The BMW M2 is a high-performance version of the BMW 2 Series automobile developed by BMW 's motorsport division, BMW M GmbH . As the 2 Series replaced the 1 Series coupé and convertible models, the first-generation M2 was marketed as the most basic M model in the range.
108-937: The first-generation M2 used the F8x chassis from the M3/M4, codenamed F87 and featured the BMW N55 series engine, while its successors, the M2 Competition and M2 CS, featured a twin-turbocharged engine developed by BMW M GmbH (S55 engine). The M2 was unveiled in Need for Speed in November 2015, before later premiering at the North American International Auto Show in January 2016. Production commenced in October 2015, first delivered early 2016 and
216-520: A diameter of 10 micrometers (μm) or less; fine particles, designated PM 2.5 , with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less; ultrafine particles , with a diameter of 100 nm or less; and soot . Airborne particulate matter is a Group 1 carcinogen . Particulates are the most harmful form (other than ultra-fines ) of air pollution as they can penetrate deep into the lungs and brain from blood streams, causing health problems such as heart disease , lung disease , cancer and preterm birth . There
324-421: A 5 kg (11 lb) weight reduction. The M2 is available with a 6-speed manual or with a 7-speed automatic dual-clutch transmission . 0–100 km/h acceleration times are 4.5 seconds manual transmission models and 4.3 seconds for models equipped with the 7-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission. Top speed is limited to 250 km/h (155 mph) but could be extended to 270 km/h (168 mph) with
432-442: A 6-speed manual or with an 8-speed automatic transmission . 0–100 km/h acceleration times are 4.3 seconds for manual transmission models and 4.1 seconds for automatic transmission models, and for 2025 model acceleration times are 4.2 seconds for manual transmission models and 4.0 seconds for automatic transmission models. Top speed is limited to 250 km/h (155 mph) but can be extended to 285 km/h (177 mph) with
540-492: A 7-speed double-clutch transmission or manual 6-speed transmission. Performance Edition equipment includes an M Performance coilover suspension and exhaust system with titanium tips, along with black trim, manually-adjustable front sport seats, an M Performance sport and track key. All 150 Performance Editions were finished in Alpine White with Shadowline trim. Additional equipment includes xenon headlights, LED door projectors,
648-415: A Permit B classification. The BMW M2 CS Racing also features a full FIA-approved roll cage, along with many motorsport-specific components, such as the rear wing, including ABS systems specifically tailored to the car by BMW M Motorsport. A stronger performance package is being made right now to allow the racecar to have up to 450 hp, just 6 hp more than the current street-legal version. Deliveries of
756-498: A climate feedback) by the IPCC due to the interdependence between it and the hydrological cycle. However, it has previously been classified as a negative radiative forcing. Sulfate aerosols are mostly inorganic sulfur compounds like (SO 4 ),HSO 4 and H 2 SO 4 , which are mainly produced when sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor to form gaseous sulfuric acid and various salts (often through an oxidation reaction in
864-522: A completely enclosed system or facility, and fit any vent or exhaust with an effective fabric filter or equivalent air pollution control system or equipment, enclose the scaffolding of the building with dust screens, use impervious sheeting to enclose both material hoist and debris chute, wet debris with water before it is dumped into a debris chute, have water sprayed on the facade surface before and during grinding work, use grinder equipped with vacuum cleaner for facade grinding work, spray water continuously on
972-627: A danger to health. Particulate toxicity has been found to vary by region and source contribution which affects the particles chemical composition. The chemical composition of the aerosol directly affects how it interacts with solar radiation. The chemical constituents within the aerosol change the overall refractive index . The refractive index will determine how much light is scattered and absorbed. The composition of particulate matter that generally causes visual effects, haze , consists of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, mineral dust, and organic matter. The particles are hygroscopic due to
1080-473: A few new preset wraps. On 9 December 2015, Ghost Games released the Legends Update, which added (among other changes) songs from previous Need for Speed games, a maximum rep level increase to 70, new collectables and wraps, and the ability to mute phone calls. The update also introduced a new event series featuring Eddie and Melissa from Need for Speed: Underground . Upon completion of this event series,
1188-410: A first step or "pre-cleaner" to other more efficient collectors. Well-designed cyclonic separators can be very efficient in removing even fine particulates, and may be operated continuously without requiring frequent shutdowns for maintenance. Fabric filters or baghouses are the most commonly employed in general industry. They work by forcing dust-laden air through a bag-shaped fabric filter leaving
SECTION 10
#17330862152001296-524: A flat-bottomed leather-wrapped steering wheel with a red center stripe along with an alcantara-wrapped option. The M Sport seats have a new black with red highlight option and carbon fiber bucket seats are now available as a standalone option or part of the Carbon Package. The M235i Racing is a track version of the 2 Series developed by the BMW Motorsport division and was produced from 2014 to 2018. It
1404-513: A global mean radiative forcing of +0.2 W/m (was +0.1 W/m in the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC, SAR), with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W/m . A study published in 2013 however, states that "the best estimate for the industrial-era (1750 to 2005) direct radiative forcing of atmospheric black carbon is +0.71 W/m with 90% uncertainty bounds of (+0.08, +1.27) W/m " with "total direct forcing by all-black carbon sources, without subtracting
1512-562: A high sulfur content, primarily coal and certain less-refined fuels, like aviation and bunker fuel , had dominated. By 1990, global human-caused emissions of sulfur into the atmosphere became "at least as large" as all natural emissions of sulfur-containing compounds combined , and were at least 10 times more numerous than the natural aerosols in the most polluted regions of Europe and North America, where they accounted for 25% or more of all air pollution. This led to acid rain , and also contributed to heart and lung conditions and even
1620-572: A manual transmission option, and an increase in the number of garage car slots from five to ten. On 24 March 2016, the 2017 facelift of the Nissan GT-R Premium (R35) was added to the game. On 27 April 2016, the sixth and final update, the SpeedLists Update, was released, which introduced multiplayer tournament series, where players can compete against each other to earn SpeedPoints to raise their multiplayer rank. The update also introduced
1728-695: A mechanical limited-slip differential and larger brakes and springs. The front and rear spoilers , diffuser , and wing mirrors are from the BMW M Performance Parts catalog. The car was used in the BMW M235i Racing Cup which was part of the VLN Endurance Championship at the Nürburgring . It was also sold to customer teams in other championships such as the 24H Series , Touring Car Endurance Series , and Pirelli World Challenge . The BMW M240i Racing
1836-544: A mixture of both, monthly. The size distribution time series shows that in the planet's most southerly latitudes, nearly all the aerosols are large, but in the high northern latitudes, smaller aerosols are very abundant. Most of the Southern Hemisphere is covered by the ocean, where the largest source of aerosols is natural sea salt from dried sea spray. Because the land is concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere,
1944-640: A more track focused version of the BMW M2 Competition, and was unveiled online in November 2019 prior to its introduction at the LA Auto Show . Production began in March 2020, with 2,200 units planned for North America, Europe, Asia and Mexico. The M2 CS uses the same engine as the M2 Competition but it uses the factory ECU management as the F82 M4 Competition package, resulting in a more powerful version of
2052-426: A net negative radiative forcing. The magnitude of the resultant radiative forcing due to the direct effect of an aerosol is dependent on the albedo of the underlying surface, as this affects the net amount of radiation absorbed or scattered to space. For example, if a highly scattering aerosol is above a surface of low albedo it has a greater radiative forcing than if it was above a surface of high albedo. The converse
2160-408: A particle. The SSA tends to unity if scattering dominates, with relatively little absorption, and decreases as absorption increases, becoming zero for infinite absorption. For example, the sea-salt aerosol has an SSA of 1, as a sea-salt particle only scatters, whereas soot has an SSA of 0.23, showing that it is a major atmospheric aerosol absorber. The Indirect aerosol effect consists of any change to
2268-632: A player to stay connected to play the game. This was met with criticism from critics, who pointed to 2013's SimCity , which was unplayable at launch as a result of requiring an online connection to play. The reason for an always-online internet connection was because of Autolog's new in-game snapshot feature explained by Marcus Nilsson which rewards the players and their snapshots with Rep Points, Experience Points and in-game money if other players liked them enough. On 14 September 2015, Electronic Arts announced that Need for Speed for Windows had been delayed to Spring 2016 in order to allow Ghost Games to give
SECTION 20
#17330862152002376-620: A pre-modified BMW M3 (E46) modeled after the M3 GTR from 2005's Need for Speed: Most Wanted as both the leading car on the game's cover and the player's tricked-out starter car that is in the garage next to the Honda Civic, the Subaru BRZ, or the Ford Mustang Foxbody in the "purchase your first car" menu. The game has neither microtransactions of any sort nor paid DLC. All additional content
2484-597: A rear spoiler lip, and black-finished kidney grilles, side gills, and mirror caps. Factory 19-inch Style 437M wheels wear staggered-width Michelin Pilot Super Sport tires. The Performance Edition equipment includes adjustable M Performance coilovers, and braking is handled by blue-finished calipers and cross-drilled rotors that are shared with the M4 F82 . The interior features seats trimmed in black Dakota leather with contrasting blue stitching, while carbon-fiber trim accents
2592-470: A redesigned 'Wrap Editor', and body modifications return to the series after nearly five years. The game features real-life tuning companies including RAUH-Welt Begriff, SEIBON, and RTR Mustang. A new 'Handling Slider' was exhibited in the E3 gameplay video, which combines the best elements of the earlier Black Box titles' grippy tires, as well as the drift style of the newer Criterion titles. The story revolves around
2700-765: A redesigned oil supply system, modified cooling system, and electronic locking differential parts that are adapted from the BMW M4 Competition Package. It also features a gasoline particulate filter in certain European Union countries to reduce emissions. Compared to the standard M2, the S55 produces an additional 30 kW (40 hp) and 85 N⋅m (63 lb⋅ft), resulting in a larger and more sustained power output of 302 kW (411 PS; 405 hp) between 5,250 and 7,000 rpm, and 550 N⋅m (406 lb⋅ft) at 2,350–5,200 rpm. The 0–100 km/h acceleration time
2808-738: A regional scale. The failure of the Indian monsoon has been linked to the suppression of evaporation of water from the Indian Ocean due to the semi-direct effect of anthropogenic aerosol. Recent studies of the Sahel drought and major increases since 1967 in rainfall in Australia over the Northern Territory , Kimberley , Pilbara and around the Nullarbor Plain have led some scientists to conclude that
2916-453: A report that a reboot of 2004's Need for Speed: Underground 2 could be the next NFS game; that report was contradicted hours later by Criterion's Alex Ward. Initially it was suspected that Criterion would not be developing racing games in the short-term, but Ward clarified that he was speaking personally instead of speaking for the studio. In a 2013 interview with VideoGamer, Ghost's Marcus Nilsson stated that they were working to restore
3024-547: Is 2.1 in (53 mm) longer and overall length is 4.1 in (100 mm) longer and is 1.3 in (33 mm) wider than the first-generation M2. The M2 is powered by the twin-turbo 3.0-litre BMW S58 straight-six engine rated at launch with 338 kW (453 hp) at 6,250 rpm and 550 N⋅m (406 lb⋅ft) between 2,600 and 5,950 rpm. And later in 2025 with 355 kW (476 hp) at 6,350 rpm and 600 N⋅m (443 lb⋅ft) between 2,600 and 5,950 rpm. It remains rear-wheel drive and will be available with
3132-562: Is 4.4 seconds for 6-speed manual transmission models, and 4.2 seconds for models with the 7-speed dual clutch transmission. Top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h (155 mph), but the M Driver's package can extend the limit to 280 km/h (174 mph) which is 10 km/h (6 mph) higher than in the M2 Performance Edition. The M2 Competition has the standard carbon-fibre reinforced plastic strut bar found in all S55 engine equipped models, to lighten and stiffen
3240-479: Is a 2015 online racing video game developed by Ghost Games and published by Electronic Arts . The game was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in November 2015, while a Windows version released in March 2016. It is the twenty-second Need for Speed installment, and serves as a reboot of the franchise. Need for Speed received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the game's visuals and customization but criticized it for being always-online with
3348-499: Is a first order effect and therefore classified as a radiative forcing by the IPCC . An increase in cloud droplet number due to the introduction of aerosol acts to reduce the cloud droplet size, as the same amount of water is divided into more droplets. This has the effect of suppressing precipitation, increasing the cloud lifetime, known as the cloud lifetime aerosol effect, second indirect effect or Albrecht effect. This has been observed as
BMW M2 - Misplaced Pages Continue
3456-428: Is also dependent upon air flow rates and the partial pressure of the gases in the inspired air. The fate of a specific contaminant is dependent upon the form in which it exists (aerosol or particulate). Inhalation also depends upon the breathing rate of the subject. Another complexity not entirely documented is how the shape of PM can affect health, except for the needle-like shape of asbestos fibres which can lodge in
3564-613: Is an updated version heavily revised by BMW M Motorsport from its predecessor, the BMW M235i Racing, used from the 2019 season and on of the BMW M240i Racing Cup, from the 2019 season and on. The BMW M240i Racing features revised spoiler end plates, updated engine software, and an optional newly-designed driver's seat. The M240i Racing has an increased power output of 340 hp (254 kW), and produces an additional 10 N⋅m (7 lb⋅ft) at 460 N⋅m (339 lb⋅ft), from
3672-467: Is available for free through mandatory updates, leading the game to be called the "Living Game" by developers. On 13 November 2015, the first game update was teased. Dubbed the Icons Update, the update was released on 25 November 2015, and saw a maximum rep level increase to 60. The update also includes two new unlockable bonus cars, improvements on wrap editor, new daily challenges, community events and
3780-409: Is classified as the direct effect. It encompasses many individual mechanisms, and in general is more poorly defined and understood than the direct and indirect aerosol effects. For instance, if absorbing aerosols are present in a layer aloft in the atmosphere, they can heat surrounding air which inhibits the condensation of water vapour, resulting in less cloud formation. Additionally, heating a layer of
3888-473: Is composed of pure carbon clusters, skeleton balls and fullerenes , and is one of the most important absorbing aerosol species in the atmosphere. It should be distinguished from organic carbon (OC): clustered or aggregated organic molecules on their own or permeating an EC buckyball. Black carbon from fossil fuels is estimated by the IPCC in the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, 4AR, to contribute
3996-672: Is highest near the source of emission. Any information regarding DPM and the atmosphere, flora, height, and distance from major sources is useful to determine health effects. Particulate matter emissions are highly regulated in most industrialized countries. Due to environmental concerns , most industries are required to operate some kind of dust collection system. These systems include inertial collectors ( cyclonic separators ), fabric filter collectors (baghouses) , electrostatic filters used in facemasks, wet scrubbers , and electrostatic precipitators . Cyclonic separators are useful for removing large, coarse particles and are often employed as
4104-450: Is inspired by Shinichi Morohoshi. As the game progresses, the player earns money and reputation among the other drivers and people he meets along the way. As soon as the player defeats Magnus Walker, however, a cutscene appears in which Spike becomes jealous and angry, saying that the player got the chance before Spike did. After this, Spike gets over it because of Travis saying to him that if one of them gets noticed, they all get noticed. Once
4212-727: Is mainly because the presence of sulfate and nitrate causes the aerosols to increase to a size that scatters light effectively. Organic matter (OM) found in aerosols can be either primary or secondary, the latter part deriving from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); organic material in the atmosphere may either be biogenic or anthropogenic . Organic matter influences the atmospheric radiation field by both scattering and absorption. Some aerosols are predicted to include strongly light-absorbing material and are thought to yield large positive radiative forcing . Some secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) resulting from combustion products of internal combustion engines, have been identified as
4320-520: Is new as well, and unique wheel designs in high-gloss jet black or matte gold finishes differentiate it from other M2 models; Michelin Cup 2 tires are also available. Inside, the centre console is also carbon-fibre, with Alcantara trim and an embroidered red "CS" badge; the seats are leather and Alcantara with red contrast stitching and are complemented by contrast-stitched Alcantara on the steering wheel. The central armrest and rear air vents, which are standard on
4428-851: Is no safe level of particulates. Worldwide, exposure to PM 2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016. Overall, ambient particulate matter is one of the leading risk factor for premature death globally. Human activities generate significant amounts of particulates. For example: Some types of dust, e.g., ashes , soot , paint , glass , plastic and dust from certain man-made fibres, which are brittle and break easily (can fragment and "proliferate"), can pose greater threats and irritations to humans. Those with sharp edges may be even more problematic. The number, shapes, stickiness, etc. of particulates may also be altered by different meteorological conditions. Human-made (anthropogenic) aerosols account for about 10 percent of
BMW M2 - Misplaced Pages Continue
4536-445: Is true of absorbing aerosol, with the greatest radiative forcing arising from a highly absorbing aerosol over a surface of high albedo. The direct aerosol effect is a first-order effect and is therefore classified as a radiative forcing by the IPCC . The interaction of an aerosol with radiation is quantified by the single-scattering albedo (SSA), the ratio of scattering alone to scattering plus absorption ( extinction ) of radiation by
4644-701: The Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure as the official procedure to measure vehicle pollutants, which meant that the standard M2's N55 engine was no longer conformed to European emission standards . Differences from the N55 engine found in the standard M2, the S55 includes a closed-deck engine block, lightweight crankshaft, different crankshaft bearings, strengthened pistons and connecting rods, different springs/valve material, twin turbos, twin fuel pumps, active exhaust, revised cooling system and intercoolers. The engine also features
4752-573: The air . The term aerosol refers to the particulate/air mixture , as opposed to the particulate matter alone, though it is sometimes defined as a subset of aerosol terminology. Sources of particulate matter can be natural or anthropogenic . They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health , in ways additional to direct inhalation. Types of atmospheric particles include suspended particulate matter; thoracic and respirable particles; inhalable coarse particles, designated PM 10 , which are coarse particles with
4860-485: The clouds ), which are then thought to experience hygroscopic growth and coagulation and then shrink through evaporation . Some of them are biogenic (typically produced via atmospheric chemical reactions with dimethyl sulfide from mostly marine plankton ) or geological via volcanoes or weather-driven from wildfires and other natural combustion events, but in the recent decades anthropogenic sulfate aerosols produced through combustion of fossil fuels with
4968-423: The 'action camera' which was later revealed to be one of the five different camera angles. There are five different gameplay types: Speed, Style, Crew, Build, and Outlaw where players can earn points for engaging in to progress in the game through five overlapping storylines. Need for Speed takes place in the fictional city of Ventura Bay and its surroundings which is based on Los Angeles . Need for Speed has
5076-452: The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which caused a global cooling of approximately 0.5 °C lasting several years. Research tracking the effect of light-scattering aerosols in the stratosphere during 2000 and 2010 and comparing its pattern to volcanic activity show a close correlation. Simulations of the effect of anthropogenic particles showed little influence at present levels. Aerosols are also thought to affect weather and climate on
5184-549: The 6-speed manual transmission. BMW has stated the manual transmission 2025 M2 will be 0.1 seconds quicker zero-to-60 mph (97 km/h) time, bringing it to a claimed 4.1 seconds. BMW says the added torque and quick shifting of the 8-speed automatic transmission can get the M2 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.9 seconds. The refreshed M2 has fourteen different paint hues available including four “BMW Individual” paint colors, updated wheels and exhaust tips. Minor interior updates include
5292-528: The AI being aloof. Scott Butterworth of GameSpot gave the game an 8 out of 10. Butterworth praised Need for Speed for the visually stunning city, deep rewarding progression, genuinely customizable handling, and nail-biting sense of speed, but at the same time criticized the rubber-banding AI, draconian drift scoring system, and always-online, rendering the game unable to be paused. Sam Loveridge of TrustedReviews gave Need for Speed 4½ out of five stars giving praise to
5400-672: The BMW M2 CS Racing are expected to start in mid-2020. The BMW 2002 Hommage Concept was introduced in May 2016 at the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este and pays tribute to the BMW 2002 Turbo . The car's underpinnings are based on a BMW M2. The BMW 2002 Hommage Turbomeister Concept was introduced in August 2016 at Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance . Need for Speed (2015 video game) Need for Speed
5508-521: The BMW M235i Racing, and the BMW M240i Racing, along with its "bigger brother" racecar, the BMW M4 GT4. The racecar gets power from a race-prepped 3-liter twin-turbo inline-6 that can generate anywhere from 280 hp (205 kW) to 365 hp (268 kW) depending on the configuration of the power stick, which is in turn controlled by the need to have a balance of performance or from regulations of
SECTION 50
#17330862152005616-631: The Earth's radiative budget due to the modification of clouds by atmospheric aerosols and consists of several distinct effects. Cloud droplets form onto pre-existing aerosol particles, known as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Droplets condensing around human-produced aerosols such as found in particulate pollution tend to be smaller and more numerous than those forming around aerosol particles of natural origin (such as windblown dust ). For any given meteorological conditions, an increase in CCN leads to an increase in
5724-432: The M2 Competition are carried over as standard, but ceramic brakes are available as an option. An adaptive M suspension is standard along with an electronic locking differential. The wheel hubs and control arms are made from forged aluminium, with a carbon-fibre transmission tunnel as an additional weight-saving measure. The hood, roof and various aerodynamic parts are made of a carbon-fibre composite. The active exhaust system
5832-618: The M2 and M2 Competition, have been removed for weight reduction. The M2 CS has been widely acclaimed in car reviews, winning the Evo Car of the Year 2020 awards beating out several supercars from McLaren and Porsche. Motor Trend 's Jonny Lieberman called it the best BMW M car in 12 years. The second-generation M2 (G87) was shown to the public ahead of its debut at Motorclassica in Melbourne, Australia, in October 2022. The second-generation M2 wheelbase
5940-449: The M2 was offered in five colors including Zandvoort Blue which is exclusive to the G87 M2. The BMW M2 received a minor refresh for the 2025 model year. The M2 receives a 20 hp (15 kW) increase to 476 hp (355 kW) and an increase in torque of 36 ft/lbs to 442 ft/lbs. But only vehicles equipped with the 8-speed automatic will have 442 ft/lbs; torque remains at 406 ft/lbs with
6048-531: The M2 was only available as a rear-wheel drive coupé. The M2 is powered by the turbocharged 3.0-litre N55B30T0 straight-six engine rated at 272 kW (365 hp) at 6,500 rpm and 465 N⋅m (343 lb⋅ft) between 1,450 and 4,750 rpm, while an overboost function temporarily increases torque to 500 N⋅m (369 lb⋅ft). The M2 features forged connecting rods & cast aluminum pistons with reinforced wrist ( gudgeon pins ), and has lighter aluminium front and rear suspension components resulting in
6156-407: The S55 which is rated at 331 kW (444 hp) and 550 N⋅m (406 lb⋅ft) of torque (same torque as the other M models equipped with the S55 engine) . The 0–100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration time is 4.2 seconds for 6-speed manual transmission models, and 4.0 seconds for models equipped with the 7-speed dual clutch transmission. The M Performance Brakes option rotors and calipers from
6264-483: The United States alone. Yet, around the same time, research had shown that sulfate aerosols were affecting both the visible light received by the Earth and its surface temperature , and as the so-called global dimming ) began to reverse in the 1990s in line with the reduced anthropogenic sulfate pollution, climate change accelerated. As of 2021, state-of-the-art CMIP6 models estimate that total cooling from
6372-470: The aerosol haze over South and East Asia has been steadily shifting tropical rainfall in both hemispheres southward. The size of particulate matter (PM) is a key determinant of its potential to cause health problems. Particles of different sizes deposit in different regions of the respiratory tract , leading to various health effects. The particles are grouped by sizes: Particles can cause health effects through several mechanisms: inflammation in
6480-686: The amount of small aerosols from fires and human activities is greater there than in the Southern Hemisphere. Overland, patches of large-radius aerosols appear over deserts and arid regions, most prominently, the Sahara Desert in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, where dust storms are common. Places where human-triggered or natural fire activity is common (land-clearing fires in the Amazon from August–October, for example, or lightning-triggered fires in
6588-479: The atmosphere relative to the surface results in a more stable atmosphere due to the inhibition of atmospheric convection . This inhibits the convective uplift of moisture, which in turn reduces cloud formation. The heating of the atmosphere aloft also leads to a cooling of the surface, resulting in less evaporation of surface water. The effects described here all lead to a reduction in cloud cover i.e. an increase in planetary albedo. The semi-direct effect classified as
SECTION 60
#17330862152006696-559: The car, enlarged kidney grilles, and optional larger brake discs of 400 mm (15.7 in) in the front axle with 6-piston calipers and 380 mm (15.0 in) in the rear axle with 4-piston calipers. Because of the engine and cooling system borrowed from the F82 M4, the M2 Competition is 75 kg (165 lb) heavier than the standard M2 which had 1,550 kg (3,417 lb) for manual transmission models and 1,575 kg (3,472 lb) for dual-clutch transmission models. The BMW M2 CS,
6804-451: The climate of the Earth by changing the amount of incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation retained in the Earth's system. This occurs through several distinct mechanisms which are split into direct, indirect and semi-direct aerosol effects. The aerosol climate effects are the biggest source of uncertainty in future climate predictions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated in 2001: While
6912-473: The composition of sea water , and thus include magnesium , sulfate , calcium , potassium , and others. In addition, sea spray aerosols may contain organic compounds like fatty acids and sugars, which influence their chemistry. Some secondary particles derive from the oxidation of primary gases such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides into sulfuric acid (liquid) and nitric acid (gaseous) or from biogenic emissions. The precursors for these aerosols—i.e.
7020-457: The cooling from sulfate pollution while minimizing the negative effects on health through deploying in the stratosphere , where only a fraction of the current sulfur pollution would be needed to avoid multiple degrees of warming, but the assessment of costs and benefits remains incomplete, even with hundreds of studies into the subject completed by the early 2020s. Black carbon (BC), or carbon black, or elemental carbon (EC), often called soot,
7128-555: The credibility of the franchise. He also suggested a sequel to 2004's Underground 2 if the conditions were right. Later in the year, at the Eurogamer Expo, Nilsson hinted that the franchise might return to a style of progression in the future similar to the Underground - Most Wanted - Carbon series. In 2014, Electronic Arts CEO Andrew Wilson announced that there wouldn't be a new Need for Speed game that year, making it
7236-548: The currently present aerosols is between 0.1 °C (0.18 °F) to 0.7 °C (1.3 °F); the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report uses the best estimate of 0.5 °C (0.90 °F), with the uncertainty mainly caused by contradictory research on the impacts of aerosols of clouds . Some are certain that they cool the planet, though, and this led to solar geoengineering proposals known as stratospheric aerosol injection , which seeks to replicate and enhance
7344-644: The dashboard, center console, and door panels. Manually-adjustable front sport seats are equipped as part of weight savings, along with single-zone automatic climate control, and removal of the smoker's package and Comfort Access proximity key. Factory output was rated at 365 horsepower and 343 lb-ft of torque, and the top speed was increased from 155 mph to 168 mph for the Performance Edition. A coilover adjustment wrench and rebound adjustment knob were included, along with an M Performance key that activates sport and track mode. The BMW M2 Competition
7452-507: The dirty air through a scrubbing solution (usually a mixture of water and other compounds) allowing the particulate to attach to the liquid molecules. Electrostatic precipitators electrically charge the dirty air as it passes through. The now charged air then passes through large electrostatic plates which attract the charged particle in the airstream collecting them and leaving the now clean air to be exhausted or recirculated. For general building construction, some places that have acknowledged
7560-466: The early 20th century. The earliest methods included relatively crude Ringelmann charts , which were grey-shaded cards against which emissions from smokestacks could be visually compared, and deposit gauges , which collected the soot deposited in a particular location so it could be weighed. Automated, modern methods of measuring particulates include optical photodetectors , tapered element oscillating microbalances , and Aethalometers . Besides measuring
7668-705: The first year since 2001 that a Need for Speed game was unreleased. On 21 May 2015, EA announced their next Need for Speed game, with a teaser trailer, following marketing material tease days before. EA later clarified that the new Need for Speed game is not really a spiritual Underground 3 game, but it would still "share a lot of the stuff that made that game great". On 29 May 2015, EA confirmed that Need for Speed would require an online connection to play, but reassured that "the benefits are nice" for requiring such restriction. Previous Need for Speed games have featured connected online worlds for players to race and inhabit together, although they have not required
7776-407: The forests of northern Canada in Northern Hemisphere summer) are dominated by smaller aerosols. Human-produced (fossil fuel) pollution is largely responsible for the areas of small aerosols over developed areas such as the eastern United States and Europe, especially in their summer. Satellite measurements of aerosols, called aerosol optical thickness, are based on the fact that the particles change
7884-436: The game being too brief, the multiplayer, AI, daft time-of-night effects, having no drag racing, and no ability to pause the game. Alexander Kalogianni of Digital Trends awarded Need for Speed a score of 6.0 out of 10, praising the game for its gorgeously stylized game world, multitude of tweakable car characteristics, engaging visual, customization options, and cool soundtrack, but criticized it for repetitive mission types and
7992-562: The gases from which they originate—may have an anthropogenic origin (from biomass and fossil fuel combustion ) as well as a natural biogenic origin. In the presence of ammonia , secondary aerosols often take the form of ammonium salts; i.e. ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate (both can be dry or in aqueous solution ); in the absence of ammonia, secondary compounds take an acidic form as sulfuric acid (liquid aerosol droplets) and nitric acid (atmospheric gas). Secondary sulfate and nitrate aerosols are strong light-scatterers . This
8100-595: The ground by gravity in a matter of hours. The smallest particles (less than 1 micrometer) can stay in the atmosphere for weeks and are mostly removed by precipitation . There are evidence that aerosols can "travel across the ocean". For example, in September 2017 wildfires burning across the western United States and Canada, and the smoke was found to have arrived over the United Kingdom and northern France in three days, as shown by satellite images. Diesel particulate matter
8208-437: The inability to pause, which would also lead to performance issues on all platforms. The game was succeeded by Need for Speed Payback in 2017. The first gameplay footage of the pre-alpha build for Need for Speed was revealed at EA's press conference at E3 on June 15, 2015. The E3 presentation shows a part of the story, followed by the customization of a Subaru BRZ which showed the new and improved customization system, and
8316-562: The local council. The composition and toxicity of aerosols , including particles, depends on their source and atmospheric chemistry and varies widely. Wind-blown mineral dust tends to be made of mineral oxides and other material blown from the Earth's crust ; this particulate is light-absorbing . Sea salt is considered the second-largest contributor in the global aerosol budget, and consists mainly of sodium chloride originated from sea spray ; other constituents of atmospheric sea salt reflect
8424-408: The lungs. Geometrically angular shapes have more surface area than rounder shapes, which in turn affects the binding capacity of the particle to other, possibly more dangerous substances. The table below lists the colours and shapes of some common atmospheric particulates: Composition of particles can vary greatly depending on their sources and how they are produced. For example, dust emitted from
8532-402: The new ability to replay story missions with increased difficulty through Prestige (unlocked by completing all story missions). Need for Speed received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic . Luke Reilly of IGN gave the game a score of 6.3 out of 10, praising the game's great visuals and sound and the drifting feeling, but criticizing the game's story,
8640-501: The newly created Ghost Games studio was now in charge of the franchise; about 80 percent of Criterion was working on Rivals with the remaining group working on a mysterious "new project." A month later, vice president and creative director of Criterion Games, Alex Ward announced that 60 to 65 people moved from Criterion over to Ghost Games UK, seemingly permanently, to work on Rivals and the franchise, leaving about 20 at Criterion. In April 2013, Electronic Gaming Monthly published
8748-408: The number of cloud droplets. This leads to more scattering of shortwave radiation i.e. an increase in the albedo of the cloud, known as the cloud albedo effect, First indirect effect or Twomey effect . Evidence supporting the cloud albedo effect has been observed from the effects of ship exhaust plumes and biomass burning on cloud albedo compared to ambient clouds. The Cloud albedo aerosol effect
8856-676: The optional M Driver's package. In some markets, the M2 will have an optional carbon package. The package will include M carbon bucket seats that are both power operated and heated as well as a carbon fiber roof and carbon fiber interior trim. A power sunroof will be standard in the US but optional in Europe. Other options include a Shadowline package, which is a lighting package which offers full-LED adaptive headlights and automatic high beams and driver assistant packages. The car launched in April 2023. Upon launch,
8964-403: The optional M Driver's package. The M2 was used as a safety car in the 2016 MotoGP season. The BMW M2 can be fitted with M Performance Parts. This includes a splitter, side skirts, fenders, bonnet, boot and a spoiler. 150 examples produced for the US market. The car is finished in Alpine White over black Dakota leather, and power is provided by a turbocharged 3.0-liter inline-six paired with
9072-422: The particulate to collect on the outer surface of the bag and allowing the now clean air to pass through to either be exhausted into the atmosphere or in some cases recirculated into the facility. Common fabrics include polyester and fiberglass and common fabric coatings include PTFE (commonly known as Teflon). The excess dust buildup is then cleaned from the bags and removed from the collector. Wet scrubbers pass
9180-412: The player and a small ragtag group of racers waiting to be noticed by any of the game's five icons, all of them being real-world motorsport and street racing figures. Spike ( Adam Long ) wants to meet Magnus Walker , Amy ( Faye Marsay ) has a desire to greet Akira Nakai , Robyn ( Christina Wolfe ) wants to come to Risky Devil, Manu ( Howard Charles ) wants to impress Ken Block , and Travis ( Leo Gregory )
9288-434: The player becomes the ultimate icon, the final challenge is against Travis, Spike, Amy, Robyn, Manu, and the icons. After the race, the final cutscene includes all of them taking a group photo together, with the player wearing a mask to hide his true identity. Following the 2010 release of Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit , EA's own developer Criterion Games , developers of the award-winning racing video game series Burnout ,
9396-538: The player will unlock Eddie's 1999 Nissan Skyline GT-R V-Spec. On 3 February 2016, Ghost Games released the Showcase Update, which added fully customizable license plates and the ability to share car wraps to friends or the community, in addition to repair shops and improvements on photo-taking features. On 3 March 2016, an update dubbed the Hot Rods Update was released, which added drag races, two hot rod cars,
9504-430: The pollution control facilities and retain the videos for one month for future inspections. Besides removing particulates from the source of pollution, they may also be cleaned in the open air (e.g. smog tower , moss wall , and water truck), while other control measures employ the use of barriers. Particulates have been measured in increasingly sophisticated ways since air pollution was first systematically studied in
9612-506: The possible health risks of construction dust for decades legally require the relevant contractor to adopt effective dust control measures, although inspections, fines and imprisonments are rare in recent years (for example, two prosecutions with a total fines of HKD$ 6000 in Hong Kong in the year 2021). Some of the mandatory dust control measures include load, unload, handle, transfer, store or dispose of cement or dry pulverized fuel ash in
9720-461: The preindustrial background, is estimated as +0.88 (+0.17, +1.48) W/m ". Volcanoes are a large natural source of aerosol and have been linked to changes in the Earth's climate often with consequences for the human population. Eruptions linked to changes in climate include the 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina which was linked to the Russian famine of 1601–1603 , leading to the deaths of two million, and
9828-465: The presence of sulfur, and SO 2 is converted to sulfate when high humidity and low temperatures are present. This causes reduced visibility and red-orange-yellow colors. Human-produced aerosols such as particle pollution tend to have a smaller radius than aerosol particles of natural origin (such as windblown dust). The false-color maps in the map of distribution of aerosol particles on the right show where there are natural aerosols, human pollution, or
9936-566: The previously announced unlocked frame rate, as well as a manual transmission option for both the PC and console versions. The game is offered in two editions: the Standard Edition and the Deluxe Edition. The Deluxe Edition includes several extra features and content, such as a lifetime discount on all purchases made with in-game currency, a special VIP Icon, exclusive car wraps, more upgrades, and
10044-497: The problem some new laws were introduced since 2021. In some towns and cities in New South Wales wood smoke may be responsible for 60% of fine particle air pollution in the winter. There are a few ways to reduce wood smoke, e.g., buying the right wood heater and maintaining it well, choosing the right firewood and burning it the right way. There are also regulations in some countries where people can report smoke pollution to
10152-494: The radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases may be determined to a reasonably high degree of accuracy... the uncertainties relating to aerosol radiative forcings remain large, and rely to a large extent on the estimates from global modeling studies that are difficult to verify at the present time. The direct aerosol effect consists of any direct interaction of radiation with atmospheric aerosols, such as absorption or scattering. It affects both short and longwave radiation to produce
10260-856: The respiratory tract oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species, leading to cellular damage, and systemic effects, such as translocation of ultrafine particles into circulation affects organs beyond the lungs. Exposure to particulate matter is linked to various diseases across body systems, such as respiratory system (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and rhinosinusitis), cardiovascular system (heart attacks, hypertension, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis), nervous system (cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases), metabolic system (diabetes and metabolic syndrome due to inflammatory pathways). The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines to limit exposure: The site and extent of absorption of inhaled gases and vapors are determined by their solubility in water. Absorption
10368-517: The risk of preterm birth and low birth weight . Sulfate pollution also has a complex relationship with NOx pollution and ozone, reducing the also harmful ground-level ozone , yet capable of damaging the stratospheric ozone layer as well. Once the problem became clear, the efforts to remove this pollution through flue-gas desulfurization measures and other pollution controls were largely successful, reducing their prevalence by 53% and causing healthcare savings valued at $ 50 billion annually in
10476-443: The same 3-liter twin-turbo inline-6 from its predecessor. As it is a racecar, it still has an FIA-approved full roll cage, certified by DMSB. Deliveries started in 2020. The BMW M2 CS Racing is a racing variant of the road-going M2 CS, developed by BMW M Motorsport, to get prospective racing drivers better accustomed to faster cars. The racecar has many developments that have been inspired by and developed further from its predecessors,
10584-518: The stunning night racing and weather effects, but panned the inability to play offline, the inability to pause gameplay, and the "insufferable" live action cutscenes and constant calls. Despite the mixed reception, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Need for Speed for " Racing Game of the Year " during the 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards . The Need for Speed reboot had 67% of copies sold on PS4, with 33% on Xbox One. Need for Speed
10692-546: The suppression of drizzle in ship exhaust plume compared to ambient clouds, and inhibited precipitation in biomass burning plumes. This cloud lifetime effect is classified as a climate feedback (rather than a radiative forcing) by the IPCC due to the interdependence between it and the hydrological cycle. However, it has previously been classified as a negative radiative forcing. The Semi-direct effect concerns any radiative effect caused by absorbing atmospheric aerosol such as soot, apart from direct scattering and absorption, which
10800-524: The surface for any pneumatic or power-driven drilling, cutting, polishing or other mechanical breaking operation that causes dust emission, unless there is the operation of an effective dust extraction and filtering device, provide hoarding of not less than 2.4 m in height along the whole length of the site boundary, have hard paving on open area and wash every vehicle that leaves the construction sites. Use of automatic sprinkler equipment, automatic carwash equipment and installation of video surveillance system for
10908-584: The total mass of aerosols in the atmosphere as estimated in 2010. The remaining 90 percent comes from natural sources such as volcanoes , dust storms , forest and grassland fires, living vegetation and sea spray , emitting particulates such as volcanic ash, desert dust, soot and sea salt. In the United Kingdom domestic combustion is the largest single source of PM 2.5 and PM 10 annually, with domestic wood burning in both closed stoves and open fires responsible for 38% of PM 2.5 in 2019. To tackle
11016-422: The total mass of particles per unit volume of air (particle mass concentration), sometimes it is more useful to measure the total number of particles per unit volume of air ( particle number concentration ). This can be done by using a condensation particle counter (CPC). To measure the atomic composition of particulate samples, techniques such as X-ray spectrometry can be used. Atmospheric aerosols affect
11124-475: The version an unlocked frame rate and increase the visual quality. The Windows release date has later been updated to a more precise 15 March in the US and 17 March everywhere else, and March 10 as a demo in the Origin access program. Along with that announcement, several other announcements were made, among which include Windows-exclusive support for 4K resolution , various gamepad and steering wheel controllers, and
11232-441: The way the atmosphere reflects and absorbs visible and infrared light. As shown in this page , an optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish-brown) indicates very hazy conditions. In general, the smaller and lighter a particle is, the longer it will stay in the air. Larger particles (greater than 10 micrometers in diameter) tend to settle to
11340-507: Was aimed at amateur drivers due to its relatively lower price and addition of driver aids such as anti-lock brakes , traction control , and dynamic stability control . The M235i Racing uses an 8-speed automatic transmission and features a modified version of the N55B30O0 engine found in the standard M235i, and produces 329 hp (245 kW) at 5,800–6,000 rpm and 450 N⋅m (332 lb⋅ft) at 1,300–4,500 rpm. The M235i Racing also features
11448-460: Was given stewardship of the Need for Speed franchise with 2012's Need for Speed: Most Wanted . In a 2012 interview, Most Wanted executive producer Matt Webster told that while all future Need for Speed games may not be developed by Criterion, the studio would have creative oversight of the franchise moving forward. After just one year later, during a Gamescom interview with Need for Speed Rivals executive producer Marcus Nilsson told that
11556-501: Was introduced at the 2018 Beijing Auto Show and replaced the standard M2 Coupé as a more powerful variant. Production began first in July 2018, delivered early 2019. The M2 Competition uses the BMW M GmbH S55 engine, a high-performance variant of the N55 engine, that has been detuned from its application in the F80 M3 and F82 M4. The decision to use the S55 engine was a result of Europe adopting
11664-783: Was the seventh best selling game in the United States in November 2015 according to the NPD Group. The game debuted at #6 on the Japanese Sales Charts, selling 19,000 copies. In the UK, it reached number 2 in the sales chart, behind Call of Duty: Black Ops III . On January 28, 2016, Need for Speed saw twice as many monthly active players in Q3 compared to Need for Speed Rivals . Particulates Particulates or atmospheric particulate matter (see below for other names) are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in
#199800