Benelux Algorithm Programming Contest (BAPC) is a programming contest for students from Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . It is organized annually by an institution of higher education . From 1991 through 2004, the contest was held under the name NKP (Dutch Programming Championship).
83-499: Since 2006, BAPC is an official preliminary of NWERC (Northwestern Europe Regional Contest). In practice, this means the participating institutions determine which teams they will send to NWERC based on the results at BAPC. The top teams of NWERC (typically the top two or the top three), are invited to take part in the International Collegiate Programming Contest . A month before BAPC, a preliminary round
166-775: A 2501 card reader operating at 600 cards per minute would be in 1-byte mode, while a 1403-N1 printer would be in burst mode. Also, the byte-multiplexer channels on larger models have an optional selector subchannel section that would accommodate tape drives. The byte-multiplexor's channel address was typically "0" and the selector subchannel addresses were from "C0" to "FF." Thus, tape drives on System/360 were commonly addressed at 0C0–0C7. Other common byte-multiplexer addresses are: 00A: 2501 Card Reader, 00C/00D: 2540 Reader/Punch, 00E/00F: 1403-N1 Printers, 010–013: 3211 Printers, 020–0BF: 2701/2703 Telecommunications Units. These addresses are still commonly used in z/VM virtual machines. System/360 models 40 and 50 have an integrated 1052-7 console that
249-518: A 4-day event held in the finest venues worldwide with 140 teams competing in the 2018 World Finals. Recent World Champion teams have been recognized by their country's head of state. In recent years, media impressions have hovered at the one billion mark. From 2000 to 2022, only teams from Russia , China , and Poland have won the ICPC world finals. Participation in North America is much smaller than in
332-408: A DAT (Dynamic Address Translator aka "paging") system for accessing memory. Teams that participated included Texas A&M, Texas Tech, University of Houston, and five or six other Texas University / Colleges. There were three problems that had to be completed and the cumulative time from "start" to "successful completion" determined first-, second-, and third-place winners. The programming language used
415-651: A channel is to connect the devices in a chain, like this: Mainframe—Control Unit X—Control Unit Y—Control Unit Z. Each control unit is assigned a "capture range" of addresses that it services. For example, control unit X might capture addresses 40–4F, control unit Y: C0–DF, and control unit Z: 80–9F. Capture ranges had to be a multiple of 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 devices and be aligned on appropriate boundaries. Each control unit in turn has one or more devices attached to it. For example, you could have control unit Y with 6 disks, that would be addressed as C0-C5. There are three general types of bus-and-tag cables produced by IBM. The first
498-560: A competition held at Texas A&M University in 1970 hosted by the Alpha Chapter of the Upsilon Pi Epsilon Computer Science Honor Society (UPE). This initial programming competition was titled First Annual Texas Collegiate Programming Championship and each university was represented by a team of up to five members. The computer used was a IBM System/360 model 65 which was one of the first machines with
581-415: A customer could purchase a machine that solved a particular requirement, knowing they could change the models as their needs changed, without losing support for the programs they were already running. For instance, in the case of a firm that purchased an accounting system and was now looking to expand their computer support into engineering, this meant they could develop and test their engineering program on
664-482: A family of more powerful instructions such as the MVCL "Move-Characters-Long" instruction, which supports moving up to 16 MB as a single block.) An operand is two bytes long, typically representing an address as a 4-bit nibble denoting a base register and a 12-bit displacement relative to the contents of that register, in the range 000–FFF (shown here as hexadecimal numbers). The address corresponding to that operand
747-560: A global World Finals every year. In 2018, ICPC participation included 52,709 students from 3,233 universities in 110 countries. The ICPC operates under the auspices of the ICPC Foundation and operates under agreements with host universities and non-profits, all in accordance with the ICPC Policies and Procedures. From 1977 until 2017 ICPC was held under the auspices of ACM and was referred to as ACM-ICPC. The ICPC traces its roots to
830-466: A problem, in the form of computer programs , can be submitted more than once. The BAPC jury checks whether a submission satisfies certain criteria and replies with a simple verdict. In case the submitted program gives the correct answer to all predefined tests within the allotted time, the response will be Accepted or Correct . If a program requires too much time to pass all tests, the jury will reply Time Limit Exceeded . If it terminates with an error,
913-432: A program fails to give a correct answer, the team is notified and can submit another program. The winner is the team which correctly solves the most problems. If necessary to rank teams for medals or prizes among tying teams, the placement of teams is determined by the sum of the elapsed times at each point that they submitted correct solutions plus 20 minutes for each rejected submission of a problem ultimately solved. There
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#1733085012666996-458: A smaller maximum memory configuration, and slower I/O channels, which limited it to slower and lower-capacity disk and tape devices than on the 30. The Model 44 (1966) was a specialized model, designed for scientific computing and for real-time computing and process control, featuring some additional instructions, and with all storage-to-storage instructions and five other complex instructions eliminated. A succession of high-end machines included
1079-462: A solved problem, 20 minutes are added. Wrong submissions for problems that are not eventually solved do not affect the a team's score. The prizes for the top three teams are typically a power of two. In 2008, for example, the prizes for the first, second, and third student teams were 1024, 512, and 256 euro respectively. The best company team received 512 euro. Participation costs for companies were 500 euro per team, while participation for student teams
1162-885: A standard feature. If the Commercial Instruction Set option was installed, packed decimal arithmetic could be performed as memory-to-memory with some memory-to-register operations. The Scientific Instruction Set feature, if installed, provided access to four floating-point registers that could be programmed for either 32-bit or 64-bit floating-point operations. The Models 85 and 195 could also operate on 128-bit extended-precision floating-point numbers stored in pairs of floating-point registers, and software provided emulation in other models. The System/360 used an 8-bit byte, 32-bit word, 64-bit double-word, and 4-bit nibble . Machine instructions had operators with operands, which could contain register numbers or memory addresses. This complex combination of instruction options resulted in
1245-415: A variety of instruction lengths and formats. Memory addressing was accomplished using a base-plus-displacement scheme, with registers 1 through F (15). A displacement was encoded in 12 bits, thus allowing a 4096-byte displacement (0–4095), as the offset from the address put in a base register. Register 0 could not be used as a base register nor as an index register (nor as a branch address register), as "0"
1328-441: Is attached to the team's computer. After four hours, the scoreboard is no longer updated, so that it remains a secret who won until the award ceremony. Ties are solved by a time penalty (the lower, the better). Every team starts out with a penalty time of 0 minutes. For every solved problem, the time from the start of the contest until the correct submission in minutes is added to the time penalty. For every prior wrong submission for
1411-471: Is held to determine which teams are allowed to represent their institution at BAPC. Besides the student ranking, there is a ranking for companies. However, the contest is the same for all participants. A team consists of, at most, three people and has five hours to solve a set of six to ten problems. During the contest, each team is only allowed to use a single computer. The problems are algorithmic in nature and of varying degree of difficulty. Solutions to
1494-986: Is needed to win. The 2004 ACM-ICPC World Finals were hosted at the Obecni Dum, Prague , by Czech Technical University in Prague. 3,150 teams representing 1,411 universities from 75 countries competed in elimination rounds, with 73 of those teams proceeding to the world finals. St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics from Russia won, solving 7 of 10 problems. Gold medalists were St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden), Belarusian State University, and Perm State University (Russia). The 2005 world finals were held at Pudong Shangri-La Hotel in Shanghai on April 6, 2005, hosted by Shanghai Jiao Tong University . 4,109 teams representing 1,582 universities from 71 countries competed in elimination rounds, with 78 of those teams proceeding to
1577-491: Is no time consumed for a problem that is not solved. Compared to other programming contests (for example, International Olympiad in Informatics ), the ICPC is characterized by a large number of problems (eight or more problems in just 5 hours). Another feature is that each team can use only one computer, although teams have three students. This makes the time pressure even greater. Good teamwork and ability to withstand pressure
1660-446: Is now more commonly referred to as an MMU . An experimental one-off unit was built based on a model 40. Before the 67, IBM had announced models 64 and 66, DAT versions of the 60 and 62, but they were almost immediately replaced with the 67 at the same time that the 60 and 62 were replaced with the 65. DAT hardware would reappear in the S/370 series in 1972, though it was initially absent from
1743-418: Is the contents of the specified general-purpose register plus the displacement. For example, an MVC instruction that moves 256 bytes (with length code 255 in hexadecimal as FF ) from base register 7, plus displacement 000 , to base register 8, plus displacement 001 , would be coded as the 6-byte instruction " D2FF 8001 7000 " (operator/length/address1/address2). The System/360 was designed to separate
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#17330850126661826-400: Is usually addressed as 01F, however, this was not connected to the byte-multiplexer channel, but rather, had a direct internal connection to the mainframe. The model 30 attached a different model of 1052 through a 1051 control unit. The models 60 through 75 also use the 1052–7. Selector channels enabled I/O to high speed devices. These storage devices were attached to a control unit and then to
1909-464: The 7000 series machines, never shipped and were replaced with the 65 and 75 , which were first delivered in November 1965, and January 1966, respectively. Later additions to the low-end included models 20 (1966, mentioned above), 22 (1971), and 25 (1968). The Model 20 had several sub-models; sub-model 5 was at the higher end of the model. The Model 22 was a recycled Model 30 with minor limitations:
1992-524: The COVID-19 pandemic International Collegiate Programming Contest The International Collegiate Programming Contest , known as the ICPC , is an annual multi-tiered competitive programming competition among the universities of the world. Directed by ICPC Executive Director and Baylor Professor William B. Poucher, the ICPC operates autonomous regional contests covering six continents culminating in
2075-458: The IBM 9020 , a special cluster of modified System/360s for air traffic control, from 1970 until the 1990s. (Some 9020 software is apparently still used via emulation on newer hardware. ) The System/360 introduced a number of industry standards to the marketplace, such as: The System/360 series computer architecture specification makes no assumptions on the implementation itself, but rather describes
2158-737: The IBM Z series. Computers that were mostly identical or compatible in terms of the machine code or architecture of the System/360 included Amdahl 's 470 family (and its successors), Hitachi mainframes, the UNIVAC 9000 series , Fujitsu as the Facom, the RCA Spectra 70 series, and the English Electric System 4 . The System 4 machines were built under license to RCA. RCA sold the Spectra series to what
2241-609: The Model 67 (1966, mentioned below, briefly anticipated as the 64 and 66 ), 85 (1969), 91 (1967, anticipated as the 92), 95 (1968), and 195 (1971). The 85 design was intermediate between the System/360 line and the follow-on System/370 and was the basis for the 370/165. There was a System/370 version of the 195, but it did not include Dynamic Address Translation. The implementations differed substantially, using different native data path widths, presence or absence of microcode, yet were extremely compatible. Except where specifically documented,
2324-559: The New Englander Motor Hotel in Greenwich, Connecticut , SPREAD developed a new concept for the next generation of IBM machines. At the time, new technologies were coming into the market including the introduction of replacement of individual transistors with small-scale integrated circuits and the move to an 8-bit byte from the former 6-bit oriented words. These were going to lead to a new generation of machines, today known as
2407-769: The Wayback Machine (archived April 24, 2018) In 2018 World Final, problems "Conquer the World" and "Uncrossed Knight's Tour" were not solved. The 2019 World Finals were held in Porto ( Portugal ) from March 31 to April 5, 2019, hosted by the University of Porto and the City of Porto. Gold Silver Bronze IBM System 360 The IBM System/360 ( S/360 ) is a family of mainframe computer systems announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. System/360
2490-402: The system state from the problem state . This provided a basic level of security and recoverability from programming errors. Problem (user) programs could not modify data or program storage associated with the system state. Addressing, data, or operation exception errors made the machine enter the system state through a controlled routine so the operating system could try to correct or terminate
2573-458: The 65 had a dual-processor version (M65MP) with extensions for inter-CPU signalling; the 85 introduced cache memory. Models 44, 75, 91, 95, and 195 were implemented with hardwired logic, rather than microcoded as all other models. The Model 67 , announced in August 1965, was the first production IBM system to offer dynamic address translation (virtual memory) hardware to support time-sharing . "DAT"
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2656-441: The 7040 was incompatible with the 1401 and they might as well have been from different companies. Customers were frustrated that major investments, often entirely new machines and programs, were required when seemingly small performance improvements were needed. In 1961, IBM assembled a task force to chart their developments for the 1960s, known as SPREAD, for Systems Programming, Research, Engineering and Development. In meetings at
2739-733: The ACM Computer Science Conference. From 1977 to 1989, the contest included mainly teams of four from universities throughout the United States and Canada. ICPC Headquarters was hosted by Baylor University from 1989 until 2022, with regional contests established within the world's university community, the ICPC has grown into a worldwide competition. To increase access to the World Finals, teams were reduced to three students within their first five academic years. From 1997 to 2017, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
2822-724: The Fairmont Banff Springs Hotel, in Banff, Alberta, Canada, April 6–10, 2008. The World Finals was hosted by the University of Alberta. There were 100 teams in the World finals, out of 6700 total teams competing in the earlier rounds. The St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics won their second world championship. Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Izhevsk State Technical University , and Lviv National University also received gold medals. The 2009 ACM-ICPC World Finals were held in Stockholm, Sweden, April 18–22, at
2905-674: The Fifth University , Al Akhawayn University and Mundiapolis University . The final competition took place on May 20. 128 teams competed to be World Champion. Saint Petersburg ITMO emerged as the winner, having solved all problems (13) for the first time ever. Other medalists included teams from Russia (2G), China (1G, 1B, 1S), Japan (1G), the United States (1B, 1S), Croatia (1S), Czech Republic (1S), Korea (1B), and Poland (1B). Gold Silver Bronze The 2016 World Finals were held in Phuket ( Thailand ) during May 16–21. The final competition
2988-696: The IBM Tokyo Research Lab. Some 6,099 teams competed on six continents at the regional level. Eighty-eight teams advanced to the World Finals. Warsaw University won its second world championship, solving 8 of 10 problems. Gold Medal Winners were Warsaw University, Tsinghua University (China), St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics (Russia), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (United States). Silver Medal Winners include Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China) and 3 other universities. The 2008 ACM-ICPC World Finals were held at
3071-607: The ICPC Global Headquarters to service a globally-coordinated community whose events operate under agreements with host universities and non-profits to insure that participation in ICPC is open to qualified teams from every university in the world. See ICPC Policies and Procedures. The ICPC World Finals (The Annual World Finals of the International Collegiate Programming Contest) is the final round of competition. Over its history it has become
3154-428: The ICPC is open to qualified teams from every university in the world. UPE has provided continuous support since 1970 and honored World Finalists since the first Finals in 1976. The ICPC is indebted to ACM member contributions and ACM assistance from 1976 to 2018. Baylor University served since 1985, hosting ICPC Headquarters from 1989 until 2022. The ICPC operates under the auspices of the ICPC Foundation which provides
3237-494: The Model 20, which was not a standard 360) has a byte-multiplexer channel and 1 or more selector channels, though the model 25 has just one channel, which can be either a byte-multiplexor or selector channel. The smaller models (up to the model 50) have integrated channels, while for the larger models (model 65 and above) the channels are large separate units in separate cabinets: the IBM 2870 is
3320-583: The Models 20, 44 and 67 ) was replaced with the compatible System/370 range in 1970 and Model 20 users were targeted to move to the IBM System/3 . (The idea of a major breakthrough with FS technology was dropped in the mid-1970s for cost-effectiveness and continuity reasons.) Later compatible IBM systems include the 4300 family , the 308x family , the 3090 , the ES/9000 and 9672 families ( System/390 family), and
3403-455: The S/360 era. There were initially two types of channels; byte-multiplexer channels (known at the time simply as "multiplexor channels"), for connecting "slow speed" devices such as card readers and punches, line printers , and communications controllers, and selector channels for connecting high speed devices, such as disk drives , tape drives , data cells and drums . Every System/360 (except for
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3486-530: The accounting system outright with a system with the performance to run both tasks. The idea that a single design could address all the myriad ways that the machines could be used gave rise to the name, "360" is a reference to 360 degrees in a circle, and circles of machines and components featured prominently in IBM's advertising. IBM initially announced a series of six computers and forty common peripherals. IBM eventually delivered fourteen models, including rare one-off models for NASA . The least expensive model
3569-556: The affected schools are allowed direct qualifications for ICPC 2018 besides the usual qualification spots. The winner was ITMO University . Teams of the following countries were awarded medals in ICPC 2017: Russia (2 Gold, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze), Poland (1 Gold), South Korea (1 Gold, 1 Bronze), China (3 Silver), Sweden (1 Bronze), Japan (1 Bronze). Gold Silver Bronze The 2018 World Finals were held in Beijing ( China ), during April 15–20, hosted by Peking University . Archived at
3652-555: The byte-multiplexor channel with up to four selector sub-channels, and the IBM 2860 is up to three selector channels. The byte-multiplexer channel is able to handle I/O to/from several devices simultaneously at the device's highest rated speeds, hence the name, as it multiplexed I/O from those devices onto a single data path to main memory. Devices connected to a byte-multiplexer channel are configured to operate in 1-byte, 2-byte, 4-byte, or "burst" mode. The larger "blocks" of data are used to handle progressively faster devices. For example,
3735-767: The campus of the hosting institution, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , as well as at the Grand Hotel, the Radisson Strand, and the Diplomat Hotel. There were 100 teams from over 200 regional sites competing for the World Championship. The St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics defended their title, winning their third world championship. Tsinghua University , St. Petersburg State University , and Saratov State University also received gold medals. The 2009 World Finals pioneered live video broadcasting of
3818-434: The channel. The control unit let clusters of devices be attached to the channels. On higher speed models, multiple selector channels, which could operate simultaneously or in parallel, improved overall performance. Control units are connected to the channels with "bus and tag" cable pairs. The bus cables carried the address and data information and the tag cables identified what data was on the bus. The general configuration of
3901-463: The concept steadily gained support, and six months after being formed, the company decided to implement the SPREAD concept. A new team was organized under the direction of Bob Evans , who personally persuaded CEO Thomas J. Watson Jr. to develop the new system. Gene Amdahl was the chief architect of the computers themselves, while Fred Brooks was the project lead for the software and Erich Bloch led
3984-521: The costs and delay of creating a 5100-specific version of APL. Special radiation-hardened and otherwise somewhat modified System/360s, in the form of the System/4 Pi avionics computer, are used in several fighter and bomber jet aircraft. In the complete 32-bit AP-101 version, 4 Pi machines were used as the replicated computing nodes of the fault-tolerant Space Shuttle computer system (in five nodes). The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration operated
4067-507: The customer to write such a package or buy another machine. This meant that a single lineup could have machines tailored to match the price and performance niches that formerly demanded entirely separate computer systems. This flexibility greatly lowered barriers to entry. With most other vendors customers had to choose between machines they might outgrow or machines that were potentially too powerful and thus too costly. In practice, this meant that many companies simply did not buy computers. Now,
4150-408: The development of IBM's hybrid integrated circuit designs, Solid Logic Technology . Producing a single machine with support for all of these features would border on impossible. Instead, the SPREAD concept was based on the separation of the defined feature set from its internal operation, with a family of machines with different performance and different internal designs. Specifically, depending on
4233-402: The early 1960s, IBM was struggling with the load of supporting and upgrading five separate lines of computers. These were aimed at different market segments and were entirely different from each other. A customer who purchased a machine to handle accounting, such as the IBM 1401 , that was now looking for a machine for engineering calculations, such as the IBM 7040 , had no reason to select IBM –
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#17330850126664316-823: The entire contest, featuring elements such as expert commentary, live feeds of teams and their computer screens and interviews with judges, coaches and dignitaries. The event was broadcast online, as well as by Swedish television channel Axess TV . The 2010 ACM-ICPC World Finals were held in Harbin , China. The host is Harbin Engineering University . Shanghai Jiao Tong University won the world championship. Moscow State University , National Taiwan University , and Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University also received gold medals. The 2011 ACM-ICPC World Finals were held in Orlando, Florida and hosted by main sponsor IBM . The contest
4399-699: The instruction set, featuring 8-bit byte addressing and fixed-point binary, fixed-point decimal and hexadecimal floating-point calculations. The System/360 family introduced IBM's Solid Logic Technology (SLT), which packed more transistors onto a circuit card, allowing more powerful but smaller computers. The slowest System/360 model announced in 1964, the Model 30 , could perform up to 34,500 instructions per second, with memory from 8 to 64 KB . High-performance models came later. The 1967 IBM System/360 Model 91 could execute up to 16.6 million instructions per second . The larger 360 models could have up to 8 MB of main memory , though that much memory
4482-450: The instruction was performed). This specific behavior permitted initial execution of an interrupt routines, since base registers would not necessarily be set to 0 during the first few instruction cycles of an interrupt routine. It isn't needed for IPL ("Initial Program Load" or boot), as one can always clear a register without the need to save it. With the exception of the Model 67, all addresses were real memory addresses. Virtual memory
4565-484: The interfaces and expected behavior of an implementation. The architecture describes mandatory interfaces that must be available on all implementations, and optional interfaces. Some aspects of this architecture are: Some of the optional features are: All models of System/360, except for the Model 20 and Model 44, implemented that specification. Binary arithmetic and logical operations are performed as register-to-register and as memory-to-register/register-to-memory as
4648-435: The machine they already used. If they ever needed more performance, they could purchase a machine with floating-point hardware, knowing that nothing else would change, it would simply get faster. Even the same peripherals could be used, allowing, for instance, data from the engineering system to be written to tape and then printed using a high-speed line printer already connected to their accounting system. Or they might replace
4731-406: The machine, some instructions might not be directly supported in hardware, and would instead be completed using small programs, in an internal machine-specific code, stored in read only memory , or what today is known as microcode . So a model intended for use with accounting might choose to implement the decimal math directly in hardware, and leave the floating-point instructions to be handled by
4814-411: The models were architecturally compatible. The 91 , for example, was designed for scientific computing and provided out-of-order instruction execution (and could yield "imprecise interrupts" if a program trap occurred while several instructions were being read), but lacked the decimal instruction set used in commercial applications. New features could be added without violating architectural definitions:
4897-854: The most by any University at the time. University of Warsaw , Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , and Shanghai Jiao Tong University took 2nd, 3rd, and 4th place respectively each receiving gold medals. Russia(2G,1B) China(1G,1S) Poland(1G) United States(1S) Hong Kong(1S) Belarus(1S,1B) Canada(1B) Japan(1B) The 2013 World Finals were held in Saint Petersburg, Russia. They were inaugurated on 3 July and were hosted by NRU ITMO . 2013 top thirteen teams that received medals are: Japan(1G) Russia(1G,1S,2B) China(1G,1B) Taiwan(1G) Poland(1S,1B) Ukraine(1S) Belarus(1S) United States(1B) The 2014 World Finals were held in Ekaterinburg, Russia on June 21–25, hosted by Ural Federal University . The final competition
4980-440: The new machine. Customers initially had to halt the computer and load the emulation program. IBM later added features and modified emulator programs to allow emulation of the 1401, 1440, 1460, 1410 and 7010 under the control of an operating system. The Model 85 and later System/370 maintained the precedent, retaining emulation options and allowing emulators to run under OS control alongside native programs. System/360 (excepting
5063-584: The program in error. Similarly, it could recover certain processor hardware errors through the machine check routines. Peripherals interfaced to the system via channels . A channel is a specialized processor with the instruction set optimized for transferring data between a peripheral and main memory. In modern terms, this could be compared to direct memory access (DMA). The S/360 connects channels to control units with bus and tag cables; IBM eventually replaced these with Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON) and Fibre Connection (FICON) channels, but well after
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#17330850126665146-452: The response will be Runtime Error , and if the program terminates correctly, but doesn't pass all tests, the reply will be Wrong Answer or Incorrect . Under no circumstances will the jury give hints as to what caused the error, which tests failed, or where the Bug is. For each solved problem, one point is awarded. For each point scored within the first four hours of the contest, a helium balloon
5229-470: The rest of the world, which is partially attributed to the perceived low payoff of participating. ICPC contests are team competitions. Current rules stipulate that each team consist of three students. Participants must be university students, who have had less than five years of university education before the contest. Students who have previously competed in two World Finals or five regional competitions are ineligible to compete again. During each contest,
5312-442: The series. Like its close relative, the 65, the 67 also offered dual CPUs. IBM stopped marketing all System/360 models by the end of 1977. IBM's existing customers had a large investment in software that ran on second-generation machines . Several System/360 models had the option of emulating the customer's existing computer using special hardware and microcode , and an emulation program that enabled existing programs to run on
5395-435: The subprograms. This would make floating point on such a system run (much) more slowly, but, critically, it would run. Likewise, a company purchasing a system for engineering support would choose a model with floating-point hardware, and might use it from time to time to run their payroll. Using previous designs, the system that performed floating point would generally not have any support for decimal math all, and would require
5478-550: The teams of three are given 5 hours to solve between eight and fifteen programming problems (with eight typical for regionals and twelve for finals). They must submit solutions as programs in C , C++ , Java , Ada , Python or Kotlin (although it is not guaranteed every problem is solvable in any certain language, the ICPC website states that "the judges will have solved all problems in Java and C++" for both regional and world finals competitions). Programs are then run on test data. If
5561-477: The third generation, from all of the existing vendors. Where SPREAD differed significantly from previous concepts was what features would be supported. Instead of machines aimed at different market niches, the new concept was effectively the union of all of these designs. A single instruction set architecture (ISA) included instructions for binary , floating-point , and decimal arithmetic, string processing, conversion between character sets (a major issue before
5644-496: The widespread use of ASCII ) and extensive support for file handling, among many other features. This would mean IBM would be introducing yet another line of machines, once again incompatible with their earlier machines. But the new systems would be able to run all of the programs that formerly required different machines. A concern was that there was a risk that their customers, facing the purchase of yet another new and incompatible platform, would simply choose some other vendor. Yet
5727-566: The world finals. Saratov State University from Russia won, solving 6 of 10 problems. Gold medal winners were Saratov, Jagiellonian University (Poland), Altai State Technical University (Russia), University of Twente (The Netherlands). The 2007 ACM-ICPC World Finals were held at the Tokyo Bay Hilton, in Tokyo, Japan, March 12–16, 2007. The World Finals was hosted by the ACM Japan Chapter and
5810-589: The world finals. Shanghai Jiao Tong University won its second world title, with 8 of 10 problems solved. Gold medal winners were Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Moscow State University (Russia), St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics (Russia), and University of Waterloo (Canada). The 2006 ACM-ICPC World Finals were held in San Antonio , Texas , and hosted by Baylor University . 5,606 teams representing 1,733 universities from 84 countries competed in elimination rounds, with 83 of those teams proceeding to
5893-438: Was Fortran . The programs were written on coding sheets, keypunched on Hollerith cards , and submitted for execution. The University of Houston team won the competition completing all three problems successfully with time. The second- and third-place teams did not successfully complete all three problems. The contest evolved into its present form as a multi-tier competition in 1977, with the first finals held in conjunction with
5976-477: Was Gene Amdahl , and the project was managed by Fred Brooks , responsible to Chairman Thomas J. Watson Jr. The commercial release was piloted by another of Watson's lieutenants, John R. Opel , who managed the launch of IBM's System 360 mainframe family in 1964. Application-level compatibility (with some restrictions) for System/360 software is maintained to the present day with the System z mainframe servers. By
6059-424: Was free. In 1997, the company team Bolesian ( Victor Allis , Seppo Pieterse, and Paul-Erik Raué) defeated all student teams and was crowned Dutch Champion. In 1998, the company team Quintiq ( Victor Allis , Seppo Pieterse and Paul-Erik Raué) defeated all student teams, but the best student team was declared the official winner. In 2020, the contest was held online due to governmental regulations regarding
6142-452: Was held on June 25. 122 teams participated in the competition and St. Petersburg State University became the world champion. Following teams were awarded medals in ICPC 2014: Russia(2G,2B) China(1G,1S,1B) Taiwan(1G) Japan(1S) Poland(1S) Croatia(1S) Slovakia(1B) Gold Silver Bronze The 2015 World Finals were held in Marrakesh ( Morocco ) during May 16–21, hosted by Mohammed
6225-936: Was initially scheduled to be held in Sharm el-Sheikh , Egypt in February, but was moved due to the political instability associated with the Arab Spring . Zhejiang University took first place with the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Tsinghua University , and Saint Petersburg State University taking 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively each receiving gold medals. China(2G) United States(1G) Russia(1G,2S,2B) Germany(1S) Ukraine(1S) Poland(1B) Canada(1B) The 2012 World Finals were held in Warsaw, Poland. They were inaugurated on 15 May and hosted by University of Warsaw . St. Petersburg Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics won their fourth world championship,
6308-672: Was not available in most IBM mainframes until the System/370 series. The Model 67 introduced a virtual memory architecture, which MTS , CP-67 , and TSS/360 used—but not IBM's mainline System/360 operating systems. The System/360 machine-code instructions are 2 bytes long (no memory operands), 4 bytes long (one operand), or 6 bytes long (two operands). Instructions are always situated on 2-byte boundaries. Operations like MVC (Move-Characters) (Hex: D2) can only move at most 256 bytes of information. Moving more than 256 bytes of data required multiple MVC operations. (The System/370 series introduced
6391-627: Was on May 19. 128 teams competed to be World Champion. The winners were Saint Petersburg State University , solving 11 out of 13 problems. The first runners-up were Shanghai Jiao Tong University, also solving 11 problems, but 7 minutes behind the winning team. Gold Silver Bronze The 2017 World Finals were held in Rapid City, South Dakota ( United States ) during May 20–25, hosted by Excellence in Computer Programming. Due to visa issue, several teams were unable to present onsite, in which
6474-402: Was reserved to indicate an address in the first 4 KB of memory, that is, if register 0 was specified as described, the value 0x00000000 was implicitly input to the effective address calculation in place of whatever value might be contained within register 0 (or if specified as a branch address register, then no branch was taken, and the content of register 0 was ignored, but any side effect of
6557-485: Was the Model 20 with as little as 4096 bytes of core memory , eight 16-bit registers instead of the sixteen 32-bit registers of other System/360 models, and an instruction set that was a subset of that used by the rest of the range. The initial announcement in 1964 included Models 30 , 40 , 50 , 60, 62, and 70. The first three were low- to middle-range systems aimed at the IBM 1400 series market. All three first shipped in mid-1965. The last three, intended to replace
6640-405: Was the first family of computers designed to cover both commercial and scientific applications and a complete range of applications from small to large. The design distinguished between architecture and implementation, allowing IBM to release a suite of compatible designs at different prices. All but the only partially compatible Model 44 and the most expensive systems use microcode to implement
6723-476: Was the sponsor of ICPC. During that time contest participation has grown by more than 2000%. In 1997, 840 teams from 560 universities participated. In 2017, 46,381 students from 2,948 universities in 103 countries on six continents participated in regional competitions. Organized as a highly localized extra-curricular university mind sport and operating as a globally-coordinated unincorporated association operating under agreements with host universities and non-profits,
6806-572: Was then UNIVAC , where they became the UNIVAC Series 70. UNIVAC also developed the UNIVAC Series 90 as successors to the 9000 series and Series 70. The Soviet Union produced a System/360 clone named the ES EVM . The IBM 5100 portable computer, introduced in 1975, offered an option to execute the System/360's APL.SV programming language through a hardware emulator. IBM used this approach to avoid
6889-615: Was unusual; a large installation might have as little as 256 KB of main storage, but 512 KB, 768 KB or 1024 KB was more common. Up to 8 megabytes of slower (8 microsecond) Large Capacity Storage (LCS) was also available for some models. The IBM 360 was extremely successful, allowing customers to purchase a smaller system knowing they could expand it, if their needs grew, without reprogramming application software or replacing peripheral devices. It influenced computer design for years to come; many consider it one of history's most successful computers. System/360's chief architect
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