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27-645: The BOK was formed as part of TsAGI ( Tsentrahl'nyy Aerodinamicheskiy i Ghidrodinamicheskiy Institoot - central aerodynamics and hydrodynamics institute) on the orders of the Soviet Revolutionary Military Council in Dec 1930. One of the first tasks of BOK was to design and build the hermetically sealed gondola of the SSSR-1 high-altitude balloon. BOK engineers were sent to the Junkers factory at Dessau to study

54-451: A super heavy-lift launch vehicle from existing Energia components instead of pushing the less-powerful Angara A5 V project. This would allow Russia to launch missions towards establishing a permanent Moon base with simpler logistics, launching just one or two 80–160-ton super-heavy rockets instead of four 40-ton Angara A5Vs implying quick-sequence launches and multiple in-orbit rendezvous. Tests of RD-171MV engine, an updated version of

81-535: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Energia (rocket) Energia ( Russian : Энергия , romanized :  Energiya , lit.   'Energy'; GRAU 11K25) was a 1980s super-heavy lift launch vehicle . It was designed by NPO Energia of the Soviet Union as part of the Buran program for a variety of payloads including the Buran spacecraft . Control system main developer enterprise

108-513: Is a Russian national research centre for aviation . It was founded in Moscow by Russian aviation pioneer Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky on December 1, 1918. From 1925 and up to the 1930s, TsAGI developed and hosted Tupolev 's AGOS ( Aviatziya, Gidroaviatziya i Opytnoye Stroitelstvo , the "Aviation, Hydroaviation, and Experimental Construction"), the first aircraft design bureau in Soviet Union, and at

135-649: The Junkers Ju 49 which was the first aircraft fitted with a sealed cabin for high-altitude flight. The gondola for the SSSR-1 was designed, built and flown successfully to an altitude of 18,000m in 1933. The BOK was then assigned the task of applying the 'hermetic' cabin to an aircraft with the Tupolev RD chosen as the basis of the BOK-1. A sealed 1.8 m cylindrical cabin constructed from 1.8–2 mm (0.071–0.079 in) D1 light alloy

162-634: The RD-170 family of rocket engines, and the Zenit launcher, with the first stage roughly the same as one of the Energia first-stage boosters. The Energia was first test-launched on 15 May 1987, with the Polyus spacecraft as the payload. An FGB ("functional cargo block") engine section originally built as a cancelled Mir module was incorporated into the upper stage used to insert the payload into orbit, similarly to Buran and

189-559: The Space Shuttle program . Energia also replaced the "Vulkan" concept, which was a design based on the Proton and using the same hypergolic propellants , but much larger and more powerful. The "Vulkan" designation was later given to a variation of the Energia which has eight boosters and multiple stages. The Energia was designed to launch the Soviet " Buran " reusable shuttle, and for that reason

216-651: The BOK-1 was first flown by I.F. Petrov in the summer of 1936 and reached a maximum altitude of 14,000 m in 1938. Data from Gunston, Bill. “The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995”. London, Osprey. 1995. ISBN   1-85532-405-9 General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists TsAGI The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (also ( Zhukovsky ) Central Institute of Aerodynamics , Russian : Центра́льный аэрогидродинами́ческий институ́т, ЦАГИ , romanized :  Tsentral'nyy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut , TsAGI )

243-479: The US Space Shuttle performing the final orbital insertion, since the planned "Buran-T" upper stage had not yet progressed beyond the planning stage. The intended orbit had 280 km (170 mi) altitude and 64.6° inclination. The Soviets had originally announced that the launch was a successful sub-orbital test of the new Energia booster with a dummy payload, but some time later it was revealed that in fact

270-619: The aircraft ceiling of 14,000 m (46,000 ft). With the cabin structure sealed, cabin air was dumped overboard at a controlled rate through a dump valve and replaced with oxygen, from storage bottles, maintaining oxygen levels roughly constant. Heating was supplied through radiators in the engine cooling circuit, to keep the cabin between 15 and 18 °C. The RD airframe was modified with reduced span wings, restressed structure for lower gross weight, fixed spatted single mainwheels, an M-34RN engine and three-bladed propeller, and later an M-34RNV engine and four-bladed propeller. Built at GAZ-35

297-454: The engine used in Energia, were completed in September 2021 and may potentially be used in the successor Soyuz-5 rocket. Three major design variants were conceptualized after the original configuration, each with vastly different payloads. The Energia-M was an early-1990s design configuration and the smallest of the three. The number of boosters was reduced from four to two, the core stage

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324-399: The final orbital insertion. The first launch of the Energia was in the configuration of a heavy launch vehicle, with the large Polyus military satellite as a payload, however Polyus failed to correctly perform the orbital insertion. Due to the termination of the Buran program the Energia program was concluded after only two launches. The legacy of Energia/Buran project manifests itself in

351-513: The flight had been intended to bring the Polyus into orbit. The two stages of the Energia launcher functioned as designed, but due to a software error in its attitude control system, Polyus's orbital insertion motor failed to inject the payload into orbit. Instead, the Polyus reentered the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean. The second flight, and the first one where payload successfully reached orbit,

378-600: The launch vehicle, reusing an updated version of its booster engine in the Soyuz-5 rocket. Work on the Energia/Buran system began in 1976 after the decision was made to cancel the unsuccessful N1 rocket . The facilities and infrastructure built for the N1 were reused for Energia (notably the huge horizontal assembly building), just as NASA reused infrastructure designed for the Saturn V in

405-532: The participation in the rocket Energia and the Space Shuttle Buran projects. See also Category:Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees 55°35′36″N 38°06′24″E  /  55.59333°N 38.10667°E  / 55.59333; 38.10667 This article about an aviation -related organization is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organization in Russia

432-503: The renewal of production, but given the political realities, that is highly unlikely. While the Energia is no longer in production, the Zenit boosters were in use until 2017. The four strap-on liquid-fuel boosters , which burned kerosene and liquid oxygen, were the basis of the Zenit rocket which used the same engines. The engine is the four combustion chamber RD-170 . Its derivative, the RD-171 ,

459-514: The time the main one. In 1930, two other major aircraft design bureaus in the country were the Ilyushin 's TsKB ( Tsentralnoye Konstruksionnoye Byuro means "Central Design Bureau") and an independent, short-lived Kalinin 's team in Kharkiv . In 1935 TsAGI was partly relocated to the former dacha settlement Otdykh (literally, "Relaxation") converted to the new urban-type settlement Stakhanovo . It

486-484: The upper stage, the Vulkan (which shared the name with another Soviet heavy lift rocket that was cancelled years earlier) configuration was initially projected to launch up to 200 metric tonnes into 200 km orbit with inclination 50.7°. The development of the Vulkan and the refurbishment of Universal Test Stand and Launch Pad at site 250 for its launches was in progress between 1990–1993 and abandoned soon after due to

513-504: Was designed to carry its payload mounted on the side of the stack, rather than on the top, as is done with other launch vehicles. Design of the Energia-Buran system assumed that the booster could be used without the Buran orbiter, as a heavy-lift cargo launch vehicle; this configuration was originally given the name "Buran-T". This configuration required the addition of an upper stage to perform

540-416: Was fitted to a modified RD airframe. The cabin had convex bulkheads front and rear with the main entry hatch in the roof and emergency exit through a porthole at the rear. Seven portholes gave sufficient vision with five for the pilot and two for the radio operator/observer. A maximum design pressure differential of 0.22 kg/cm (3.2 lb/in) held the cabin altitude at 8,000 m (26,000 ft) up to

567-432: Was launched on 15 November 1988. This mission launched the uncrewed Soviet Shuttle vehicle Buran . At apogee, the Buran spacecraft made a 66.7 m/s burn to reach a final orbit of 251 km × 263 km. Production of Energia rockets ended with the end of the Buran shuttle project in the late 1980s, and more certainly, with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since that time, there have been persistent rumors of

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594-504: Was named after Alexey Stakhanov , a famous Soviet miner. On April 23, 1947, the settlement was granted town status and renamed to Zhukovsky . The Moscow branch of the institute is known Moscow complex of TsAGI . In 1965 in Zhukovsky a Department of Aeromechanics and Flight Engineering of MIPT was established with support of TsAGI's research and knowledge base to educate specialists for aerospace industry. Among TsAGI's developments are

621-505: Was planned to be semi-reusable (like the U.S. Space Shuttle ), the GK-175 concept was to have allowed the recovery and reuse of all elements of the vehicle, similarly to the original, fully reusable Orbiter/Booster concept of the U.S. Shuttle. The Energia-2 core as proposed would be capable of re-entering and gliding to a landing. The final never-built design concept was also the largest. With eight Zenit booster rockets and an Energia-M core as

648-561: Was shortened and fitted with just one RD-0120 engine. It was designed to replace the Proton rocket, but lost a 1993 competition to the Angara rocket . A non-functional prototype ("structural test vehicle") of the Energia M still exists in the Dynamic Test Stand facility at Baikonur Cosmodrome . Energia-2 was an evolution of the Energia studied in the 1980s. Unlike the Energia-Buran, which

675-472: Was the Khartron NPO "Electropribor". The Energia used four strap-on boosters each powered by a four-chamber RD-170 engine burning kerosene / LOX , and a central core stage with four single-chamber RD-0120 (11D122) engines fueled by liquid hydrogen /LOX. The launch vehicle had two functionally different operational variants: Energia-Polyus, the initial test configuration, in which the Polyus system

702-590: Was used as a final stage intended to put the payload into orbit, and Energia-Buran, in which the Buran orbiter was the payload and the source of the orbit insertion impulse. The launch vehicle had the capacity to place about 100 tonnes in Low Earth orbit , up to 20 tonnes to geostationary orbit and up to 32 tonnes by translunar trajectory into lunar orbit . The launch vehicle made just two flights before being discontinued. Since 2016, there have been attempts to revive

729-760: Was used on the Zenit rocket . A half-sized derivative of the engine, the two-chamber RD-180 , powers Lockheed Martin 's Atlas V rocket, while the single-chamber derivative, the RD-191 , has been used to launch the Korean Naro-1 (as a reduced-thrust variant named the RD-151 ) and the Russian Angara rocket. The RD-181, based on the RD-191, is used on the Antares rocket. In August 2016, Roscosmos announced conceptual plans to develop

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