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25-692: With a population of 1,372 (as of 2021), it is the smallest town in Romania by population. It is located at an altitude of 650 m (2,130 ft) in the southern reaches of the Ciuc depression, between the Harghita and Bodoc mountains, in the valley of the Olt River , and is to this day an important spa town. The town administers one village, Carpitus ( Kárpitus ). The town and the surrounding area are famous for their spas and mineral waters received from seven springs. Nearby

50-422: A company was founded to develop the springs in 1845. The bathing station was destroyed in the skirmishes of 1849, but Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph , on visiting the town in 1852, ordered the reconstruction of the baths. The rapid development of the town began after 1860. The Mikes-source was named in honour of count Benedek Mikes, chairman of the spa committee, who appointed a chemist at his own expense to analyse

75-529: A slow recession . Because the peak flow also corresponds to the maximum water level reached during the event, it is of interest in flood studies. Analysis of the relationship between precipitation intensity and duration and the response of the stream discharge are aided by the concept of the unit hydrograph , which represents the response of stream discharge over time to the application of a hypothetical "unit" amount and duration of rainfall (e.g., half an inch over one hour). The amount of precipitation correlates to

100-434: A tap (faucet) can be measured with a measuring jug and a stopwatch. Here the discharge might be 1 litre per 15 seconds, equivalent to 67 ml/second or 4 litres/minute. This is an average measure. For measuring the discharge of a river we need a different method and the most common is the 'area-velocity' method. The area is the cross sectional area across a river and the average velocity across that section needs to be measured for

125-408: A unit time, commonly a minute. Measurement of cross sectional area and average velocity, although simple in concept, are frequently non-trivial to determine. The units that are typically used to express discharge in streams or rivers include m /s (cubic meters per second), ft /s (cubic feet per second or cfs) and/or acre-feet per day. A commonly applied methodology for measuring, and estimating,

150-525: Is the Lake Sfânta Ana , a famous volcanic crater lake, the only one of its kind in Romania. The water has long been used for bathing by the Székely people. The most probable date for the founding of the bathing station is 1842. It was an alleged miraculous healing of the son of a shepherd from his rashes that first attracted widespread attention to the therapeutic properties of local mineral waters, after which

175-416: Is the sum of processes within the hydrologic cycle that increase the water levels of bodies of water. Most precipitation occurs directly over bodies of water such as the oceans, or on land as surface runoff . A portion of runoff enters streams and rivers, and another portion soaks into the ground as groundwater seepage . The rest soaks into the ground as infiltration, some of which infiltrates deep into

200-404: Is typically expressed in units of cubic meters per second (m³/s) or cubic feet per second (cfs). The catchment of a river above a certain location is determined by the surface area of all land which drains toward the river from above that point. The river's discharge at that location depends on the rainfall on the catchment or drainage area and the inflow or outflow of groundwater to or from

225-527: The Rhine river in Europe is 2,200 cubic metres per second (78,000 cu ft/s) or 190,000,000 cubic metres (150,000 acre⋅ft) per day. Because of the difficulties of measurement, a stream gauge is often used at a fixed location on the stream or river. A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, channel, or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow

250-604: The mouth is 174 m /s (6,100 cu ft/s). It originates in the Hășmaș Mountains of the eastern Carpathian Mountains , near Bălan , rising close to the headwaters of the river Mureș . The Olt flows through the Romanian counties of Harghita , Covasna , Brașov , Sibiu , Vâlcea , and Olt . The river was known as Alutus or Aluta in Roman antiquity. Olt County and the historical province of Oltenia are named after

275-564: The 43 hydropower plants in the Olt basin was 2,980 GWh in 1996. Discharge (hydrology) In hydrology , discharge is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m /h or ft /h) of a stream . It equals the product of average flow velocity (with dimension of length per time, in m/h or ft/h) and the cross-sectional area (in m or ft ). It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals like CaCO 3 (aq), or biologic material (e.g. diatoms ) in addition to

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300-549: The Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region. In 1968, the region was abolished, and since then, the commune, as a town, has been part of Harghita County. At the 2021 census , Băile Tușnad had a population of 1,372. At the 2011 census , the population was 1,617; the town had a Székely Hungarian majority with 1,460 (90.3%) Hungarians, and small communities of ethnic Romanians (6.9%) and Romani (2.6%). Historical demographic data: Demographic trends according to

325-810: The administrative reform of Transylvania in 1876, when it fell within Csík County in the Kingdom of Hungary . In the aftermath of World War I , the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in December 1918. At the start of the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1918–1919, the town passed under Romanian administration. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania and fell within Ciuc County during

350-399: The area, stream modifications such as dams and irrigation diversions, as well as evaporation and evapotranspiration from the area's land and plant surfaces. In storm hydrology, an important consideration is the stream's discharge hydrograph, a record of how the discharge varies over time after a precipitation event. The stream rises to a peak flow after each precipitation event, then falls in

375-491: The censuses: Băile Tușnad is twinned with: Olt (river) The Olt ( Romanian and Hungarian ; German : Alt ; Latin : Aluta or Alutus , Turkish : Oltu , Ancient Greek : Ἄλυτος Alytos ) is a river in Romania . It is 615 km (382 mi) long, and its basin area is 24,050 km (9,290 sq mi). It is the longest river flowing exclusively through Romania. Its average discharge at

400-485: The corresponding discharge from the rating curve. If a continuous level-recording device is located at a rated cross-section, the stream's discharge may be continuously determined. Larger flows (higher discharges) can transport more sediment and larger particles downstream than smaller flows due to their greater force. Larger flows can also erode stream banks and damage public infrastructure. G. H. Dury and M. J. Bradshaw are two geographers who devised models showing

425-418: The discharge of a river is based on a simplified form of the continuity equation . The equation implies that for any incompressible fluid, such as liquid water, the discharge (Q) is equal to the product of the stream's cross-sectional area (A) and its mean velocity ( u ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {u}}} ), and is written as: where For example, the average discharge of

450-631: The interwar period. In 1940, the Second Vienna Award granted Northern Transylvania to Hungary. Towards the end of World War II , Romanian and Soviet armies entered the town in October 1944. The territory of Northern Transylvania remained under Soviet military administration until March 9, 1945, after which it became again part of Romania. Between 1952 and 1960, Băile Tușnad fell within the Magyar Autonomous Region , and between 1960 and 1968

475-424: The level of the stream is described by a rating curve . Average velocities and the cross-sectional area of the stream are measured for a given stream level. The velocity and the area give the discharge for that level. After measurements are made for several different levels, a rating table or rating curve may be developed. Once rated, the discharge in the stream may be determined by measuring the level, and determining

500-568: The relationship between discharge and other variables in a river. The Bradshaw model described how pebble size and other variables change from source to mouth; while Dury considered the relationships between discharge and variables such as stream slope and friction. These follow from the ideas presented by Leopold, Wolman and Miller in Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology . and on land use affecting river discharge and bedload supply. Inflow

525-625: The river Olt (from source to mouth): For supply of drinking water and water for irrigation and for the production of hydroelectricity , 44 reservoirs have been built in the Olt river basin. There are 24 reservoirs for hydropower on the river Olt itself, and three on its tributary Lotru . There are hydropower plants at (from source to mouth) Voila, Viștea, Arpaș, Scoreiu, Avrig, Gura Lotrului, Turnu, Călimănești, Dăești, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Râureni, Govora, Băbeni, Ionești, Zăvideni, Drăgășani, Strejești, Arcești, Slatina, Ipotești, Drăgănești, Frunzaru, Rusănești and Izbiceni. The total energy production of

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550-1722: The river. Sfântu Gheorghe , Râmnicu Vâlcea and Slatina are the main cities on the river Olt. The Olt flows into the Danube river near Turnu Măgurele . The main cities along the river Olt are Miercurea Ciuc , Sfântu Gheorghe , Făgăraș , Râmnicu Vâlcea and Slatina . The Olt passes through the following communes, from source to mouth: Bălan , Sândominic , Tomești , Cârța , Dănești , Mădăraș , Racu , Siculeni , Ciceu , Miercurea Ciuc , Sâncrăieni , Sântimbru , Sânsimion , Tușnad , Băile Tușnad , Bixad , Micfalău , Malnaș , Bodoc , Ghidfalău , Sfântu Gheorghe , Ilieni , Prejmer , Hărman , Vâlcele , Bod , Feldioara , Hăghig , Măieruș , Belin , Apața , Aita Mare , Ormeniș , Baraolt , Augustin , Racoș , Hoghiz , Ungra , Comăna , Părău , Șercaia , Mândra , Făgăraș , Beclean , Voila , Viștea , Ucea , Arpașu de Jos , Cârța , Porumbacu de Jos , Avrig , Racovița , Tălmaciu , Turnu Roșu , Boița , Câineni , Racovița , Brezoi , Călimănești , Dăești , Bujoreni , Râmnicu Vâlcea , Budești , Mihăești , Galicea , Băbeni , Ionești , Olanu , Drăgoești , Orlești , Dobroteasa , Prundeni , Vulturești , Verguleasa , Drăgășani , Voicești , Teslui , Grădinari , Strejești , Curtișoara , Pleșoiu , Găneasa, Olt , Slatina , Slătioara , Milcov , Piatra-Olt , Brâncoveni , Ipotești , Osica de Sus , Coteana , Fălcoiu , Mărunței , Drăgănești-Olt , Fărcașele , Stoenești , Dăneasa , Gostavățu , Sprâncenata , Băbiciu , Scărișoara , Rusănești , Cilieni , Tia Mare , Izbiceni , Lunca , Giuvărăști and Islaz . The following rivers are tributaries of

575-420: The volume of water (depending on the area of the catchment) that subsequently flows out of the river. Using the unit hydrograph method, actual historical rainfalls can be modeled mathematically to confirm characteristics of historical floods, and hypothetical "design storms" can be created for comparison to observed stream responses. The relationship between the discharge in the stream at a given cross-section and

600-410: The water itself. Terms may vary between disciplines. For example, a fluvial hydrologist studying natural river systems may define discharge as streamflow , whereas an engineer operating a reservoir system may equate it with outflow , contrasted with inflow . A discharge is a measure of the quantity of any fluid flow over unit time. The quantity may be either volume or mass. Thus the water discharge of

625-533: The water of the spring bearing his name. This marked the start of the scientific evaluation and utilisation of local mineral waters. The Stefánia Medical Center was opened in 1890 and remained the treatment center of the spa until 1975. Lake Csukás (now: Ciucaș) was artificially created in 1900, and the big hotels of the town were built in the 1970s. The settlement was historically part of the Székely Land area of Transylvania and belonged to Csíkszék district until

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