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27-1169: The Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area has an area of 1,775,035.6 hectares (4,386,208 acres) in 32 municipalities of the state of Maranhão. Baixada Maranhense means literally Maranhense Lowland. These are Alcântara , Altamira do Maranhão , Anajatuba , Arari , Bacabal , Bacabeira , Bacurituba , Bela Vista do Maranhão , Bequimão , Bom Jardim , Cajapió , Cajari , Cedral , Central do Maranhão , Conceição do Lago-Açu , Guimarães , Igarapé do Meio , Lago Verde , Matinha , Matões do Norte , Mirinzal , Monção , Olho d'Água das Cunhãs , Olinda Nova do Maranhão , Palmeirândia , Pedro do Rosário , Penalva , Peri Mirim , Pindaré-Mirim , Pinheiro , Pio XII , Porto Rico do Maranhão , Presidente Sarney , Santa Helena , Santa Inês , Santa Rita , Satubinha , Serrano do Maranhão , São Bento , São João Batista , São Luís , São Mateus do Maranhão , São Vicente Ferrer , Turiaçu , Turilândia , Viana , Vitorino Freire , and Vitória do Mearim . The traditional population includes indigenous people and some remnants of quilombo communities. The families fish, cultivate rice and breed buffaloes. The vegetation

54-430: A euryhaline species of fish, the common snook shows a tendency to gravitate towards lower-salinity conditions in the early stages of its life. By being able to adapt and thrive in both high- and low-salinity conditions through osmoregulation , common snook display a high level of habitat plasticity . Common snook are opportunistic predators whose feeding habits indicate a positive relationship between their size and

81-494: A diet dominated by smaller fishes, and crustaceans such as shrimp , and occasionally crabs . Due to their limited cold tolerance, snook have been physiologically restricted from inhabiting temperate climates. In Florida, northern limits in their geographic range have historically been Tarpon Springs along the Gulf Coast and Cape Canaveral on the east coast. Over the past 15 years, snook have extended their range as far north as

108-541: A famous Brazilian goalkeeper, was born in the city. The municipality contains a small part of the Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area , a 1,775,035.6 hectares (4,386,208 acres) sustainable use conservation unit created in 1991 that has been a Ramsar Site since 2000. The Brazilian Space Agency maintains a launch site in Alcântara. The Alcântara Launch Center is located in

135-441: A little different because of the weather and water quality, but they are the same. No restrictions exist in most of Central America on the size or quantity of snook one can keep, consequently many locals have been keeping and killing these large snook for quite a while. Occurring in shallow coastal waters (up to 20 m (66 ft) in depth), estuaries and lagoons , the fish often enter fresh water . They are carnivorous , with

162-571: A project for a seaport which is currently underway. The main components of the Cyclone-4 launch site are the Technical Complex and the Launch Complex. The Satellite Assembly Integration and Testing Building is located in the Technical Complex. This building has clean rooms for receiving, testing, fuelling and satellite integration to the launch vehicle payload unit. This building is connected to

189-521: A variety of lures to catch snook. Common lures include jerkbaits, bucktail jigs, topwater lures, spoons, and live bait. "At the June 2012 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) meeting, Commissioners voted to keep the recreational harvest of snook in Gulf of Mexico waters closed through Aug. 31, 2013. This closure will offer the species additional protection after a 2010 cold kill detrimentally affected

216-646: Is 50 cm (1.6 ft). The IGFA world record is 24.32 kg (53 lb 10 oz) caught in Parismina Ranch, Costa Rica, by Rafael Montalvo. Of typical centropomid form, it possesses drab coloration except for a distinctive black lateral line . It can also have bright yellow pelvic and caudal fins , especially during spawn. The common snook is a protandric hermaphrodite fish species. Its spawning season spans from April to October. The peak spawning occurs during July and August. Spawning typically occurs in near-shore waters with high salinities . Following

243-455: Is a species of marine fish in the family Centropomidae of the order Perciformes . The common snook is also known as the sergeant fish or robalo . It was originally assigned to the sciaenid genus Sciaena ; Sciaena undecimradiatus and Centropomus undecimradiatus are obsolete synonyms for the species. One of the largest snooks , C. undecimalis grows to a maximum overall length of 140 cm (4.6 ft). The common length

270-514: Is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Maranhão . The city has a population of 22,112 (2020) and an area of 1458 km . The municipality is 30 km away from the state's capital , São Luís . Founded by French explorers in the 16th century , Alcântara was later conquered by the Portuguese, who used the small village as a base to take São Luís from the Dutch in 1646. The city was declared by

297-1496: Is in the transition between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes, and includes coastal marine influence, covering a large area of lacustrine basins. The soil is clay, with high water retention. During the rainy season from December to July the low fields are flooded, leaving islands of terra firma. Vegetation includes mangroves, babassu, riverine forests, Amazon rainforest remnants, lowland meadows and flooded meadows. Threatened and vulnerable species include West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), pearly parakeet (Pyrrhura lepida), bearded bellbird (Procnias averano), wattled jacana (Jacana jacana) and American purple gallinule (Porphyrula martinica). Other bird species include striated heron (Butorides striata), black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), great egret (Ardea alba), ringed kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata), blue dacnis (Dacnis cayana), rufescent tiger heron (Tigrisoma lineatum), white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata), Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) and white-winged swallow (Tachycineta albiventer). Fish species include Plagioscion squamosissimus , Prochilodus nigricans , Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum , Centropomus undecimalis , Micropogonias furnieri , Hoplias malabaricus and Pimelodus species. Common mammals are fox, howler monkey, monkey, peccary, deer, raccoon, paca and anteater. The Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area

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324-490: Is tilted to the vertical position, and the final tests are performed automatically. The launch complex is designed so that the launch vehicle fuelling and launching are performed automatically, thus allowing a safe and reliable operation. On August 22, 2003, an accident occurred when a VLS-1 rocket accidentally exploded , killing 21 Brazilian technicians. Centropomus undecimalis Sciaena undecimalis Bloch, 1792 The common snook ( Centropomus undecimalis )

351-829: The Second World War and USS Snook (SSN-592) in the 1950s. Considered an excellent food fish, the common snook is fished commercially and foreign-caught fish are sold in the US. When cooking snook, the skin must be removed, because it imparts an unpleasant taste, described as soapy, to the fish. Snook are prized as game fish , being known for their great fighting capabilities. The IGFA all-tackle world record for common snook stands at 53 lb 10 oz (24.3 kg) caught by Gilbert Ponzi near Parismina Ranch, Costa Rica. Previous world records were caught in Fort Myers, Florida , and Gatun Spillway Canal Zone, Panama. Anglers regularly use

378-478: The Brazilian government as a National Historical Patrimony. The city's economy is based mainly on tourism and fishing. The climate is favorable, characterized by two well-defined seasons: a rainy season from January to June, and a dry season from July to December. The annual average temperature is 26.5 °C, and the wind blows predominantly from the east at an average speed of 12 m/s. Helton da Silva Arruda ,

405-501: The Launch Vehicle Assembly, Integration and Testing Building, where the launch vehicle parts are received and tested, and the entire vehicle assembled. The integration of the payload unit, already with the satellite, to the launch vehicle is performed in this building. The Launch Complex receives the Cyclone-4 launch vehicle horizontally by a railway that connects the launch complex to the technical complex. The launch vehicle

432-520: The Suwannee River Estuary (~29°N), where an exponential increase in their population has occurred. Warmer winter temperatures resulting from climate change has been suggested as a likely cause. There may be potential food-web effects, particularly for sea trout ( Cynoscion species), related to the snook colonization. Three United States Navy submarines have been named for this species, USS Robalo (SS-273) and USS Snook (SS-279) in

459-839: The coast of the North Carolina to Brazil including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea . Snook likely originated in Central America, and changes in the Earth's climate brought the snook to Florida. During a great warming trend after the Ice Age, snook moved northward along the Mexico shoreline. They followed the perimeter of the Gulf of Mexico, along the west and east coasts of Florida. Massive snook are found in Central America, although they seem to look

486-659: The historic city of Alcântara, close to city of Sao Luis, capital of the State of Maranhão. The geographic coordinates are 2°18′S and 44°22′W. The Launch Center comprises the Cyclone-4 Launch Site, under the responsibility of ACS, and a set of facilities under the responsibility of the Brazilian Air Force (FAB), and the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB), which include general infrastructure and dedicated complexes for

513-399: The juveniles may be the largest of the available prey, so are nutritionally efficient to prey upon. Common snook, like many species of fish, are very in tune with their environments. Even a slight change in their surroundings can have a significant impact on their behavior. For example, common snook are able to determine when to start and stop spawning based on the temperature and salinity of

540-480: The launching of the Brazilian Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). The overall infrastructure consists of an airport with a 2,600 meter-long runway, a Command and Control Sector equipped with telemetry, communication, meteorology, radar and electricity supply systems, and an Administrative center with hotels, a hospital and administrative buildings. The general infrastructure also includes roads, and

567-480: The loss of equilibrium at 12.7 °C (54.9 °F), to death at a temperature of 12.5 °C (54.5 °F). A cold snap in January 2010 resulted in a 41.88% decline in nominal abundance of the common snook population in southwest Florida from the previous year and a 96–97% decrease in apparent survival estimates. C. undecimalis is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean , from

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594-457: The population. Snook closed to harvest in Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic waters in January 2010 after a severe cold kill affected snook population number." All snook were "catch-and-release only" in the Gulf of Mexico until August 31, 2013. At that time, the FWC could choose to open or close snook harvest for another season. The commercial harvest or sale of snook is prohibited by the same regulations. At

621-477: The size of their prey, meaning that as the snook grows, it feeds on larger and larger prey. Common snook occasionally engage in cannibalism . This usually occurs during the winter when adults and juveniles are in close proximity to one another within their estuarine habitats. This form of cannibalism where the juveniles are fed on by the adults is referred to as intercohort cannibalism. The adult common snook that cannibalize juveniles most likely target them because

648-466: The spawning period, the juveniles then migrate to the brackish waters of the nearby estuarine environments. When these juveniles mature, they return to the higher-salinity waters of the open ocean to join the breeding population. The common snook is an estuarine and freshwater-dependent fish species. Within estuaries, juvenile common snook are most often found inhabiting areas such as coastal wetland ponds, island networks, and creeks. Despite being

675-432: The water they inhabit, the amount of rainfall in the area, and whether or not the moon is full. In some cases, disturbances in their environment can have very negative effects on the snook population. One example is the devastating results of a cold snap . Snook are very susceptible to cold temperatures, with the effects ranging from the complete halt of all feeding at a water temperature of 14.2 °C (57.6 °F), to

702-573: Was created by Maranhão state decree 11.900 of 11 June 1991. The objective is to regulate use and occupation of the land, exploitation of natural resources , fishing, predatory hunting and breeding of buffalo, so as to preserve biological integrity, water quality and refuges for migratory birds. The conservation area has three sub-areas: Baixo Pindaré, Baixo Mearim-Grajaú and the Mearim-Pindaré Estuary - São Marcos Bay including Caranguejos Island. The Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area

729-600: Was designated a Ramsar Site in 2000. Ordnance 66 of 5 November 2012 assigned an area of 56,386.11 hectares (139,333.1 acres) to SEMA/MA as the Baixada Maranhense sustainable use conservation unit. The ordnance expected that a visitors centre would be built in the conservation unit. The APA lacks surveillance and management tools. Issues include construction of fish farming tanks, accumulation of solid waste and predatory hunting of wattled jacana and American purple gallinule. Alc%C3%A2ntara, Maranh%C3%A3o Alcântara

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