A conflict is a situation in which inacceptable differences in interests, expectations , values , and opinions occur in or between individuals or groups .
89-527: Baby Blue Marine is a 1976 American drama film set during World War II that was directed by John D. Hancock and starring Jan-Michael Vincent . The feature film was produced by Aaron Spelling and Leonard Goldberg . Marion “Hedge” Hedgepeth, a Marine recruit during World War II, washes out in recruit training in San Diego . He is sent home in an unadorned baby blue uniform , leftover military surplus, as most recruits sent their civilian clothes home, thus
178-406: A consensus is worked on collaboratively (and preferably on a win-win solution) because this serves the interests of all parties involved. In situations where the interests are immovable and mutually exclusive, other procedures must be used. Common procedures in which only some of the interests of both sides are served are compromise procedures or distribution imposed by a neutral authority (as in
267-401: A recess , common behavioral norms , greater distance (switch to online discussion), or by background information that the escalation of the other side was not intended. Afterwards, the problematic behavior can be addressed in a calm manner, followed by an acknowledgment of those substantive points of the escalating person that are correct. Alternatively, a feedback sandwich can be used. In
356-462: A better understanding of the film. According to the taxonomy, combining the type with the genre does not create a separate genre. For instance, the "Horror Drama" is simply a dramatic horror film (as opposed to a comedic horror film). "Horror Drama" is not a genre separate from the horror genre or the drama type. Crime dramas explore themes of truth, justice, and freedom, and contain the fundamental dichotomy of "criminal vs. lawman". Crime films make
445-453: A bit of conflict behaviour. Often, further phenomena occur in the course of a conflict. Doubts and uncertainties about one's own position are usually replaced with firm convictions ( confirmation bias ), without anything having changed in the real probabilities. Moreover, people often stick to their conviction in order not to lose face, even if the conviction is now being questioned by themselves. The reciprocity (“an eye for an eye”) favors
534-464: A blocking stance as a reaction. In conflicts between equally strong parties, a competitive conflict style is avoided if a strong counter-reaction is expected. While at the beginning of a conflict escalation a counter-reaction tends to be disproportionately high, it is rather disproportionately low at a higher level of escalation. Often at the beginning of a conflict escalation, various coalitions are formed to support one's own interests, which later in
623-465: A collaborative conflict style join a group, a switch to a competitive group conflict style ( group behavior ) can occur. Additionally, other effects of dominant behavior within the group and between groups come into play. Motivations such as greed , fear, and social identity increase in groups. If the potential reward for greed is reduced, the effect of greed diminishes. There is a double standard that manifests itself primarily in an enhancement of
712-413: A communication link does not always help to solve the dispute. If one party threatens the other, the threatened party will sometimes fare best if it cannot respond with a counterthreat. Equally powerful opponents, however, learn to avoid the use of power if the fear of retaliation is high. In many cases, upward conflict spirals are sustained by the norms of reciprocity: if one group or person criticizes
801-483: A conflict escalation and a convergence of behavior when the other side consistently shows competitive or consistently collaborative behavior to achieve their goals. However, collaborative behavior tips more easily into competitive behavior than vice versa. In conflicts, destructive behaviours can also appear: violence , coercion , intimidation , blackmailing , deception und seduction . Negative emotions such as anger and fear make it difficult to work through
890-660: A conflict with regard to the observed extent and the means used". A number of factors including increased commitment to one's position, use of harder influence tactics, and formation of coalitions propel the escalation of the conflict. As conflicts escalate, group members' doubts and uncertainties are replaced with a firm commitment to their position. People rationalize their choices once they have made them: they seek out information that supports their views, reject information that disconfirms their views, and become more entrenched in their original position (also see confirmatory bias ). Additionally, people believe that once they commit to
979-459: A discussion. In the third step, the actual conflict of interest is identified and mutual understanding for the interest of the other party is developed. This requires understanding and respecting the underlying values and motivations . According to the four-sides model by Friedemann Schulz von Thun , there are two levels of information in every statement: the content level and the emotional or relationship level. Both levels contain interests,
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#17328864539681068-468: A dynamic that can become uncontrollable in extreme cases. The course of a conflict can be divided into four phases: Beyond that a conflict can further escalate. Models of escalation in conflicts are the Friedrich Glasl's model of conflict escalation , the conflict curve by Michael S. Lund and the hourglass model by Oliver Ramsbotham . When an escalation is initiated by one party there often
1157-433: A lack of freedom in terms of the distribution structure of entitlements and offers. The parties to the conflict are directed by persons not involved in the conflict. In this process, the emotional and factual components of the conflict are separated. The institution or instance proceeds with rules that are mutually recognized by the parties to the conflict. Conflicts can be strongly or weakly institutionalized. The feud ,
1246-453: A local Japanese American internment camp , the camp’s small and inexperienced army troop is joined by the locals in searching the woods. Mr. Elmore reminds everyone that these are young American citizens, but some of the locals, particularly Private Phelps, seem hellbent on killing the "Japs". Hedge finds the boys first, and they admit that they are sick of being unfairly held and are (naively) trying to get home to San Francisco . Phelps spots
1335-446: A local who just finished basic training and is awaiting assignment to the army typing pool. Rose invites Hedge to stay with her family for a few days, where Hedge bunks with her brother, Barney. Rose and Hedge fall in love, and he eventually tells her the truth of his story, saying that he has chosen to stay quiet because he does not want the real Raider to get in trouble for deserting. When three American-born teenaged boys escape from
1424-685: A more central component of the story, along with serious content. Examples include Three Colours: White (1994), The Truman Show (1998), The Man Without a Past (2002), The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2011), and Silver Linings Playbook (2012). Coined by film professor Ken Dancyger , these stories exaggerate characters and situations to the point of becoming fable, legend or fairy tale. Examples: Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009) and Maleficent (2014). Light dramas are light-hearted stories that are, nevertheless, serious in nature. Examples: The Help (2011) and The Terminal (2004). Psychological dramas are dramas that focus on
1513-400: A particular setting or subject matter, or they combine a drama's otherwise serious tone with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . To these ends, a primary element in a drama is the occurrence of conflict —emotional, social, or otherwise—and its resolution in the course of the storyline. All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in
1602-633: A person's life and raises their level of importance. The "small things in life" feel as important to the protagonist (and the audience) as the climactic battle in an action film, or the final shootout in a western. Often, the protagonists deal with multiple, overlapping issues in the course of the film – just as we do in life. Films of this type/genre combination include: The Wrestler (2008), Fruitvale Station (2013), and Locke (2013). Romantic dramas are films with central themes that reinforce our beliefs about love (e.g.: themes such as "love at first sight", "love conquers all", or "there
1691-410: A position publicly, they should stick with it. Sometimes, they may realize the shortcomings of their views, but they continue defending those views and arguing against their opponents just to save face. Finally, if the opponents argue too strongly, reactance may set in and group members become even more committed to the position. Individuals' reactions to the conflict are shaped by their perception of
1780-542: A positive light on the reconciliation that was made during the mediation process. For instance, if it was negotiated that two cashiers will rotate the weekends they work, the mediator might point out that now each worker gets a weekend off every two weeks. The mediator can also offer assistance in refining solutions and making counter-offers between members, adjusting the time and location of meetings so that they are mutually satisfying for both parties. There are three major mediation approaches: In practice, conflict resolution
1869-468: A regulation of the conflict can occur through a decision by an authority, e.g., by an arbitrator, a court, a parent, or a supervisor. Unprocessed conflicts generate frustration and aggression , which can result in cost , damage , and scapegoats . The first step in a dispute is usually de-escalation (e.g., cessation of hostilities, reduction of open aggression). A reciprocal tit for tat strategy ("an eye for an eye") can build trust between groups in
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#17328864539681958-457: A specific approach to drama but, rather, consider drama as a lack of comedic techniques. Examples: Ghost World (2001) and Wuthering Heights (2011). According to the Screenwriters' Taxonomy, all film descriptions should contain their type (comedy or drama) combined with one (or more) of the eleven super-genres. This combination does not create a separate genre, but rather, provides
2047-422: A weakly institutionalized conflict, has some rules that are recognized by the parties to the conflict (e.g., existence of a legitimate feud reason, formal announcement, procedure, etc.), all signs of institutionalization, but on the other hand, the conflict is handled by the parties to the conflict themselves (no social differentiation); the emotional and factual component of the conflict are not separated: friends of
2136-458: A while, opponents might decide that this conflict is intractable. People usually expect intractable conflicts to be prolonged, intense, and very hard to resolve. During the conflict, opponents often become mistrustful of one another wondering if their cooperative motivations were replaced by competitive ones. This loss of trust makes it difficult to return to the cooperative relationship. People with competitive social value orientations ( SVOs ) are
2225-515: A willingness to do so becomes less likely with increasing escalation. Glasl, on the other hand, assigns six strategies for conflict management to the nine escalation stages of Friedrich Glasl's model of conflict escalation . According to Ramsbotham, conflicts are divided into five phases of conflict development, to which three conflict resolution strategies are assigned: While the Thomas and Kilmann system describes five typical conflict styles, aligns
2314-454: Is a conflict between the overall goals of the general group, and the goals of at least one person in that group. The disagreements may also be examples of interpersonal conflict , a conflict between two or more people. Intrapersonal conflicts are conflicts occurring in an individual, for example a bad conscience or an identity conflict . Intergroup conflict is conflict between two or more groups. More specific types of conflict include
2403-526: Is a final fight to the death; the idea of the protagonists facing death is a central expectation in a war drama film. In a war film even though the enemy may out-number, or out-power, the hero, we assume that the enemy can be defeated if only the hero can figure out how. Examples include: Apocalypse Now (1979), Come and See (1985), Braveheart (1995), Life Is Beautiful (1997), Black Book (2006), The Hurt Locker (2008), 1944 (2015), Wildeye (2015), and 1917 (2019). Films in
2492-458: Is a sequence of escalation behaviour: requests , demands , angry remarks , threats , harassment and abuse . Models with a fixed order of stages of conflict escalation have been criticized for not representing the probabilistic nature of conflicts. The various ways in which people react to conflict situations have been presented by Gerhard Schwarz , sometimes in reference to Eric Lippmann , as follows: These behavior patterns can lead to
2581-451: Is angry, they become angry themselves. Nicholson notes that a conflict is resolved when the inconsistency between wishes and actions of parties is resolved. Negotiation is an important part of conflict resolution, and any design of a process which tries to incorporate positive conflict from the start needs to be cautious not to let it degenerate into the negative types of conflict. Actual conflict resolutions range from discussions between
2670-451: Is generally difficult for most people to remain calm and collected in a conflict situation. However, an increase in negative emotions (i.e. anger) only exacerbates the initial conflict. Even when group members want to discuss their positions calmly and dispassionately, once they become committed to their positions, an emotional expression often replaces logical discussion. Anger is also contagious: when group member negotiates with someone who
2759-477: Is often interwoven with daily activities, as in organizations, workplaces and institutions. Staff and residents in a youth care setting, for instance, interweave everyday concerns (meals, lessons, breaks, meetings, or other mundane but concerted projects) with interpersonal disputes. The institutionalization of conflicts refers to the resolution or settlement of a conflict when it has been passed on to an institution . However, delegation to institutions brings about
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2848-421: Is someone out there for everyone"); the story typically revolves around characters falling into (and out of, and back into) love. Annie Hall (1977), The Notebook (2004), Carol (2015), Her (2013) , and La La Land (2016) are examples of romance dramas. The science fiction drama film is often the story of a protagonist (and their allies) facing something "unknown" that has the potential to change
2937-622: Is that in a documentary it uses real people to describe history or current events; in a docudrama it uses professionally trained actors to play the roles in the current event, that is "dramatized" a bit. Examples: Black Mass (2015) and Zodiac (2007). Unlike docudramas, docu-fictional films combine documentary and fiction, where actual footage or real events are intermingled with recreated scenes. Examples: Interior. Leather Bar (2013) and Your Name Here (2015). Many otherwise serious productions have humorous scenes and characters intended to provide comic relief . A comedy drama has humor as
3026-500: Is the initiation of communication between the conflicting parties, often through mediation. Accompanying conditions are described by the Harvard Concept . Alternatively, the moderation cycle according to Josef W. Seifert can be followed. Furthermore, I-messages can be alternated with active listening according to Thomas Gordon or nonviolent communication according to Marshall B. Rosenberg can be used to depersonalize
3115-492: Is thought to be completely deserving of its accomplishments. Admiration is thought to be most likely to arise when a member of the in-group can take pride in the accomplishments of the out-group, and when the out-group achieving does not interfere with the in-group. Groups often exhibit more competitive behavior than individuals within a group do with each other. Merely perceiving one's own group identity already favors discrimination against foreign groups. When individuals with
3204-536: Is used, among other things, in the event of a very strong escalation of a conflict between states or paramilitary groups. It is a competitive system with comparatively strong damages and collateral damages and is therefore used as a last resort. Early written works on military conflict resolution are The Art of War by Sunzi and On War by Carl von Clausewitz . A divorce is a judicial conflict management system. If there are children, sometimes mediation, counseling or child protective services are used following
3293-607: The U.S. Third Army . Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film 2½ out of 4 stars. Drama (film and television) In film and television , drama is a category or genre of narrative fiction (or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone. The drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular super-genre, macro-genre, or micro-genre, such as soap opera , police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical drama , domestic drama , teen drama , and comedy-drama (dramedy). These terms tend to indicate
3382-468: The University of Oxford , inter-group conflict was so 'heated' that it became mutually destructive and intractable, resulting in organizational collapse. Out-group-directed emotions can be expressed both verbally and non-verbally, and according to the stereotype content model, are dictated by two dimensions: the perceived warmth (friendliness) and competence of the other group (skillfulness). Depending on
3471-755: The western super-genre often take place in the American Southwest or Mexico, with a large number of scenes occurring outdoors so we can soak in scenic landscapes. Visceral expectations for the audience include fistfights, gunplay, and chase scenes. There is also the expectation of spectacular panoramic images of the countryside including sunsets, wide open landscapes, and endless deserts and sky. Examples of western dramas include: True Grit (1969) and its 2010 remake , Mad Max (1979), Unforgiven (1992), No Country for Old Men (2007), Django Unchained (2012), Hell or High Water (2016), and Logan (2017). Some film categories that use
3560-614: The 1964 work Managerial Grid by Jane Srygley Mouton and Robert Rogers Blake . The two variables deal on the one hand with the question of whether the goals or interests of the two conflict parties are achieved and on the other hand with the question of how cooperativity is maintained. Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralph H. Kilmann published a rating system in 1974. It extends the model to include compromise-seeking behavior and quantifies five typical conflict styles ( competitive , collaborating , compromise seeking, avoiding and accommodating ) in questionnaires, which give different values for
3649-489: The Apes (1968), A Clockwork Orange (1971), Blade Runner (1982) and its sequel Blade Runner 2049 (2017), Children of Men (2006), Interstellar (2014), and Arrival (2016). In the sports super-genre, characters will be playing sports. Thematically, the story is often one of "Our Team" versus "Their Team"; their team will always try to win, and our team will show the world that they deserve recognition or redemption;
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3738-402: The actions of one's own group, but also in a devaluation of the actions of other groups. This also includes distorted generalizations and stereotypes attributed to the other group. It involves both deindividuation (opponents are only perceived as part of a homogeneous group, not as individuals), and dehumanization (opponents are perceived as subhuman). In an experiment, more than half of
3827-407: The audience jump through a series of mental "hoops"; it is not uncommon for the crime drama to use verbal gymnastics to keep the audience and the protagonist on their toes. Examples of crime dramas include: The Godfather (1972), Chinatown (1974), Goodfellas (1990), The Usual Suspects (1995), The Big Short (2015), and Udta Punjab (2016). According to Eric R. Williams ,
3916-564: The balance of power in their favor, and it is typical for multiparty conflicts to reduce to two-party blocks over time. Coalitions contribute to the conflict because they draw more members of the group into the affray. Individuals in coalitions work not only to ensure their own outcomes but also to worsen outcomes of non-coalition members. Those who are excluded from the coalition react with hostility and try to regain power by forming their own coalition. Thus, coalitions need to be constantly maintained through strategic bargaining and negotiation. It
4005-412: The broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense, drama is a mode distinct from novels, short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era, before the birth of cinema or television, "drama" within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that
4094-408: The case of avoiding behavior, more questions should be asked and more attention should be paid to the participation of these persons in the conflict resolution and to their immaterial interests (such as recognition and autonomy ). In the conversation, a reminder can be given for motivation that the processing of the conflict serves the satisfaction of the interests of both sides. The second step
4183-559: The case of mutually collaborative or mutually competitive conflict styles. To facilitate a change of positions in a conflict party, face-saving bridges should be built, e.g., by discussing what has already changed since the beginning of conflict resolution or by introducing common fair behavioral norms. Escalating behavior should not be reacted to immediately, to give the person or persons time to regain emotional self-control , making them more accessible to arguments and avoiding mutual escalation. Anger can be reduced by an apology , humor ,
4272-533: The characters' inner life and psychological problems. Examples: Requiem for a Dream (2000), Oldboy (2003), Babel (2006), Whiplash (2014), and Anomalisa (2015) Satire can involve humor, but the result is typically sharp social commentary that is anything but funny. Satire often uses irony or exaggeration to expose faults in society or individuals that influence social ideology. Examples: Thank You for Smoking (2005) and Idiocracy (2006). Straight drama applies to those that do not attempt
4361-513: The conflict lead to conflicts between two groups. When a conflict occurs not just between two individuals (interpersonal conflict), but between two or more groups (intergroup conflict), additional effects of group dynamics come into play. Five typical emotions have been identified in groups that contribute to escalation: superiority , injustice , vulnerability , mistrust , and helplessness. Additionally, envy , contempt , pity and admiration can also occur between groups. Envy results when
4450-473: The course of the film. Thematically, horror films often serve as morality tales, with the killer serving up violent penance for the victims' past sins. Metaphorically, these become battles of Good vs. Evil or Purity vs. Sin. Psycho (1960), Halloween (1978), The Shining (1980), The Conjuring (2013), It (2017), mother! (2017), and Hereditary (2018) are examples of horror drama films. Day-in-the-life films takes small events in
4539-552: The derogatory designation Baby Blue Marine. Traveling by bus to his home in St. Louis , Hedge meets a Marine Raider veteran at a stopover. The young, battle-scarred, and highly decorated Marine has aged beyond his years with prematurely gray hair. As the Raider does not wish to return to the war, he knocks out Hedge and trades uniforms with him. Now penniless, with only the Raider uniform for clothing, Hedge hitchhikes towards St. Louis. He enters
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#17328864539684628-399: The differences of which to the other conflict party should be balanced as much as possible. Then a win-win solution for the conflict can be developed together. To resolve conflicts, Thomas L. Ruble and Kenneth W. Thomas and later Whetten and Cameron investigated the possible strategies in case of conflict. The variables assertiveness and cooperativity are based on the results in
4717-471: The differences. Moreover, anger is often contagious, because a person who is met with anger reacts in turn more often angrily. Likewise, behaviors such as hostile, overly aggressive, choleric, conflict-avoiding, evasive, passive-aggressive, nagging or accusing (without changing anything), non-changing, annoying, pessimistic, superior or indecisive behavior can make conflict resolution difficult. The attribution of presumed strengths, attitudes, and values to
4806-443: The dispute. More specifically, a mediator is defined as a person who attempts to resolve a conflict between two group members by intervening in this conflict. Put simply, the mediator can be thought of as a disinterested guide directs the disputants through the process of developing a solution to a disagreement. For conflicts with negative interpersonal relationships on a low escalation level, relationship building can help transform
4895-481: The family as a whole reacts to a central challenge. There are four micro-genres for the family drama: Family Bond , Family Feud , Family Loss , and Family Rift . A sub-type of drama films that uses plots that appeal to the heightened emotions of the audience. Melodramatic plots often deal with "crises of human emotion, failed romance or friendship, strained familial situations, tragedy, illness, neuroses, or emotional and physical hardship". Film critics sometimes use
4984-409: The film and television industries, along with film studies , adopted. " Radio drama " has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a live performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio . The Screenwriters Taxonomy contends that film genres are fundamentally based upon a film's atmosphere, character and story, and therefore
5073-829: The following. The following are examples of conflict that could be either intragroup or intergroup conflict. Conflicts can also be categorized geographically, as in the North-South conflict and the East-West conflict . Other examples are territorial conflicts such as the Kosovo War , the Iraq-Iran War , the Middle East conflict , the China-Taiwan conflict and the Korean Conflict . Likewise, conflicts can be categorised according to
5162-416: The future of humanity; this unknown may be represented by a villain with incomprehensible powers, a creature we do not understand, or a scientific scenario that threatens to change the world; the science fiction story forces the audience to consider the nature of human beings, the confines of time or space or the concepts of human existence in general. Examples include: Metropolis (1927), Planet of
5251-416: The hallmark of fantasy drama films is "a sense of wonderment, typically played out in a visually intense world inhabited by mythic creatures, magic or superhuman characters. Props and costumes within these films often belie a sense of mythology and folklore – whether ancient, futuristic, or other-worldly. The costumes, as well as the exotic world, reflect the personal, inner struggles that the hero faces in
5340-415: The idyllic small town of Bidwell, California , below Mount Shasta . His uniform’s decorations and Raider shoulder-sleeve insignia make him a hero to the community, whose own young men are away at the war. At the local diner, Hedge is befriended by waitress Rose, a recent high-school graduate, and Mr. Elmore, a local who lost his son in the attack on Pearl Harbor . He also meets Army Private Danny Phelps,
5429-469: The inquisitorial or arbitration procedure, with parents or a supervisor). Furthermore, a vote or a judicial judgment is often carried out as a competitive procedure, in which the interests of the larger group or the right-preserving side are served first. Likewise, a concession by one side can resolve the conflict if there is a willingness to do so. As a concession implies at least a partial renunciation of one's own interests with little to no compensation,
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#17328864539685518-408: The labels "drama" and "comedy" are too broad to be considered a genre. Instead, the taxonomy contends that film dramas are a "Type" of film; listing at least ten different sub-types of film and television drama. Docudramas are dramatized adaptations of real-life events. While not always completely accurate, the general facts are more-or-less true. The difference between a docudrama and a documentary
5607-427: The legal system. Films that focus on dramatic events in history. Focuses on doctors, nurses, hospital staff, and ambulance saving victims and the interactions of their daily lives. Focuses on teenage characters, especially where a secondary school setting plays a role. Conflict (process) Depending on the source, there are different definitions for conflicts: In cases of intragroup conflict , there
5696-523: The measures with the conflict styles and the situations and emphasizes collaboration as a solution, the measures in the Glasl system and the Ramsbotham system are aligned with the escalation level. Conflict is a social process that is exacerbated when individual members of a group take sides in the debate. Among the methods to resolve conflict is mediation of the dispute by a group member not currently involved in
5785-458: The most inaccurate in their perception of opponents' motivation. They often think that others compete with them when in fact, there is no competition going on. Competitors are also more biased in their search for information that confirms their suspicions that others compete with them. They also tend to deliberately misrepresent their intentions, sometimes claiming to be more cooperatively oriented than they actually are. People use soft tactics at
5874-407: The nature of the relationship and improve the communication. As mediation depends on meeting together peacefully, it is more successful in conflicts with low levels of escalation where there is still a will to work on an agreement. Although the tendency will be for group members who are uninvolved in the dispute to remain uninvolved, in some cases, the sheer intensity of the conflict may escalate to
5963-456: The other conflict party is often distorted during a conflict. Likewise, there is often a false attribution of whether the problem arises from the situation or the character of the participants. As a conflict escalates, the tactics used by each side become more confrontational (harder). However, there are situations where the threatened party fares better when a threat is not met with a counter-threat. A too dominant negotiation style can provoke
6052-530: The other, the criticized person or group feels justified in doing the same. In conflict situations, opponents often follow the norm of rough reciprocity, i.e. they give too much (overmatching) or too little (undermatching) in return. At low levels of conflict, opponents overmatch their threats, while at high levels of conflict they undermatch their threats. Overmatching may serve as a strong warning, while undermatching may be used to send conciliatory messages. When conflicts erupt, group members use coalitions to shift
6141-447: The out-group can never be resolved. Out-groups that are believed by the in-group to be high in warmth but low in competence are pitied. Usually pitied groups are lower in status than the in-group and are not believed to be responsible for their failures. Admiration occurs when an out-group is taken to be high in both warmth and competence, however, admiration is very rare because these two conditions are seldom met. An admired out-group
6230-493: The out-group is perceived to have high competence, but low warmth. Envious groups are usually jealous of another group's symbolic and tangible achievements and view that group as competition. Contempt results when the out-group is taken to be low in both competence and warmth. According to Forsyth, contempt is one of the most frequent intergroup emotions. In this situation, the out-group is held responsible for its own failures. In-group members also believe that their conflict with
6319-513: The outset of the conflict, but as it escalates, tactics become stronger and harder. To demonstrate this phenomenon, Mikolic, Parker, and Pruitt (1997) simulated a conflict situation by creating a " birthday card factory" with study participants who were paid a small amount for each card they manufactured using paper, colored markers, and ribbons. The work went well until researchers' confederate who posed as another participant started hoarding production materials. Initially, group members tried to solve
6408-571: The participants opted for a choice with less reward if the process was perceived as fair in return. A key player in inter-group relations and conflict is the collective sentiment a person's own group (in-group) feels toward another group (out-group). These inter-group emotions are usually negative, and range in intensity from feelings of discomfort when interacting with a member of a certain other group to full on hatred for another group and its members. For example, in Fischer's organizational research at
6497-500: The parties involved, such as in mediations or collective bargaining , to violent confrontations such as in interstate wars or civil wars . "Between" these are the variants of lawful or courtly clarification, which by no means have to take the form of "mud fights", but can be handled as " professional delegation " of the problem to lawyers , in order to relieve oneself from the time-consuming and strenuous clarification procedure. Many conflicts can be resolved without escalation by
6586-410: The parties involved. If the conflict parties do not come to a solution themselves, accompanying measures can be taken by third parties. The goal of conflict resolution is an effective and lasting solution to the conflict. This is achieved through the satisfaction of all parties involved, which ideally results in constructively working together on the problem (collaboration, cooperation). In addition,
6675-513: The people involved. Areas in which conflicts frequently occur are, for example, in the family , between parents, between siblings or between parents and children, among friends and acquaintances, in groups , in school , in nature , in business between companies, employers or employees, in science , between generations ( generational conflict ), between ethnic groups (ethnic conflict) or within or between states (see peace research ). Conflicts are not static events in themselves, but develop
6764-458: The perceived degree of warmth and competence, the stereotype content model predicts four basic emotions that could be directed toward the out-group (Forsyth, 2010). Although the involved parties may hope to reach a solution to their dispute quickly, psychological and interpersonal factors can frustrate their attempts to control the conflict, and in this case, conflict escalation occurs. Conflict escalation "can be understood as an intensification of
6853-457: The personal inclination to the five typical conflict styles. A collaboration (cooperation) in principle allows both the achievement of the goals of both sides and a good handling. However, not every style leads to an acceptable result in every situation. For example, a collaboration does not work if the goals of the two conflict parties are immutable and mutually exclusive. The different styles have different advantages and disadvantages. Depending on
6942-416: The point where mediation is unavoidable and still feasible. Third party mediation of the conflict opens avenues for communication between group members in conflict. It allows members to express their opinions and request clarification of other member's standpoints while the mediator acts as a form of protection against any shame or "loss of face" that either disputant may experience. This can be done by shedding
7031-406: The problem with statements and requests. When these methods failed they shifted to demands and complaints, and then to threats, abuse, and anger. Although hard tactics can overwhelm the opponent, they often intensify conflicts. Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss (1960) used trucking game experiment to demonstrate that capacity to threaten others intensifies conflict. They also showed that establishing
7120-417: The respective parties to the conflict not only have the right, but even the duty to assist, and they generate further conflicts. The justice system is a national competitive system (interest of one party is to be served) for the regulation of conflicts. The procedures are divided into criminal procedures and civil procedures . The procedures are used when a legal claim is to be negotiated. The military
7209-422: The scene from a nearby ridge and shoots, hitting Hedge, who falls into the rapids of a rushing mountain stream. The Japanese-American boys, aided by Mr. Elmore and a repentant Phelps, barely save the heavily bleeding Hedge from drowning. Thinking he might die, Hedge tells Rose to tell everyone his true story. When the war ends, Hedge returns to Bidwell and Rose, having served as a corporal under General Patton in
7298-486: The situation and people in the situation. During the conflict, opponents' inferences about each other's strengths, attitudes, values, and personal qualities tend to be largely distorted. During the conflict, people explain their opponents' actions in ways that make the problem worse. Fundamental attribution error occurs when one assumes that opponents' behavior was caused by personal (dispositional) rather than situational (environmental) factors. When conflict continues for
7387-422: The situation, different conflict styles can be considered desirable to achieve the best results. Thomas and Kilmann distinguish five typical conflict styles: Limited resources can be distributed either according to the previous investment of time, energy and resources, according to equal shares , according to power ratios or according to need . A decision can be reached using various procedures. Ideally,
7476-408: The solution or dissolution of a conflict in different situations. While the first-mentioned stages are anti- or confrontational in character, the last-mentioned stages represent forms of constructive conflict resolution - with consensus as the highest (to be learned) form. Paul Graham divided forms of argument hierarchically according to their escalation potential and the quality of the argument. In
7565-530: The story does not always have to involve a team. The story could also be about an individual athlete or the story could focus on an individual playing on a team. Examples of this genre/type include: The Hustler (1961), Hoosiers (1986), Remember the Titans (2000), and Moneyball (2011). War films typically tells the story of a small group of isolated individuals who – one by one – get killed (literally or metaphorically) by an outside force until there
7654-514: The story." Examples of fantasy dramas include The Lord of the Rings (2001–2003), Pan's Labyrinth (2006), Where the Wild Things Are (2009), and Life of Pi (2012). Horror dramas often involve the central characters isolated from the rest of society. These characters are often teenagers or people in their early twenties (the genre's central audience) and are eventually killed off during
7743-578: The term "pejoratively to connote an unrealistic, pathos-filled, camp tale of romance or domestic situations with stereotypical characters (often including a central female character) that would directly appeal to feminine audiences". Also called "women's movies", "weepies", tearjerkers, or "chick flicks". If they are targeted to a male audience, then they are called "guy cry" films. Often considered "soap-opera" drama. Focuses on religious characters, mystery play, beliefs, and respect. Character development based on themes involving criminals, law enforcement and
7832-488: The word "comedy" or "drama" are not recognized by the Screenwriters Taxonomy as either a film genre or a film type. For instance, "Melodrama" and "Screwball Comedy" are considered Pathways, while "romantic comedy" and "family drama" are macro-genres. A macro-genre in the Screenwriters Taxonomy. These films tell a story in which many of the central characters are related. The story revolves around how
7921-696: The ‘‘dual concern model’’, conflict types are divided along the two dimensions: orientation towards one's own goal or orientation towards the goal of the conflict partner. Personality tests for conflict behavior are the Kraybill Conflict Style Inventory, the open-source licensed "Ethics Position Questionnaire" and the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument . Further, more general and comprehensive personality tests are Leadership Derailers , Social value orientation , Hexaco-PI-R and NEO-PI-R , which also include
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