The BR-376 , also known as Rodovia do Café (Coffee Highway), is a Brazilian federal highway that connects the cities of Garuva , in the state of Santa Catarina , to Dourados , Mato Grosso do Sul . It has a total length of 958.3 km.
97-530: The Rodovia do Café route (Coffee Highway) was initially considered by the imperial government of Brazil. A report of the expedition led by the German engineers, José and Francisco Keller, addressed to the Imperial Government, in which they demonstrated for the opening of this highway, with interest even for a transcontinental highway, pointed out the shortest path between the coast of Brazil and Mato Grosso through
194-577: A self-coup with the military to keep himself in power. As of November 2024 , Bolsonaro has been formally accused by the Federal Police of multiple crimes related to the alleged coup. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Bolsonaro was born on 21 March 1955 in Glicério , São Paulo, in southeast Brazil, to Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro and Olinda Bonturi. His family is mostly of Italian descent, with German ancestry as well. On his father's side, he
291-525: A "fantasy" created by the media. In August 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration. In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available, but he later said he would support any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe. In the same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall". In 2020,
388-541: A "serious personality deviation and a professional deformation", "lack of moral courage to leave the Army" and "lied throughout the process" when denying frequent contacts with Veja . The Supreme Military Court then analyzed the case. The general in charge of reporting the case voted to acquit Bolsonaro, arguing that he had already been penalized for the initial Veja article, that there was no testimonial evidence of his plans to plant bombs, and that there were "deep contradictions in
485-460: A 40-60 passenger bus. He got Volvo to make 270 person Swedish articulated buses (300 Brazilians, said Lerner), so that the problem of a lower passenger-number-to-driver ratio was no longer an issue. The city built attractive transit stops with the look and feel of train stations, and all with handicapped access equipment, inducing private firms to purchase and operate the buses. A hierarchy of buses of six sizes feed one another. The city controls
582-626: A Escola'" (From the Street to School), "'Protegendo a Vida'" (Protecting Life), and "'Universidade do Professor'" (Professor's University). In 2011, Lerner was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison for the illegal layoff of a public tender during his mandate as governor. He wasn't arrested due to his age. At the General Assembly of the International Union of Architects in July 2002, Lerner
679-633: A cabinet of 29 members. Bolsonaro's initial cabinet was composed of 16 ministers, two cabinet-level positions, and four presidential secretaries, including Chief of Staff Onyx Lorenzoni . Bolsonaro's ministers included Operation Car Wash judge Sergio Moro as Justice minister and congresswoman Tereza Cristina as minister of Agriculture. Bolsonaro placed many army officers in key positions in his cabinet. Before his inauguration, he said he would fill positions in his government based only on technical qualifications and skills rather than ideological sympathy; however, many appointees clashed ideologically with
776-703: A campaign to bombard WhatsApp users with fake news about Haddad." The suspicions led to a formal investigation by electoral authorities and the Federal Police; Bolsonaro and allies denied any wrongdoing. Another controversial point was that Taíse Feijó, an adviser in Bolsonaro's government, was among those paid to feed fake news to his supporters. Bolsonaro was stabbed in the abdomen on 6 September 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in Juiz de Fora , Minas Gerais. At first, his son Flávio Bolsonaro stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he
873-659: A candidate which is banned under the Brazilian law. Former Minister of Defence Walter Braga Netto , who also attended the ceremony, and also ran for vice president on Bolsonaro's ticket, was convicted by the Court and ruled disqualified, like Bolsonaro, to run for any office for the next eight years. In February 2024, the Brazilian Federal Police raided former government officials and ordered Bolsonaro to hand in his passport over accusations that he and his allies tried to overturn
970-473: A coup d'état. On 30 June, the Superior Electoral Court blocked Bolsonaro from seeking office until 2030 for attempting to undermine the validity of the election through his unfounded claims of voter fraud, and for abusing his power by using government communication channels to both promote his campaign and to allege fraud. Testimonies from military officials showed that Bolsonaro had allegedly planned
1067-779: A day in advance, and passed by the national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected the changes. On 28 July 2021, Bolsonaro appointed Ciro Noguiera , a senator who was implicated in the Odebrecht corruption case , as his chief of staff . In early August 2021, Bolsonaro threatened to respond with unconstitutional measures to an investigation over his baseless allegations of fraud vulnerabilities in Brazil's electronic voting system, because he deemed that investigation unconstitutional. Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes had approved
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#17328631363721164-403: A document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and at least 20 other grievances. In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement was "two and a half years without corruption". In the same month,
1261-578: A football player for Palmeiras , with whom he shares a birthday. In his final years in high school, Bolsonaro was admitted to the Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército (the prep school of the Brazilian Army ), which he entered in 1973. In 1974, he went to the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (Brazil's main military academy), graduating in 1977 as an artillery officer. He served in
1358-410: A greater movement of the port of Paraná, to the detriment of that of Santos. The highway is extremely important to transport agricultural, livestock and industrial products from the states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. As some examples, we have soy, corn, coffee, beef, paper and cellulose, wood, furniture and other important products. in the region. The highway is duplicated in a few parts, as in
1455-479: A military coup d'état and reinstate Bolsonaro as president. While the riots were going on, President Lula blamed Bolsonaro in a press conference. Bolsonaro condemned the protesters in a tweet on 9 January, and denied responsibility. In February 2023, Bolsonaro announced that he would be returning to Brazil in March. This would be the first time Bolsonaro returned to the country since December 2022. Bolsonaro had entered
1552-509: A policy of attracting investment to turn the state into one of Brazil's industrial hubs , generating investments of over US$ 20 billion between 1995 and 2001. Following upon his experience in Curitiba, Lerner focused on issues like transport , education , health , sanitation , leisure , and industrialization . UNICEF awarded Lerner the Child and Peace Prize in 1996 for his programs "'Da Rua para
1649-563: A political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not. In June 2021, nationwide protests erupted against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on the streets. In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that
1746-422: A program that traded bags of groceries and transit passes for bags of trash. The slums got much cleaner. Similarly, Curitiba has a nearby bay that was a dumping ground that would be extremely costly to clean up. Lerner began a program that paid fishermen for any garbage they retrieved (by the pound). That way, they can make money even outside fishing season, supplementing their income. The savings to Curitiba are in
1843-548: A reference to a Navy base at Restinga da Marambaia , in Rio de Janeiro State, where the Brazilian military dictatorship tortured and killed dissidents. The speech was widely condemned by rivals, journalists and politicians. Bolsonaro won the runoff election with 55.13% of the votes, and was elected the 38th president of Brazil. He took office on 1 January 2019. During the campaign, academics repeatedly raised concerns about
1940-548: A road full of curves, narrow and without pavement. Construction of a new highway began in 1944. With the creation of the DER in 1946, construction continued, the work of which at an early stage was opened to traffic in 1951. The work that made a great impact in Paraná in the 1960s was the Rodovia do Café. When the global guideline for Rodovia do Café was defined, with the most appropriate route for
2037-488: A runoff presidential election on 30 October, Bolsonaro was defeated by former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , who took 50.9% of the votes cast. Lula had won the most votes in the first round of the election on 2 October, receiving 48.43% of the votes cast: Bolsonaro received 43.20%. In a press conference at the Palácio da Alvorada on 1 November, Bolsonaro did not acknowledge his defeat but stated that he would "comply with
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#17328631363722134-451: A scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" emerged. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price. It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for the vaccine and that the irregularities were not found in
2231-557: A second investigation concluded that Bispo is mentally disturbed, having a "permanent paranoid delusional disorder" which, according to Brazilian law, prevents him from being considered legally liable for his actions. In a May 2019 decision, the Federal Court found Bispo not liable. Bolsonaro did not appeal the decision. On 29 September, a month after the attack, Bolsonaro was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Rio de Janeiro. His condition prevented him from returning to
2328-466: Is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who served as the 38th president of Brazil from 2019 to 2023. He previously served as member of Brazil's Chamber of Deputies from 1991 to 2019. Bolsonaro began serving in the Brazilian Army in 1973 and graduated from the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras in 1977. He rose to publicity in 1986 after he wrote an article for Veja magazine criticizing low wages for military officers, after which he
2425-534: Is not there yet. However, things could change quickly if he gains power." Jason Stanley , a Yale philosopher who has published widely on Nazism, said that Bolsonaro "uses more tactics associated to fascism than [the] American president Donald Trump". Harvard 's Steven Levitsky said that Bolsonaro "is clearly authoritarian", but not a fascist. Similar concerns were raised by analysts in Portugal and Brazil. Others, such as Marxist historian Perry Anderson , dismissed
2522-809: Is the great-grandson of Italians from Veneto and Calabria . Bolsonaro's paternal grandfather's family comes from Veneto, more precisely Anguillara Veneta , in the province of Padua . His great-grandfather, Vittorio Bolzonaro (the surname was originally written with a "z"), was born on 12 April 1878. Vittorio's parents immigrated to Brazil when he was ten, together with his siblings, Giovanna and Tranquillo. His German ancestry came from his father's maternal grandfather, Carl "Carlos" Hintze, born in Hamburg around 1876, who immigrated to Brazil in 1883. His maternal grandparents were born in Lucca , in Tuscany , and went to live in Brazil in
2619-563: The Centrão , a large bloc of parties without consistent ideological orientation that supports different sides of the political spectrum to gain political privileges—PL being one of them. Bolsonaro previously made deals with the Centrão for support in Congress. On 23 June 2022, Bolsonaro defended his former Minister of Education, Milton Ribeiro , after the latter was arrested on corruption charges. In
2716-725: The 2024 elections . On 14 April 2023, Supreme Court judge Alexandre de Moraes ordered Bolsonaro to submit himself for questioning with the Brazilian Federal Police over the storming of the Congress. On 30 June 2023, the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court barred Bolsonaro from running for public office until 2030 as a result of his attempts to undermine the validity of Brazil's 2022 democratic election, as well as for abuse of power with regard to using government channels to promote his campaign. The decision applies to municipal, state and federal elections for
2813-609: The Amazon rainforest and facilitated its deforestation . Bolsonaro's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was criticized across the political spectrum after he sought to downplay the pandemic and its effects, opposed quarantine measures, and dismissed two health ministers, while the death toll increased rapidly. In the runoff of the 2022 general election , Bolsonaro lost to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . On 8 January 2023, his supporters stormed federal government buildings , calling for
2910-539: The Christian Democratic Party (PDC). According to the biography by his son Flávio, Bolsonaro "was a candidate for councilor because it happened to be the only option he had at the moment to avoid persecution by some superiors. His entry into politics happened by chance, for his desire was to continue in his military career". Bolsonaro spent only two years in the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro . He
3007-566: The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), an international non-governmental organization that investigates crime and corruption, gave Bolsonaro its Person of the Year Award, which "recognizes the individual who has done the most in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption". Bolsonaro received the award for "surrounding himself with corrupt figures, using propaganda to promote his populist agenda, undermining
BR-376 (Brazil highway) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3104-622: The Rede Integrada de Transporte (also called bus rapid transit ), and continued to implement a host of social, ecological, and urban reforms during his ensuing terms as mayor. As mayor, Lerner employed unorthodox solutions to Curitiba's geographic challenges. Like many cities, Curitiba is bordered by floodplain . Wealthier cities in the United States, such as New Orleans and Sacramento , have built expensive and expensive-to-maintain levee systems on floodplain. In contrast, Curitiba purchased
3201-406: The Superior Electoral Court for the 2020 Brazilian municipal elections or the 2022 Brazilian general election , leaving Bolsonaro without a party until 2021. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil , Bolsonaro and his administration were accused of downplaying the crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020. Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19
3298-511: The United States ; later in his presidency, he also made efforts to improve relations with the BRICS countries. Bolsonaro focused on domestic affairs in his first months as president, dealing primarily with the fallout of the 2014 Brazilian economic crisis . The economy recovered slowly, while crime rates fell sharply during the first year. He rolled back protections for Indigenous groups in
3395-433: The "fascist" and "populist" labels altogether. Another highly controversial aspect of the campaign was the alleged use of illegal digital communication strategies by some of Bolsonaro's most important financial supporters. According to an investigation by Folha de S.Paulo , one of Brazil's bestselling newspapers, "Bolsonaro has been getting an illegal helping hand from a group of Brazilian entrepreneurs who are bankrolling
3492-531: The 1890s. On 21 January 2022, his mother Olinda Bonturi Bolsonaro died at age 94. His father Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro died in 1995. Bolsonaro spent most of his childhood moving around São Paulo with his family, living in Ribeira , Jundiaí , and Sete Barras , before settling in Eldorado , in the state's southern region, in 1966, where he grew up with his five brothers. His first name is a tribute to Jair da Rosa Pinto ,
3589-475: The 7 October first round results and defeated Fernando Haddad in the 28 October runoff. A polarizing and controversial politician, Bolsonaro's views and comments, which have been described as far-right and populist, have drawn both praise and criticism in Brazil. He is a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage , abortion , affirmative action , drug liberalization , and secularism . In foreign policy, he has advocated closer relations with Israel and with
3686-769: The 9th Field Artillery Group, in Nioaque , Mato Grosso do Sul. Later he studied at the Army Physical Training School in Rio de Janeiro and served in the 21st Field Artillery Group and the 8th Paratrooper Field Artillery Group, from the Paratrooper Brigade , both in the same city. His superior officers said he was "aggressive" and had "excessive ambition to get financial and economical gain". The assessment referred to Bolsonaro's attempt to mine gold in Bahia state; according to him,
3783-574: The COVID-19 pandemic. Without a political party, Bolsonaro began to negotiate his entrance in one in preparation for the 2022 Brazilian general election (as the 1988 Brazilian Constitution does not allow independent politicians ). He negotiated with the Progressistas (PP), of which he was a member from 1995 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2016, and the Social Christian Party (PSC), of which he
3880-529: The Constitution". Regarding the protests by his supporters, he referred to them as "the fruit of indignation and a sense of injustice of how the electoral process unfolded", while calling on them to remain peaceful and not block roads. Shortly after his speech, the Supreme Court stated that by authorizing the transition of power he had recognized the results, paving the way for the transition two days after Lula
3977-605: The Federal University of Paraná) in 1964. In 1965, he helped create the Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (Institute of Urban Planning and Research of Curitiba, also known as IPPUC ) and participated in the design of the Curitiba Master Plan . In 1988, Jaime Lerner announced his candidacy for mayor of Curitiba with only 12 days remaining before the election. During his first term, Lerner implemented
BR-376 (Brazil highway) - Misplaced Pages Continue
4074-481: The State would have First World highways, strongly boosting economic growth. But additions were soon signed that removed duplications and other works from the contracts. The duplication commitment fell from 995 to 616 km. To make matters worse, in 2019, what had been doubled was no more than 300 km, even with toll rates rising every year. The MPF (Federal Public Ministry) then carried out Operation Integration, which showed that
4171-478: The United States on a diplomatic visa which expired on 31 January, but the family applied for tourist visas to extend their stay in Florida. Bolsonaro returned to Brazil in March 2023 for the first time since his supporters stormed the Supreme Court, Congress, and the presidential palace two months before. Bolsonaro has stated that he returned to the country to help his party and asserted that he intended to campaign for
4268-638: The activity was only a "hobby and mental hygiene". In 1987, he studied in the Officers Improvement School , where he made the Artillery Advanced Course. Bolsonaro first rose to public attention in 1986 when he gave an interview to the news magazine Veja . He complained about low military salaries and claimed that the High Command was dismissing officers due to budgetary cuts, not because they were displaying "deviations of conduct," as
4365-429: The allegation "a fantasy", the magazine published, in its next issue, sketches in which the plan was detailed. The drawings had allegedly been made by Bolsonaro. Official records unearthed by the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo in 2018 detailed the case. After an investigation by an administrative military bureau named Justification Board, Bolsonaro was unanimously considered guilty. According to this board, Bolsonaro had
4462-475: The areas where he would make cuts. He also said he would work to diminish the federal government's size and bureaucracy by enacting a wide variety of deregulation measures. Bolsonaro's promises to restore security amid record high crime and to stamp out Brazil's rampant political corruption won him huge popular support. In October, he announced he would name Paulo Guedes , a liberal economist , as his finance minister. On 9 August 2018, Bolsonaro attended
4559-399: The army, air force, and navy all resigned. In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into the streets" if he ordered them. In mid-August, the military conducted a ten-minute tank parade in Brasília, with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was announced only
4656-570: The author of the bill is". In January 2018, Bolsonaro abandoned the Social Christian Party and switched to the Social Liberal Party (PSL). After his arrival, the PSL adopted conservative and right-wing positions, and its social liberal group Livres announced its departure from the PSL. On 22 July 2018, the PSL nominated Bolsonaro for president in the 2018 election . The Brazilian Labour Renewal Party also endorsed him. His coalition name
4753-412: The campaign trail for the remainder of the first round of the presidential election. The first federal police investigation into the attack concluded that the attacker acted alone, but the investigation "leaves out many issues". Bolsonaro said he did not observe "any effort by former minister Sergio Moro to resolve the matter." Joaquim de Carvalho has said that the police left out of their investigation
4850-582: The campaign, taking a less aggressive and confrontational style. Economically, he started to support less government intervention in the economy (in contrast to the past, when he defended developmentalist policies). On the other hand, he maintained his tough stance on crime and his defense of "traditional family values". Bolsonaro also said he planned to cut taxes across the board, particularly on inheritances and businesses, to generate growth and tackle unemployment. He also promised more austerity measures and cuts in government spending, but had difficulty naming
4947-648: The candidate in sixteen states. Bolsonaro was sworn in as President of the Republic on 1 January 2019, succeeding Michel Temer . Bolsonaro began to get his cabinet together before his inauguration, choosing economist Paulo Guedes as his Economy minister and astronaut Marcos Pontes as his Science and Technology minister. Bolsonaro initially said his cabinet would be composed of 15 members; this figure later rose to 22 when he announced his final minister, Ricardo Salles , in December. His predecessor, Michel Temer , had
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#17328631363725044-451: The changes made to the contracts are part of a millionaire kickback scheme. The companies paid at least R $ 35 million in fees to achieve these changes in contracts. The estimated diversion of money in the toll system amounts to R $ 8.4 billion. Some of those cited by the MPF to receive these fees are: Jaime Lerner , Roberto Requião and Beto Richa , all former governors of the State of Paraná, and
5141-490: The city walkways, roads, and public transportation of Curitiba such as the Rede Integrada de Transporte . In 1965, he helped create the Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba and designed the Curitiba Master Plan . Lerner was born into a Jewish family, originally from Łódź, Poland , who emigrated to Curitiba. He graduated from the Escola de Arquitetura da Universidade Federal do Paraná ; (Architecture School of
5238-422: The city was given federal money to build a subway (Curitiba is not a small town), but Lerner discovered that "heavy rail" like a subway costs ten times the amount of "light rail" (trolleys), which, in turn, costs ten times the amount of a bus system, even with dedicated bus ways. The "light rail" savings usually touted to sway municipal decision makers occur because even trolleys can have relatively fewer drivers than
5335-400: The clean-up will be even greater. This group ["reds"], if they want to stay, will have to abide by our laws ... These red outlaws will be banned from our homeland. Either they go overseas, or they go to jail ... Petralhada, you all go to the edge of the beach. It will be a cleaning never seen in the history of Brazil". The "edge of the beach", a Bolsonaro aide later confirmed, was
5432-479: The command had told the press. Despite being reprimanded by his superiors, Bolsonaro received praise from fellow officers and wives of military men, becoming a household name for hardliners and right-wingers who were growing disenchanted with Brazil's new civilian democratic government. In October 1987, Bolsonaro faced a new accusation. Veja reported that, with an Army colleague, he had plans to plant bombs in military units in Rio de Janeiro . After Bolsonaro called
5529-620: The concessionaires Rodonorte , Econorte , Ecovia , Ecocataratas , Caminhos do Paraná and Viapar . For the next concession, to take place in 2021, the Federal Government, under the command of Jair Bolsonaro , and the Government of the State of Paraná, under the command of Ratinho Jr. , intend, together, adopt a model with lower tariffs, ensure that duplications occur quickly, and also ensure transparency in spending. Jaime Lerner Jaime Lerner (17 December 1937 – 27 May 2021)
5626-462: The consequences of Bolsonaro's rise for Brazilian democracy. In the news magazine Foreign Policy , Federico Finchelstein , a historian at the New School for Social Research who specializes in fascism, wrote, "Bolsonaro's vocabulary recalls the rhetoric behind Nazi policies of persecution and victimization. But does sounding like a Nazi make him a Nazi? Insomuch as he believes in holding elections, he
5723-577: The doctors, he was in an "extremely stable" condition. Police arrested the attacker and identified him as Adélio Bispo de Oliveira, who, according to security agents, claimed he was on "a mission from God". He had been a member of the Socialism and Liberty Party from 2007 to 2014. His social media posts included political criticisms of both Bolsonaro and Temer. But an initial Federal Police investigation concluded that Adélio had no help from political organizations and acted alone. A medical report produced for
5820-420: The end of its construction, the flow of more than 4 million tons of agricultural production, mainly coffee and cereals. With the official delivery to traffic, in July 1965, Rodovia do Café made possible a considerable reduction in travel time, since a loaded truck, on average, took 18 hours to travel in the previous 38 hours, shortened by 142 km the section from Maringá to the port of Paranaguá, thus contributing to
5917-621: The first 59 days, he amassed an average of R$ 17,000 per day. After the Workers' Party candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was arrested in April 2018, Bolsonaro became the frontrunner according to all major opinion polls. A Datafolha poll from September showed Bolsonaro as the leading candidate in the first round with 28% of vote intentions, though runoff scenarios showed him losing to Geraldo Alckmin , Fernando Haddad , and Ciro Gomes and tying with Marina Silva . Another Datafolha poll, conducted
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#17328631363726014-409: The first Paraná Highway Plan, guidelines were drawn up to comply with the connection with the northern region of the State. Until 1939, there was no road connecting the north of Paraná with the port of Paranaguá; With the exception of the railroad, only freighters and wagons carried out transport in the intermediate regions. The north and south connection of the State was made by the old Estrada do Cerne,
6111-452: The first presidential debate of the year, organized by the TV network Rede Bandeirantes . A week later, there was another debate at RedeTV! On 28 August, he gave an interview to Jornal Nacional , Brazil's highest-rated primetime news program, at Rede Globo . Bolsonaro was the first presidential candidate to raise over R$ 1 million in donations from the public during the 2018 campaign. In
6208-564: The floodplain and made parks. The city now ranks among the world leaders in per-capita park area. Curitiba had the problem of its status as a third-world city, unable to afford the tractors and petroleum to mow these parks. The innovative response was "municipal sheep" who keep the parks' vegetation under control and whose wool funds children's programs. When Lerner became mayor, Curitiba had some bairros impossible to service by municipal waste removal . The "streets" were too narrow. Rather than abandon these people or raze these slums, Lerner began
6305-577: The flow of crops to the Port of Paranaguá, several solutions were suggested. At the beginning of that decade, its basic implementation was only 154 km long. The main objective of the period was to pave the Ponta Grossa-Apucarana section. This highway would be the main outlet for coffee crops, promoting the circulation of wealth and acting as an instrument of internal economic, social and political integration. Also called Rodovia da Integração, it provided, at
6402-447: The four graphological exams", two of which failed to conclude that Bolsonaro was the author of the sketches. Bolsonaro was acquitted by the majority of the court (9 v 4 votes). In December 1988, just after this ruling, he left the Army to begin his political career. He served in the military for 15 years, reaching the rank of captain. Bolsonaro entered politics in 1988, elected city councilor in Rio de Janeiro, representing
6499-514: The government during his presidency and fell out of favor with Bolsonaro. By June 2020, the ministers of Justice and Education , the Secretary of Government , the head of the postal service and other government officials had already resigned. Early in his administration, Bolsonaro focused primarily on domestic and economic issues, ranging from tax reform to changes in social security, but he faced an uphill battle with Congress. Bolsonaro stripped
6596-489: The hospital with severe hypotension (his blood pressure was 10/3, equivalent to 100/30 mmHg), but that he had since stabilized. The attack was condemned by most of the other candidates in the presidential race, and by then president Michel Temer . The day after the attack, Bolsonaro was transferred to the Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital in São Paulo, after a request from his family. According to
6693-412: The indigenous affairs agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous lands , arguing that those territories have tiny, isolated populations who would be controlled by NPOs, and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. Critics feared that such integration would force Brazilian Amerindians to suffer cultural assimilation . Argentine President Mauricio Macri
6790-462: The investigation. In mid-August 2021, Bolsonaro warned of a potential "institutional rupture", while urging the Brazilian Senate to charge de Moraes and another Supreme Court Judge, Luis Roberto Barroso , the leader of the electoral court. On 26 October 2021, a senate committee approved a report calling for Bolsonaro to face criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, for his handling of
6887-486: The justice system, and waging a destructive war against the Amazon region that has enriched some of the country's worst land owners." In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch. Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held
6984-564: The legitimate ruler of Venezuela, alongside Mauricio Macri from Argentina and Donald Trump from the US, among others. He said that "We will continue doing everything possible to re-establish order, democracy and freedom there". After his first year in power, Bolsonaro's popularity steadily declined. A Datafolha survey, published on 21 May 2019, showed that 34% of respondents described Bolsonaro's administration as "great or good"; 26% as "regular", 36% as "bad or awful", while 4% did not respond. This
7081-463: The millions. Lerner instituted many innovative social and educational programs. Bairro kids can be apprenticed to city employees if they want to avoid going to school. Although his term as mayor is not without controversy, Curitiba does not have the gangs of much more populous cities such as Rio de Janeiro . Perhaps the crown jewel of Curitiba's achievements is its Rede Integrada de Transporte Bus Rapid Transit system (called "Speedybus"). Originally,
7178-612: The next eight years. He was prosecuted for several allegations of fraud in the 2022 Brazilian elections and situations linked to the January 8 attack on federal government buildings. The decision came after a 5–2 vote in favor of conviction. Following the decision, Bolsonaro stated his intentions to appeal. On 31 October 2023, Bolsonaro was again convicted by the Superior Electoral Court over abuse of power for using official Brazil's Independence Day ceremony to promote himself as
7275-721: The path to Bolsanaro losing the election and in the protests and attempted insurrection that followed. On December 30, 2022, one day before Bolsonaro's term ended, he arrived in Florida and resided in Kissimmee for a couple of months. On 8 January 2023, his supporters attacked the buildings of the Supreme Court of Brazil , the National Congress of Brazil and the Planalto Presidential Palace in an attempt to instigate
7372-523: The prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $ 45 million to a company in Singapore. In response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorized a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro. In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced Defense Minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto ; like Bolsonaro, Netto lionized the 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil . A day later, the leaders of
7469-438: The routes and fares, while the private companies hire drivers and maintain equipment. Natural land-use patterns within the city of Curitiba support public transit systems. Buildings along the dedicated busways are up to six stories tall, gradually giving way, within a few blocks, to single story homes. This mix of densities ensures sufficient user population within walking distance of bus stops. As governor of Paraná, Lerner used
7566-537: The search for information by a mastermind of the attack or even a self-attack. For this, expert medical examination of Bolsonaro and review of the medical records would be needed. Bolsonaro's personal motto , which he established in 2016, is John 8:32: " The truth will set you free ". The same weekend he left the hospital, thousands of people took the streets in dozens of cities in Brazil to protest against Bolsonaro and his political stances, chanting " Ele não " ("Not him"). There were also rallies in support of
7663-486: The second-place finisher, Haddad, in a runoff held on 28 October 2018. After the first round, when his victory looked certain, Bolsonaro gave a speech by videolink to thousands of supporters who gathered at Paulista Avenue, in São Paulo. In the speech, he threatened to arrest, purge or kill "reds" and "petralhas" (a derogatory term for Workers' Party members), and promised that members of the social movements MST and MTST would be treated as "terrorists". He said: "This time,
7760-404: The sections between Curitiba and Ponta Grossa, and between Maringá and Paranavaí. BR-376, as well as BRs 277 and 369, which form a triangle within the state of Paraná, were granted to private companies in 1997, at the beginning of the era of road concessions in Brazil. The contracts are valid until 2021. Initially, 995 km of roads in Paraná should be duplicated, and the population was promised that
7857-537: The southwest of Brasilia. He has later admitted that he considers this practice of his "immoral." He has also been accused of engaging in fuel allowance fraud. In his 27 years of service in the Brazilian National Congress , Bolsonaro put forward one constitutional amendment and at least 171 bills, two of which became law. Bolsonaro, who claims to be persecuted by the left-wing parties, said most congressmen do not vote according to their agenda, but "by who
7954-590: The territory of Paraná. It was the first draft of the future highway. Several subsequent studies were carried out to find the best route through the rivers Ivaí, Tibaji and adjacent sertões. In 1871, in Curitiba, the cornerstone of the bridge was laid over the Ivo River, when the construction of the Estrada de Mato Grosso began, which was extended to the northwest of the Estrada da Graciosa. This road extended through Campo Largo, Palmeira and Ponta Grossa. Starting in 1928, with
8051-414: The week before election day, showed a considerable surge for Bolsonaro, who had 40% of vote intentions, or 36% when null or blank vote intentions were included. Haddad came in second with 25% and Gomes third with 15%. The first round of the election occurred on 7 October 2018. Bolsonaro finished in first place with 46% of the popular vote (49.2 million). Since he failed to win over 50%, he faced
8148-474: The years. In 2014, he was the congressman who gained the most votes in Rio de Janeiro, with 465,000. Bolsonaro's name was listed on the " Lista de Furnas [ pt ] ", a list detailing a corruption and money laundering scheme involving the state-owned electricity company, Eletrobras Furnas . He received housing assistance for deputies who do not have residences in Brasilia despite having an apartment in
8245-431: Was "Brazil above everything, God above everyone" ( Brasil acima de tudo, Deus acima de todos ). Though contested by two lawsuits, the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil deferred them and his candidacy was made official on 6 August. In August, Bolsonaro announced that Antônio Hamilton Mourão , a retired army general, would be his running mate. According to political pundits, Bolsonaro moderated his tone early in
8342-421: Was a Brazilian politician. He was the governor of the state of Paraná , in southern Brazil . He is renowned as an architect and urban planner , having been mayor of Curitiba , capital of Paraná, three times (1971–1974, 1979–1983 and 1989–1992). In 1994, Lerner was elected governor of Paraná, and was re-elected in 1998. As an urban planner and architect, he was renowned in Brazil as he helped design most of
8439-597: Was a member from 2016 to 2018, the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), Brazilian Woman's Party (PMB), Christian Democracy (DC), Party of National Mobilization (PMN), the Republicans and Patriot (PATRI). On 30 November 2021, Bolsonaro and his son Senator Flávio Bolsonaro joined the Liberal Party (PL). According to political analysts, the choice represents the consolidation of the alliance of Bolsonaro with
8536-555: Was arrested and detained for fifteen days. He left the army and was elected to the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro two years later. In 1990, Bolsonaro was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a representative for the state of Rio de Janeiro . During his 27-year tenure as a congressman, he became known for his national conservatism . Bolsonaro entered the 2018 Brazilian presidential election , during which he started to advocate economically liberal and pro-market policies. He led in
8633-523: Was described as a quiet, discreet and conservative councilor, and showed little participation. His term as councilor was used mainly to give visibility to military causes, such as retirement benefits for former officers. In the 1990 elections, Bolsonaro was elected a federal deputy for the Christian Democratic Party. He served seven consecutive terms, from 1991 to 2018. He has been affiliated with several other Brazilian political parties over
8730-621: Was elected president for a period of three years. Lerner was also a professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the Universidade Federal do Paraná , his alma mater , and has been a guest professor at the University of California, Berkeley . In April 2005, Jaime Lerner participated in the Symposium of China Bus Rapid Transit Initiative (Shanghai) to promote the BRT project in some larger cities. He
8827-420: Was no deadlier than " the flu " and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis. In fact, as of early 2021, the Brazilian economy was bouncing back, albeit somewhat slowly and inconsistently, as the pandemic was still threatening to undo any economic recovery. Bolsonaro continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it
8924-459: Was recognized as the winner. Bolsonaro left for the United States on 30 December to avoid taking part in the swearing-in ceremony of Lula, leaving Vice President Hamilton Mourão as the acting President. The documentary Apocalypse in the Tropics (2024) shows how evangelical pastor Silas Malafaia had a defining influence on Bolsanaro, while mustering support from Brasil's evangelical movement, in
9021-411: Was recovering in the hospital, but he later said the wounds seemed worse than initially thought and his father most likely would not be able to start campaigning personally before the end of the first round. He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation had reached parts of the liver, lung, and intestine. He also said that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at
9118-410: Was removed had shown Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello , comparing the virus to HIV. In other videos, Bolsonaro criticized efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine. By the end of June 2021, more members of the opposition started to call for his impeachment over his handling of the pandemic and spreading misinformation . The opposition signed
9215-496: Was specially interviewed which made an impact on mayors and urban planners across China. Lerner was a member of the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute . Lerner died of kidney disease on May 27, 2021, at the age of 83. Lerner has won a variety of Brazilian and international prizes: Jair Bolsonaro Jair Messias Bolsonaro ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ʒaˈiʁ meˈsi.ɐz bowsoˈnaɾu] ; born 21 March 1955)
9312-744: Was the first foreign leader Bolsonaro received on a state visit to Brasília after he became president. The second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela took place nine days after Bolsonaro's inauguration . The disputed results of the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election led to the Venezuelan presidential crisis , as the National Assembly rejected the results, considered Maduro an illegitimate ruler since his first term of office ended, and appointed Juan Guaidó as acting president. Bolsonaro did not attend Maduro's inauguration and recognized Guaidó as
9409-651: Was the first time more Brazilians rejected the politics of Bolsonaro than affirmed it. Meanwhile, after allegations of campaign-finance fraud, Bolsonaro fired Gustavo Bebianno , a top adviser and general secretary for the president. His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates who did not run for office. In November 2019, Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party due to conflicts with its leadership. He attempted to form his own party, Alliance for Brazil ( Portuguese : Aliança pelo Brasil ), but it failed to gather enough signatures to register at
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