago de Querétaro . On

737-599: Is unique to the region, particularly along the flood plains of the Lerma and the Laja Rivers. The Bajío Culture flourished from 300 to 650 CE , with cultural centers ranging from El Cóporo in the far north of Guanajuato to Plazuelas in the far southwest. More than 1,400 sites have been discovered throughout the state of Guanajuato, with only the sites of Cañada de la Virgen , El Cóporo , Peralta , and Plazuelas having received extensive study. The Bajio from pre-Columbian times

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804-743: The Basin and Range Province , which in turn is part of the Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division. In phytogeography , the Sonoran Desert is within the Sonoran Floristic Province of the Madrean Region in southwestern North America , part of the Holarctic realm of the northern Western Hemisphere . While the plateau stretches from north to south, the southern east-west arc of

871-630: The Mexica ; from the nahuatl kua-itl (head) and chichil-tic (red), meaning "heads painted red". Practically nothing is known about the language of Guachichil (just two words survived ). Wick Miller hypothesized that it was based on Uto-Aztecan languages , but there is no evidence for this. Rosa Herminia Yáñez Rosales  [ es ] suggests that it was closer to other Chichimeca languages, like Zacateco , Chichimeco Jonaz , and Guamare . The structural and morphological information can only be guessed from proper names and place names . Guachichil

938-683: The Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) through the states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Durango , Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí . Various narrow, isolated ridges cross the Mesa del Norte and numerous depressions also dot the region, the largest of which is the Bolsón de Mapimí . The Río Bravo del Norte and its tributary, the Río Conchos , drain portions of the northern plateau, and the Río Pánuco and its tributaries drain

1005-607: The Siege of Querétaro . Maximilian of Austria (emperor of Mexico) was captured, tried and sentenced, being shot on June 19 at Cerro de las Campanas, along with the Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía . In the Bajío in April 1915, during the Mexican Revolution , General Álvaro Obregón provoked decisive battles against Pancho Villa , whose troops lost in June that year outside

1072-510: The University of Guanajuato (1732) and the University of Guadalajara (1792) can be traced back to this era. The war that led to the independence of New Spain has roots in its academic life, mainly in the classrooms of the Jesuits and Oratorians of the Bajío. In urban centers since the end of the 18th century, conspiracies were organized, and from 1810 onwards insurgents emerged who supported

1139-539: The 16th to 19th centuries ). Valladolid (today Morelia), Guadalajara , among other cities were often founded with the goal to contain the "barbarian" tribes and protect Spanish families. The discovery of the mines of Zacatecas and Guanajuato, on the other hand, caused a high arrival of Spanish and Tlaxcaltec people to the area, which led to the founding of towns such as San Miguel el Grande (1542), Celaya (1571), Zamora (1574) Aguascalientes (1575) and León (1576), Durango , Chihuahua , Santa Fe Nuevo México:

1206-452: The Bajío is Siete Cruces , in the state of Guanajuato , with an elevation of 3053 m. In general the region is usually associated with the States of Guanajuato and Querétaro, even though those two states form only a part of the Bajío. It is now characterized by its highly mechanized agriculture, with mean precipitation in the order of 700 millimeters (28 in) per annum (one of the highest in

1273-492: The Central Mexican Plateau from Jalisco to Veracruz states historically as well as today has served as the population nexus of the Mexican nation, it is home to its biggest metro areas of Guadalajara , León , Querétaro , Morelia , Mexico City , Toluca , Cuernavaca , and Puebla . The Mesa del Norte or northern plateau averages 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in elevation above mean sea level and extends south from

1340-532: The Constitutional Convention. The Cristero War was fought mainly in the Bajío, in areas of the states of Michoacán, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Querétaro and Aguascalientes. The leadership of the movement, close to the Catholic Church , believed that a military solution to the conflict was viable. In January 1927, the stockpiling of weapons began. The first guerrillas were made up of peasants. Support for

1407-505: The Lerma–Río Grande de Santiago basin. Higher altitudes are covered by pine–oak woodlands , with oak woodlands and forests at lower elevations, and mixed pine–oak and conifer forests up to the tree line of the volcanoes that surround the southern and western edges. Guachichil The Guachichil , Cuauchichil , or Quauhchichitl are an exonym for an Indigenous people of Mexico . Prior to European and African contact, they occupied

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1474-547: The Mazapiles predominated) to the north, in the mountains that border the town from Parras , from Las Salinas, to the center of San Luis Potosí and finally from Tunal Grande (where the Xales predominated), where the largest food supply place for the Guachichiles was located; These three groups were not political or cultural units, they were the inhabitants of the three geographical areas where the Guachichiles were centralized. Regardless of

1541-481: The Northern Plateau ( Mesa del Norte ) and Central Plateau ( Mesa Central ), are now generally regarded by geographers as sections of one plateau. The Mexican Plateau is mostly covered by deserts and xeric shrublands , with pine-oak forests covering the surrounding mountain ranges and forming sky islands on some of the interior ranges. The Mexican Altiplano is one of six distinct physiographic sections of

1608-601: The Rioverde area, the boundary rose to the north. Gonzalo de las Casas observed: "They occupy a lot of land and that is how the most people of all the Chichimecas are and who have done the most damage. There are many partialities and not all are well known." The Guachichiles were not a solid kingdom or political state in the 16th century, but rather a set of tribes and chiefdoms, the Spaniards observed three groups: those of Mazapil (where

1675-519: The Spanish—peace was ultimately achieved via truce and negotiation—but due to its strategic location in the Silver Route , it also drew prominent attention from the Spanish crown and some of the flagship Mexican colonial cities were built there, such as Guanajuato and Zacatecas . Abundant mineral wealth and favorable farming conditions would soon turn the region into one of New Spain's wealthiest. At

1742-432: The adjacent, industry-heavy State of Mexico , as well as foreign companies seeking cheap specialized labor and decent infrastructure (mostly American, Japanese and to some extent, European vehicle and electronics companies). The largest cities of the Bajío are Guadalajara , León , Santiago de Querétaro , and Aguascalientes . The Bajío rose to world prominence during the three centuries of colonial rule, providing much of

1809-452: The animals and scared the Spanish. The Guachichil would disguise themselves as grotesque animals using animal heads and red paint then yelled like crazed beasts making the Spanish lose control of the livestock. The 50-mile (80-km) mountain range, from currently La Montesa to Milagros, Zacatecas, was known as "El Camino Del Infierno" or "The Path of Hell" by the Spanish. The caravans were required to pass through that 50-mile mountain range because

1876-501: The armed groups grew. More and more people joined the proclamations of "Long live Christ the King!" and "Long live Saint Mary of Guadalupe!". The origin of the noun Cristero is disputed. There are those who believe that it was the Cristeros themselves who first used the name to identify themselves. But there are researchers of the phenomenon, such as Jean Meyer, who believe that, in its origins, it

1943-413: The arrival of the Spanish there were hundreds of tribes throughout the territory, but four were the most powerful. The region currently occupied by the city of San Luis Potosí was, until before the arrival of the Spaniards, a Guachichil-Chichimeca post. Since 1550, Guachichil, Guamares and other Chichimecas assaults began to be registered, so Viceroy Don Luis II de Velasco commissioned Herrera to punish

2010-724: The beginning of the 19th century, El Bajío was also the place of the ignition of the Mexican War of Independence , and saw most of its battles during the initial phase of the war, including the Cry of Dolores , the storming of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas and the Battle of Calderón Bridge . Nowadays, the region features one of the strongest economies in Mexico and Latin America, drawing both domestic investment from

2077-513: The border between Mesoamerica and Aridoamerica , El Bajío saw relatively few permanent settlements and big civilizations during Pre-Columbian history , being mostly inhabited by nomadic tribes known to the Aztecs as " The Chichimeca " peoples, another Nahua group from whom the Toltec and the Aztecs were probably descended. The tribes that inhabited El Bajío proved to be some of the hardest to conquer for

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2144-829: The city of Celaya , in the State of Guanajuato . The Aguascalientes Convention was a meeting that took place during the Mexican Revolution, convened on October 1, 1914 by Venustiano Carranza , first head of the Constitutionalist Army , under the name of "Great Convention of Military Chiefs in Command of Forces and Governors of the States", and whose initial sessions took place in the Chamber of Deputies in Mexico City . Although, later, they were moved to Aguascalientes , after which

2211-525: The color red. The Chichimeca were easily willing to trade seized gold and silver for red haired women as noted by an extremely small percentage of the population in that territory today having brownish-reddish hair, more noticeably when mixed with whites of non-red haired origin. Red haired women and children were a large incentive used to obtain peace within the region. The Guachichil would outsmart/deceive their adversaries instead of relying on brute force. “He sent spies into Spanish-Indian towns for appraisal of

2278-463: The conspiracy had been discovered. The most remembered event occurred in the early morning of September 16, 1810. In a small town called Dolores (today Dolores Hidalgo ), father Miguel Hidalgo (born in Pénjamo ) and his fellow insurgents rose up in arms against the viceregal regime, launching the famous Cry of Dolores . In 1847 the city of Querétaro was named the capital of Mexico after Mexico City

2345-605: The convention is named, and was held from October 10 to November 9, 1914. The Zapatistas did not enter the Convention from the beginning. On February 2 of 1916 the third and current Constitution of Mexico was signed at the Teather of the Republic , in Querétaro . The city was again named provisional capital of the country, this time by President Venustiano Carranza , and for the duration of

2412-473: The country). During the Viceroyalty of New Spain , the area was known as the breadbasket of the territory. As of 2014, the region produces sorghum , wheat and maize as its main crops. Secondary states sometimes considered as partly contributing to El Bajío or enclosing it: Michoacán , Zacatecas , San Luis Potosí and Estado de México (State of Mexico). Today, the region is one of the fastest-growing in

2479-445: The country. This has caused the metropolitan areas to attract many migrants from other parts of Mexico. The region has had an outstanding industrial and economic development in the last 15 years. The cities of El Bajío have one of the highest income per capita figures in Mexico. Due to its colonial heritage, the Bajío is home to around eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites (depending on how its limits are defined): El Bajio has long been

2546-650: The dawn of European expansion with the expedition of Nuño de Guzmán and the Spanish acquisition of the Purepecha Empire after 1530, the region north of the limits of Mesoamerican civilization was also known as the Great Chichimeca , and was the epicenter of the Chichimeca War in the 16th century. The Chichimeca War confronted the Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Europe at large under Charles V against

2613-421: The enemy’s plans and strength; he developed a far-flung system of lookouts and scouts (atalays); and, in major attacks, settlements were softened by preliminary and apparently systematic killing and stealing of horses and other livestock, this being an attempt, sometimes successful, to change his intended victim from horseman to foot soldier” (Powell 46). When they attacked they used a very good tactic that terrified

2680-516: The independence cause; earning the Bajío the title of cradle of the Mexican Independence. Miguel Hidalgo , Ignacio Allende , the Aldama brothers , Josefa Ortíz de Domínguez , José María Morelos among other figures of the early phase of Mexican Independence were born and lived in the Bajío. On September 13 1810, Epigmenio González was taken prisoner, who had an arsenal of weapons destined for

2747-535: The insurgency. On the 15th, the corregidor of Querétaro, Miguel Domínguez , and his wife, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez , were arrested. Some historians claim that she managed to send a message to Captain Ignacio Allende and Miguel Hidalgo , through Ignacio Pérez, a member of her militia who rode to San Miguel el Grande (today San Miguel de Allende ) to inform those who would start the Mexican War of Independence that

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2814-431: The large cities of the Bajío (Guadalajara, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Valladolid or Nueva Michoacán), experienced little population growth. It was not until the 18th century that there was a rise in population throughout New Spain, especially in the Bajío, which came hand in hand with high urban development. However, the greatest boom occurred in the economic sphere. It was the Bajío that provided meat, grains and manufacturing to

2881-548: The local Guachichiles and the Tlaxcalans were displaced. The hostility of the Tlaxcalans, backed by the Spanish, against the Guachichiles would not take long to manifest. The community of San Luis Potosí originated with the well-differentiated gathering of Guachichiles , Tlaxcaltecas , Tarascos , Zacatecos Chichimecas, Chichimecas-Pames de Santa María del Río, Otomí and Spaniards from Extremadura or of uncertain origin. Under

2948-497: The local population and for outsourcing jobs out of their countries of origin in the developed world. The Bajío is known for being the cradle of Mexican independence from the Spanish Empire , and for being one of the conservative bastions of Mexican Catholicism . Mexican Plateau A low east-west mountain range in the state of Zacatecas divides the plateau into northern and southern sections. These two sections, called

3015-599: The mineral and agricultural wealth of the Spanish Empire . As such, it was also the birthplace of the Mexican War of Independence , during which criollo elites long established in the Bajío gathered the masses to revolt against Napoleonic rule in Spain , seen as a threat to the established order in America. That said, previous historical landmarks may be traced back to Pre-Columbian times. Recent archeological studies have discovered an extensive historic cultural tradition that

3082-647: The mining areas of the West, North Central, North Mexico and, later, to Mexico City itself. During the Enlightenment, the prosperity of the Bajío was produced through a distinguished institutional format (such as the hacienda , slavery, peonage, etc.), an institutional format also very present in cities and towns in the Bajío in the form of schools, colleges and seminaries (see List of colonial universities in Hispanic America ). The College of Saint Nicholas (1540),

3149-409: The morpheme ma-, and ending with the form -amé, -qui, -ane, -lo, -na or -al, it contains a series of frequent diphthongs which are ai as in aiguaname, ua as in clonemua, au as in cuutaquelaux, in nauque or in quepinao, or as in omoahxi, or in saitoa. Several words can be related to languages such as Quinigua, like the name xilaguani, it can be divided into xila "snake" and guani "like", interpreting "like

3216-535: The most extensive territory of all the Indigenous Chichimeca tribes in pre-Columbian central Mexico . The Guachichiles settled a large region of Zacatecas ; as well as portions of San Luis Potosí , Guanajuato , and northeastern Jalisco ; south to the northern corners of Michoacán ; and north to Saltillo in Coahuila . Considered both warlike and brave, the Guachichiles played a major role in provoking

3283-655: The native chiefdoms of the Caxcans , the Zacatecs , the Guamares and other nomadic Uto-Nahuan peoples , with the goal of conquering their lands and exploiting silver discovered between 1540 and 1590. The resulting economic activity would quickly become the economic engine of the Kingdom of New Galicia , and the Viceroyalty of New Spain at large, serving as a pivotal hub for world commerce between Europe and Asia (see Global silver trade from

3350-510: The ongoing silver rush and by the "warlike spirit" arising from the Chichimeca War, w hich culminated with severe reductions in Chichimeca populations due to war and smallpox . The Chichimecas were reduced to a few settlements in the highlands, or, immersed in the new order. Throughout the 17th century, cities such as Irapuato , Salamanca and Salvatierra were founded, which, together with

3417-515: The other Chichimeca tribes to resist the Spanish settlement. The historian Philip Wayne Powell wrote: These warriors were known to fight fiercely even if mortally wounded and were a key component in the Spanish defeat during the Chichimeca Wars . The children learned to use the bow at walking age and the hunters were such good shots that if they missed the eye and hit the eyebrow they would be extremely disappointed. The Chichimeca bow and arrow

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3484-414: The place of attack, preferably a desert but mountainous plain, a rock, a ravine, a swamp, or they simply waited until it was midnight. At midnight they would stealthily position themselves in the attack zone and suddenly let out loud and terrible howls and screams that perplexed their enemies at the same time that they began the attack by running directly towards the target, at the same time that they produced

3551-409: The presence of the Guachichiles, Spaniards, Otomi, Tarascos, Mulattoes, Blacks and Tlaxcalans, thus creating a unique miscegenation in Mexico. The Guachichiles occupied the entire Potosino Altiplano, part of Guanajuato, Jalisco, Zacatecas and Tamaulipas. This area extended from the south, along the Lerma or Grande river, in Michoacán and Guanajuato, to the Comanja mountain ranges and, on the border with

3618-413: The protection of mining wealth, the city of San Luis Potosí was born in November 1592 and its foundation occurred when the fierce Cuachichil Indian named Moquamalto surrendered to Fray Diego de la Magdalena, and Captain Miguel Caldera , in the place we now know as the square of the founders. Great people from many cities and royal mines came to the lure of gold, which gave rise to a unique culture and joined

3685-423: The result of volcanic activity during the Pliocene geological period and the Quaternary period, which at one time produced large inland lakes due to the obstruction of the outflow of their waters. With an area over 50 000 km, and a moderately variable topology, distinct subregions within the Bajío can offer microclimates ranging from the temperate to the humid subtropical or dry steppes . The highest peak in

3752-406: The robbers. Thus began the bloodiest and most extensive of all Spanish companies in America. Pedro de Anda founded the Real del Cerro de San Pedro and Minas del Potosí on March 4, 1592. Given the lack of water in the place, it was necessary to locate a nearby territory that did have it to support human stay. The place was located east of the Anahuac table. In order for the Spanish to settle widely,

3819-508: The sedentary invader, who was tied to domesticated livestock, agriculture, and imported supplies. The nomad could and did cut off these supplies, destroy the livestock, and thus paralyze the economic and military vitality of the invaders; this was seldom possible in reverse” (Powell 44). They attacked in small groups ranging from five up to two-hundred braves. They highly valued animal furs and highly treasured European scalps. The most valued of those being red hair due to their cultural importance of

3886-471: The so-called Silver Route of the Spanish treasure fleet. Meanwhile, king Philip II of Spain orchestrated most of the Counter-Reformation in Europe and the Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War in large part with the wealth provided by settlers, indigenous people and African slaves from the American colonial enterprise centered at the Bajío. For much of the 16th century, the Bajío was characterized by its coming and going of cattle from Querétaro and Lake Chapala , by

3953-405: The southeastern corner. Both drain to the Gulf of Mexico . Much of the northern plateau comprises internal drainage basins that do not drain to the sea. The Chihuahuan Desert extends across the northern portion of the northern plateau, while the Meseta Central matorral covers the central portion, and the Central Mexican matorral extends from the southern portion of the northern plateau across

4020-436: The southern plateau. The Mesa Central or southern plateau is higher than its northern counterpart, averaging 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in elevation. The southern plateau contains numerous valleys originally formed by ancient lakes. It extends across the states of Aguascalientes , Jalisco , Zacatecas , Guanajuato , Querétaro , and Michoacán . Several of Mexico's most prominent cities, including Guadalajara, are located in

4087-449: The structure of proper names. Examples of Guachichile proper names are Aiguaname, Analale, Apamatacaliname, Atapi, Ayoaname, Clonemua, Cuaguilo, Guamala, Juquianame, Malioname, Micolaqui, Mohelo, Nochicaguitaname, Omoahxi, Quiguama, Saitoa, Taesani, Tepuchi, etc. Examples of place names are zapalinamé (a mountain range), guanamé (a hacienda), hipoa (a town), mapimí, matehuala (a city). They are characterized by frequently starting with

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4154-499: The three groups of guachichiles, there were a large number of tribal groups, many of them only mentioned once by the Spaniards: Bózalos or negritos, Macolias, Samúes, Maticoyas, Alaquines, Capiojes, Machipaniquanes, Leemagues, Mascorros, Caisanes, Coyotes, Guanchenis, Uaxabanes, Guenacapiles, Alpañales, Pisones, Cauicuiles, Alacazauis, Guazancores and los Chanales. The Guachichiles were known to paint their bodies, hair, and faces in red dye. For this reason they were called "guachichile" by

4221-419: The valleys of the southern plateau. Much of the southern plateau is drained by the Río Grande de Santiago and its tributaries, including the Río Lerma , which drain west into the Pacific Ocean . Tributaries of the Río Pánuco drain the eastern portion of the southern plateau. The Central Mexican matorral covers much of the southern plateau, with the subtropical Bajío dry forests occupying the lower portions of

4288-413: Was invaded by the United States . On May 30, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, forcing Mexico to lose the northern half of its territory in exchange for ending the occupation of Mexico City and the main Mexican ports such as Veracruz . In 1867, two battles were fought between the Republican armies of Benito Juárez and French-Austrian Imperial armies at Cerro de las Campanas , during

4355-420: Was a derogatory expression, used by agents of the federal government. The Cristeros were able to quickly articulate a series of local rebellions against the " Sonora Group", a name created after the Sonoran presidents Adolfo de la Huerta , Álvaro Obregón and Plutarco Elías Calles . The Bajío region lies in the basins of the Rio Lerma and Río Grande de Santiago . The valleys of the Lerma-Chapala basin are

4422-523: Was divided into 3 dialects or varieties, the Bozalo (or vocalo), the Negrito and another called simply Guachichil, and was closely related to the language of the Quinigua . It has been classified without providing more details within the Uto-Aztecan languages . Others are inclined to relate it to the hypothetical Coahuiltecan family , which would include Guachichil, Quinigua , Maratino , Naolan , Karankawa and Coahuilteco , having an even more distant relationship with Comecrudo and Cotoname , based on

4489-412: Was expertly crafted allowing for penetration of Spanish armor. Two Spanish accounts of the Chichimeca's archery skill: "On one occasion I saw them throw an orange into the air, and they shot into it so many arrows that, having held it in the air for much time, it finally fell in minute pieces” (Powell 48). “One of don Alonso de Castilla’s soldiers had an arrow pass through the head of his horse, including

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