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37-494: At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 54,503 square miles (141,160 km), while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 850,000. The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered. The last Ottoman Census of 1917 stated that in Baghdad Sanjak out of

74-412: A kaymakam and a council composed of a secretary ( tahrirat kâtibi ), comptroller ( mal müdürü ), deputy judge, and representatives of the public works board. Each kaza was divided into parishes or communes known as nahiyes . Each nahiye was under a müdir appointed by the vali but answerable to the regional kaymakam. He was responsible for local tax collection , court sentences, and maintaining

111-602: A liberal attitude. Vilayet A vilayet ( Ottoman Turkish : ولایت , " province "), also known by various other names , was a first-order administrative division of the later Ottoman Empire . It was introduced in the Vilayet Law of 21 January 1867, part of the Tanzimat reform movement initiated by the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 . The Danube Vilayet had been specially formed in 1864 as an experiment under

148-758: A bicameral parliament, with a Senate appointed by the Sultan and a directly elected Chamber of Deputies . Midhat Pasha asserted in the Nineteenth Century that "in Islam the principle of government rests upon bases essentially democratic, inasmuch as the sovereignty of the people is therein recognized." Popular support for the constitution began to plummet when it became known that it was to grant equal rights for non-Muslims. The softas , which had been Midhat's supporters just months earlier, became largely opposed. Midhat Pasha managed to pressure Abdul Hamid II into approving

185-512: A defined hierarchy. It was borrowed into Albanian vilajet , Bulgarian vilaet ( вилает ), Judaeo-Spanish vilayet , and French vilaïet and vilayet , which was used as a lingua franca among the educated Jews and Christians . It was also translated into Armenian as gawaŕ ( գաւառ ), Bulgarian as oblast ( област ), Judaeo-Spanish as provinsiya , and Greek as eparchía ( επαρχία ) and nomarchía ( νομαρχία ). The early Republic of Turkey continued to use

222-622: A meeting in the mansion of Midhat Pasha, where all the chief ministers were present. The Minister of War Huseyin Avni Pasha was shot, and the Foreign Minister Rashid Pasha was killed, as was one of Midhat's servants, named Ahmed Aga. In total, 5 were killed and 10 were wounded, and Hasan was sentenced to death for the crime, in an incident known as the Çerkes Hasan incident. Midhat Pasha was again appointed Grand Vizier, in place of Mehmed Rushdi Pasha , on 19 December 1876. When he

259-584: A newspaper, and increased the revenues of the province from 26,000 to 300,000 purses. He clashed with the Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha , which led to his appointment as governor of Baghdad in 1869, as the appointment to such a remote posting was intended as a punishment. After his arrival in Baghdad in 1869, he opened a series of government schools, as the city previously had no state educational institutions. He also emphasized reforming

296-458: The Sixth Army , and to that end he opened military schools. The military schools were to have the more lasting impact: by 1900, the civil preparatory high school was attended by only 96 students, compared to 256 for the military preparatory school, and 846 for the military middle school in the same year. He helped modernize the province, and he re-established Ottoman rule in al-Hasa . He enacted

333-559: The Vilayet of Syria in November 1878, a post he held until 31 August 1881. During his tenure he endeavoured to reform the province. He used a charitable association for education, which had been formed by some of Beirut's prominent Muslim citizens, into a centrepiece of his educational reform, and encouraged the formation of similar associations in Damascus and elsewhere. He admitted many Arabs in

370-435: The muavin , and the defterdar. A similar structure was replicated in the lower hierarchical levels, with executive and advisory councils drawn from the local administrators and—following long-established practice—the heads of the millets , the various local religious communities. Each vilayet was divided into arrondissements , subprovinces , or counties known as sanjaks , livas , or mutasarrifliks. Each sanjak or liva

407-558: The sultan and local Muslims at the expense of other communities. The Ottoman Turkish vilayet ( ولایت‎ ) was a loanword borrowed from Arabic wilāya ( وِلَايَة ), an abstract noun formed from the verb waliya ( وَلِيَ , "to administer"). In Arabic, it had meant "province", "region", or "administration" as general ideas, but following the Tanzimat reforms the Ottoman term formalized it in reference to specific areas in

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444-494: The 202,000 population, 88,000 were Jews, 40 000 Kurd, 8,000 Christians, 800 Persian and rest Arab and other Muslims. In 1869, Midhat Pasha was inaugurated as governor of Baghdad. He extended Ottoman jurisdiction as far as the town of al-Bida , after he had established his authority in Nejd . In January 1872, Qatar was designated as a kaza under the Sanjak of Nejd. However, relations with

481-576: The British pressure impeded his execution, so he was imprisoned in the fortress of Taif , in Hejaz . It was reported that, soon after his arrival, the Emir of Mecca received a message from Istanbul demanding the death of Midhat from "an accident". The incumbent Emir Abdul Muttalib was a close friend of Midhat however, and no action was taken by him. As a result, Osman Pasha ( Uthman Pasha ), governor of Hejaz, surrounded

518-644: The Emir's summer residence in Taif and imprisoned him. After that, Midhat Pasha's fate was sealed. He was assassinated in his cell on 26 April 1883. Midhat Pasha's remains were brought from Taif and interned in the Monument of Liberty on 26 June 1951, in a ceremony attended by President Celâl Bayar . The British historian Caroline Finkel describes Midhat as "a true representative of Tanzimat optimism, who believed that separatist tendencies could be best countered by demonstrating

555-709: The Ottoman authorities became hostile in both al-Bida and Nejd, leading eventually to the Battle of Al Wajbah , at which Ottomans were defeated. Sanjaks or Districts of the vilayet: Notable governors of the Vilayet: This Iraq geographical location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ottoman Empire –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Midhat Pasha Ahmed Shefik Midhat Pasha ( Ottoman Turkish : احمد شفيق مدحت پاشا , romanized :  Aḥmed Şefīḳ Midḥat Pāşā ; 1822 – 26 April 1883)

592-619: The Ottoman cause in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 , and a pamphlet defending Ottoman reforms. Midhat's popularity in Europe, coupled with British pressure, led Abdul Hamid to allow him to return from exile, and he arrived in Crete on 6 September 1878. After the war ended, Sultan Abdul Hamid II dismissed the government and returned to despotic rule. The intervention of the British led to his appointing as governor again, and he became governor of

629-502: The benefits of good government." The Midhat Pasha Souq in Damascus still bears his name. Bernard Lewis describes Midhat Pasha "one of the ablest administrators in the Ottoman service." Going on to state "[his] term of office as Vali of the Danube province showed that, given the necessary goodwill and ability, the new system could work very well." Midhat Pasha is described as a person with

666-400: The civil service, including in the positions of qaimaqam and mutasarrif , and gave minorities broad representation in the administration. He encouraged the development of the press, and the number of newspapers rose to more than twelve. He took an interest in the construction of roads, and in the maintenance of security. He involved local notables in the financing of local projects, such as

703-496: The constitution, but the Sultan was able to include the notorious article 113, which gave him the power to banish anyone from the empire without trial or other legal procedure. Abdul Hamid had no real interest in constitutionalism, and on 5 February 1877, he exiled Midhat Pasha. Sent to Brindisi on the imperial yacht, from there he visited France, Spain, Austria-Hungary and the United Kingdom, where he wrote memoranda supporting

740-399: The fractured nature of its society. He served briefly in İzmir as governor of the vilayet of Aydin , but on 17 May 1881, after only a few months on that post, he was arrested. Ahmed Cevdet Pasha , the justice minister, brought him to Istanbul , where he was charged with the murder of Sultan Abdulaziz . The interrogation and court proceedings took place at Yildiz . In conclusion, he

777-500: The government in 1862. During his governorship, he built countless schools and educational institutes, built hospitals, granaries, roads and bridges, paying for these projects through voluntary contributions from the people. Within two years Midhat Pasha restored order, introduced the new reformed hierarchy , provided agricultural credits (through the first agricultural credit co-operatives), extended roads, bridges, and waterways, started industries, opened schools and orphanages, founded

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814-471: The leading reformer Midhat Pasha . The Vilayet Law expanded its use, but it was not until 1884 that it was applied to all of the empire's provinces. Writing for the Encyclopaedia Britannica in 1911, Vincent Henry Penalver Caillard claimed that the reform had intended to provide the provinces with greater amounts of local self-government but in fact had the effect of centralizing more power with

851-410: The peace. Each nahiye was divided into wards and villages ( kariye ). Each kariye was under a muhtar ("headman") chosen by its inhabitants and confirmed by the regional kaymakam. He was assisted in his duties by a local "council of elders" ( ihtiyar meclisi ). Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, circa 1876: Vilayets and independent sanjaks in 1917: The early Turkish Republic had 63 vilayet in

888-449: The respective ministers in Istanbul. The defterdar in particular answered directly to the finance minister rather than the vali. A separate vilayet council was composed of four elected members, comprising two Muslims and two non-Muslims. If the vali fell ill or was absent from the capital, he was variously replaced by the governor of the chief sanjak ( merkez sancak ) near the capital,

925-639: The task of pacifying the province of Adrianople , and he succeeded in putting down banditry in the Balkans in 1854–1856. In 1858 he spent six months traveling in western Europe for studies, including in Vienna , Paris , Brussels and London . While he was second secretary of the Supreme Council, he took part in the investigation of the Kuleli Incident. In 1861 he was appointed governor of Niš , where he

962-428: The term vilayet until it renamed them il in the late 1920s. The Ottoman Empire had already begun to modernize its administration and regularize its eyalets in the 1840s, but the Vilayet Law extended this throughout the empire, regularizing the following hierarchy of administrative units. Each vilayet or province was governed by a vali appointed by the sultan . Acting as the sultan's representative, he

999-521: The tramway system in Tripoli and the founding of the Beirut Chamber of Commerce. He then resigned the post, as he felt Istanbul was offering him an insufficient amount of support. His reputation in Europe was that his reforming zeal was an aberration, based on individual strength of personality. They believed Midhat Pasha could not succeed, citing the inefficient and corrupt nature of the Ottoman state, and

1036-557: The vilayet system in Baghdad, and applied the 1858 land decree under which miri land could be granted to individuals, under a system known as nizam tapu. Sir Henry Dobbs recognised the three years of Midhat Pasha's governorship as the most stable and secure period of Ottoman rule in the region. He left the post in 1872, returning to Istanbul. In 1872, he was appointed grand vizier by Abdulaziz ( r.  1861–1876 ). His first tenure came to an abrupt end, mainly due to his clashes with Abdulaziz over financial and economic issues. He

1073-542: Was a native of Ruse . The family seem to have been professed Bektashis . Born into an Ilmiye family, he received a private and medrese education. He spent his youth in his parents' home in Vidin , Lovech and later Istanbul , where his father held judicial office. In 1836 he worked in the secretariat of the grand vizier , and in 1854 the Grand Vizier Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha gave him

1110-403: Was administered by a sanjakbey or mutasarrif personally appointed by the sultan and a council ( idare meclisi ) composed of a secretary ( tahrirat müdürü ), comptroller ( muhasebeci ), deputy judge ( naib ), and representatives of the public works board ( nafia ) and the educational system ( maarif ). Each sanjak was divided into cantons or districts known as kazas . Each kaza was under

1147-742: Was an Ottoman politician, reformist, and statesman. He was the author of the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire . Midhat was born in Istanbul and educated from a private medrese . In July 1872, he was appointed grand vizier by Abdulaziz ( r.  1861–1876 ), though was removed in August. During the First Constitutional Era , in 1876, he co-founded the Ottoman Parliament . Midhat

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1184-524: Was appointed, he promised to continue on the path of reform, and announced on 23 December 1876 that a constitution would be promulgated and a representative parliament established. Though not a member of the commission that drafted the constitution, he played an important part in its adoption. The constitution provided for equal rights for all citizens without distinction of race or creed, abolition of slavery, an independent judiciary based on civil (rather than religious) law, universal elementary education, and

1221-454: Was convicted and charged with the murder, and was sentenced to death. However the execution was commuted to life imprisonment in Taif in Hejaz . Some historians claim that these to be trumped-up accusations as they believe that confessions were extracted from some suspects through the use of torture, and the use of forged evidence and paid witnesses led to his conviction. However, they claim that

1258-411: Was dismissed after two months. He also served as Minister of Justice in 1873 and 1875, but his tenure in these offices was short-lived, owing to his inclination towards a constitutional regime. The emerging internal, financial and diplomatic crises of 1875–1876 provided him with a chance to introduce the constitution of 1876 . On 15 June 1876, an Ottoman infantry officer named Çerkes Hasan assaulted

1295-492: Was instrumental in introducing the vilayet system in the Balkans. Fuad Pasha , in order to implement the 1864 Vilayet Law , began with a pilot program in the form of the model and experimental vilayet of the Danube, in which Midhat Pasha was appointed its first Vali . He was governor of the Danube Province from 1864 to 1868. He played a major role in the accommodation of Muslim refugees from Serbia, who were expelled by

1332-544: Was noted as a kingmaker and leading Ottoman democrat. He was part of a governing elite which recognized the crisis the Empire was in and considered reform to be a dire need. Midhat was reportedly killed in al-Ta'if . Ahmed Shefik Midhat Pasha was born in Istanbul in the Islamic month of Safar in 1238 AH , which began on 18 October 1822. His family consisted of well-established Muslim scholars. His father, Rusçuklu Mehmed Eşref,

1369-414: Was notionally the supreme head of administration in his province, subject to various caveats. Military administration was entirely separate, although the vali controlled local police. His council comprised a secretary ( mektupçu ), a comptroller ( defterdar ), a chief justice ( müfettiş-i hükkâm-ı şeriyye ), and directors of foreign affairs, public works, and agriculture and commerce, each nominated by

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