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81-589: Bagdah is located at 23°13′N 88°53′E  /  23.22°N 88.88°E  / 23.22; 88.88 . Bagdah CD Block is bounded by Maheshpur Upazila in Jhenaidaha District , Chaugachha Upazila and Sharsha Upazila in Jessore District of Bangladesh in the north and east, Bangaon CD Block in the south and Hanskhali and Ranaghat II CD Blocks in Nadia district in the west. Bagdah CD Block

162-492: A bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from

243-590: A different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises

324-480: A diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following: In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô -hô- jo -gi- ta "cooperation", where

405-715: A factory under the Factories Act . Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on. There are 106 inhabited villages in Bagdah CD Block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 29 villages (27.36%) have post offices. 97 villages (91.51%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 58 villages (54.72%) have

486-1007: A high urbanisation of 54.3% in 2001, the land use pattern in the district is changing quite fast and the area under cultivation is declining. However, agriculture is still the major source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district. From 1977 on wards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2010-11, persons engaged in agriculture in Bagdah CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 2,036 (3.33%), patta (document) holders 6,863 (11.21%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3,250 (5.31%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 21,065 (34.41%) and agricultural labourers 28,007 (45.75%). Bagdah CD Block had 3 fertiliser depots and 4 seed stores in 2010-11. In 2010-11, Bagdah CD Block produced 21,664 tonnes of Aman paddy ,

567-672: A large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in Midnapore , which borders Odisha , have used the Odia script to write in Bengali. In the border areas between West Bengal and Bihar , some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in Devanagari , Kaithi and Tirhuta . In Sylhet and Bankura , modified versions of

648-660: A majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Even in SCB,

729-507: A pucca approach road and 48 villages (45.28%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 15 villages (14.15%) have agricultural credit societies and 20 villages (18.87%) have banks. The North 24 Parganas district Human Development Report opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. With

810-562: A rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in

891-408: A special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m] ). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in

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972-575: A state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka ; they were the first ever martyrs to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. 21 February has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. In 2010,

1053-463: A vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in মই [moj] "ladder" and in ইলিশ [iliʃ] "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent form ি) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are

1134-494: Is Bangladesh's national march, written by The National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the Bangladeshi government in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram , a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it

1215-536: Is a classical Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia. With over 237 million native speakers and another 41 million as second language speakers as of 2024, Bengali is the fifth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language . Bengali

1296-468: Is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since

1377-538: Is a part of Jhenaidah District in the Khulna Division of Bangladesh . Maheshpur Upazila has 12 unions, namely: SBK, Fotepur, Pantapara, Shoruppur, Shamkur, Nepa, Kajirber, Bashbaria, Jadoppur, Natima, Mandarbaria and Ajompur. Maheshpur (Town) consists of 9 wards and 14 mahallas. Maheshpur thana was turned into an upazila in 1983. Maheshpur Upazila shares borders with North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal, India and Chaugachha upazila of Jessore district to

1458-400: Is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). It

1539-454: Is at Bagdah . Gram panchayats of Bagdah block/ panchayat samiti are: Asharu, Helencha, Malipota, Bagda, Koniara I, Ranghat, Bayra, Koniara II and Sindrani. As per 2011 Census of India , Bagda CD Block had a total population of 242,974, all of it rural. There were 125,270 (52%) males and 117,704 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 24,801. Scheduled Castes numbered 133,170 (54.81%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 12,960 (5.33%). At

1620-668: Is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhala . After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ,

1701-699: Is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata , a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use

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1782-535: Is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of refugees from East Pakistan (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India. According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, “High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in

1863-524: Is divided into Maheshpur Municipality and 12 union parishads : Azampur, Banshbaria, Fatepur, Jadabpur, Kazirber, Manderbaria, Natima, Nepa, Panthapara, S.B.K., Shyamkur, and Swaruppur. The union parishads are subdivided into 150 mouzas and 196 villages. Maheshpur Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 16 mahallas . Maheshpur also has the following educational institutions: Bengali language Bengali , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা , Bāṅlā , [ˈbaŋla] ),

1944-404: Is known as Apabhraṃśa , by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. The local Apabhraṃśa of

2025-646: Is part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower Ganges Delta . It contains soil of mature black or brownish loam to recent alluvium . The Ichhamati flows through the eastern part of the district. The Ichhamati, Kodara and Betna flow through this block. Bagdah CD Block has an area of 233.47 km. It has 1 panchayat samity , 9 gram panchayats , 140 gram sansads (village councils), 108 mouzas and 106 inhabited villages. Bagdah police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block

2106-477: Is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme). Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/ , are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of

2187-497: Is the official , national , and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh , with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken language in India . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It

2268-500: Is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Odisha and Uttarakhand . Bengali is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America,

2349-473: The 2011 Census of Bangladesh , Maheshpur upazila had 79,761 households and a population of 332,514. 66,939 (20.13%) were under 10 years of age. Maheshpur had an average literacy rate of 44.79%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males. 27,670 (8.32%) of the population lived in urban areas. The area of the town is 11.47 km . The town has a population of 26,473; male 51.26% and female 48.74%; Maheshpur Upazila

2430-500: The Aesop's Fables in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on English phonology by the Scottish linguist John Gilchrist . Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda , and Muhammad Enamul Haq . The Digital Revolution has also played

2511-660: The Arabic , Persian , and Turkic languages . The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and Turkestan into the Buddhist -ruling Pala Empire , from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. In the 13th century, subsequent Arab Muslim and Turco-Persian expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including

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2592-468: The Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. The Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 , made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the de facto national language of

2673-564: The Kaithi script had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of Hindustani with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing matra . Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in c.  1869 . Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in

2754-520: The Nadia region . Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. In

2835-590: The University of Karachi (established by East Pakistani politicians before Independence of Bangladesh ) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature. The national anthems of both Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Notuner Gaan known as " Chol Chol Chol"

2916-499: The boldface represents primary and secondary stress. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school". The Bengali-Assamese script

2997-557: The phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti , Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Hajong

3078-608: The 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as Lisbon in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of

3159-637: The 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement . This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former East Bengal (today Bangladesh ), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as

3240-524: The 2011 census, in Bagdah CD Block, amongst the 106 inhabited villages, 1 village did not have a school, 50 villages had more than 1 primary school, 38 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 32 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. In 2011, Bagdah CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 3 primary health centres , with total 52 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 35 family welfare subcentres. 3, 538 patients were treated indoor and 50,002 patients were treated outdoor in

3321-576: The 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit Schwa . Slowly, the word-final ô disappeared from many words influenced by

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3402-451: The Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example,

3483-426: The Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either [ɔ] as in মত [m ɔ t] "opinion" or [o] , as in মন [m o n] "mind", with variants like the more open [ɒ] . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it,

3564-520: The Middle East and other regions. Bengali was accorded the status of a classical language by the government of India on 3 October 2024. It is the second most spoken and fourth fastest growing language in India , following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place, and Meitei ( Manipuri ), along with Gujarati , in the third place, according to the 2011 census of India . Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history,

3645-536: The basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ [ tɕɔ ] , ছ [ tɕʰɔ ] , জ [ dʑɔ ] correspond to eastern চ [tsɔ] , ছ [tsʰɔ~sɔ] , জ [dzɔ~zɔ] . The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on

3726-455: The census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as

3807-437: The class of total workers, cultivators numbered 23,355 and formed 24.92% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 39,348 and formed 41.99%, household industry workers numbered 5,031 and formed 5.37% and other workers numbered 25,975 and formed 27.72%. Total workers numbered 93,709 and formed 38.57% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 149,265 and formed 61.43% of the population. In more than 30 percent of

3888-469: The consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in

3969-503: The country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. In Pakistan , Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in

4050-587: The development of Dobhashi . Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian , which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on

4131-538: The district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23.” Decadal Population Growth Rate (%) The decadal growth of population in Bagdah CD Block in 2001-2011 was 10.54%. The decadal growth of population in Bagdah CD Block in 1991-2001 was 15.27%. The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951-61, 34.5% in 1961-71, 31.4% in 1971-81, 31.7% in 1981-91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11. The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11

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4212-672: The east to Meherpur in the west. The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam , composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet . After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan ; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. In

4293-549: The eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. 'meaningless sounds'), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around

4374-466: The final ন in মন [m o n] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla] ). A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs, called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example,

4455-714: The government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations . Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: Rarhi , Vangiya , Kamrupi and Varendri ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. The south-western dialects ( Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form

4536-499: The graph মি [mi] represents the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [i] , where [i] is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma] , মী [mi] , মু [mu] , মূ [mu] , মৃ [mri] , মে [me~mɛ] , মৈ [moj] , মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures,

4617-412: The graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi –

4698-521: The hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block. Bagdah Rural Hospital at Bagda with 30 beds is the main medical facility in Bagdah CD Block. There are primary health centres at Mangalganj (Nataberia PHC with 6 beds), Sindrani (with 10 beds) and Bena (Koniera PHC with 6 beds). Bagdah block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination . Maheshpur Upazila Maheshpur Upazila ( Bengali : মহেশপুর উপজেলা )

4779-483: The language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However,

4860-510: The language movement. Although Sanskrit has been spoken by Hindu Brahmins in Bengal since the 3rd century BC, the local Buddhist population spoke varieties of the Prakrit . These varieties are generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit ", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji , as the Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal

4941-535: The language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Srikrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in

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5022-428: The letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e , also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô . The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between

5103-471: The main commercial bank of the block has its two branches at Bagdah and Kurulia In 2010-11, Bagdah CD Block had 2 ferry services and 6 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 26 km from the CD Block headquarters. SH 3 passes connects Bangaon with Krishnanagar via Helencha . PWD road run up to border village Boyra linking Bagdah with Bangaon and Krishnanagar via Helencha . Following Bus services are available from

5184-440: The main winter crop from 8,318 hectares, 32,787 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 8,160 hectares, 4,081 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 2,055 hectares, 1,178 tonnes of wheat from 395 hectares, 80,468 tonnes of jute from 4,310 hectares, 12,557 tonnes of potatoes from 402 hectares and 1,380 tonnes of sugar cane from 17 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds. In 2010-11, the total area irrigated in Bagdah CD Block

5265-585: The neighbouring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi , Mumbai , Thane , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Italy . The 3rd article of

5346-514: The parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India. In 2024, the government of India conferred Bengali with the status of classical language . Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming

5427-755: The population in Bagada CD Block. (In 1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station). In 2001 in Bagda CD block, Hindus were 180,865 (82.28%) and Muslims 37,676 (17.14%). Languages of Bagda CD block (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 98.50% of the population spoke Bengali and 1.24% Sadri as their first language. 14.76% of households in Bagdah CD Block lived below poverty line in 2001, against an average of 29.28% in North 24 Parganas district. Livelihood in Bagdah CD Block In Bagdah CD Block in 2011, amongst

5508-460: The population in Bagda CD Block. Muslims numbered 42,318 and formed 17.42% of the population. Others numbered 1,407 and formed 0.58% of the population. In 1981 Hindus numbered 116,584 and formed 82.1% of the population and Muslims numbered 25,011 and formed 17.61% of the population. In 1991 Hindus numbered 159,301 and formed 83.51% of the population and Muslims numbered 30,969 and formed 16.24% of

5589-427: The so-called "inherent" vowel [ɔ] is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম [mɔ] . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent

5670-487: The south, Nadia district of West Bengal, India to the west, Jibannagar Upazila of Chuadanga district to the north, and Kotchandpur upazila to the east. The main river flowing through this upazila is the Kapotakkho Nod. Maheshpur is located at 23°21′00″N 88°54′45″E  /  23.3500°N 88.9125°E  / 23.3500; 88.9125 . It has 79,761 households and total area 417.85 km . As of

5751-485: The sub-division headquarter to different areas. In 2010-11, Bagdah CD Block had 132 primary schools with 13,408 students, 9 high schools with 5,092 students and 16 higher secondary schools with 25,067 students. Bagdah CD Block had 1 general degree college ( Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Satabarshiki Mahavidyalaya , Helencha ) with 1,044 students, 1 professional/ technical institution with 40 students and 443 institutions for special and non-formal education with 14,303 students. As per

5832-536: The superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! [uh] "ouch!") or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realised as ligatures, where

5913-460: The time of the 2001 census, Bagdah block had a total population of 219,812 out of which 112,595 were males and 107,217 were females. Large villages in Bagdah CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Sindrani (9,811), Char Mandalbhag (8,456), Mathabhanga (4,115), Khordda Kulbaria (4,004), Bagdah (6,424), Mamabhagina (5,144), Helencha (6,375), Karanga (4,398), Parmadan (6,087), Godpukuria (4,586) and Gobindapur (4,525). North 24 Parganas district

5994-431: The villages in North 24 Parganas, agriculture or household industry is no longer the major source of livelihood for the main workers there. The CD Blocks in the district can be classified as belonging to three categories: border areas, Sundarbans area and other rural areas. The percentage of other workers in the other rural areas category is considerably higher than those in the border areas and Sundarbans areas. Note: In

6075-484: The visible matra and an invisible baseline). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on

6156-435: The vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ( tadbhava ), whereas Hindus are more likely to use tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit). For example: The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels . The inventory

6237-407: Was 13.93%. The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981. Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by Bangladeshi infiltrators , terrorists, smugglers, criminals, et al. As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Bagdah CD Block

6318-438: Was 164,283 (75.30% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 90,492 (80.31% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 73,791 (69.65% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.36%. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 199,249 and formed 82.00% of

6399-533: Was 4,773 hectares, out of which 940 hectares were irrigated with river lift irrigation, 736 hectares by deep tube well, 150 hectares by shallow tube well and 2,947 hectares by other means. In 2010-11, the net area under effective pisciculture in Bagdah CD Block was 2,319.89 hectares. 38,906 persons were engaged in the profession. Approximate annual production was 69,596.7 quintals. In 2017-18, Bagdah CD Block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 5 gramin banks . Punjab National Bank (formerly United Bank of India ),

6480-554: Was a part of the Greater Magadhan realm. The local varieties had no official status during the Gupta Empire , and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of Sanskrit literature for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam , and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what

6561-597: Was extensively developed during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of

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