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42-521: The motivation for the Triangle Link was the desire to have a fixed link between the islands of Stord and Bømlo. The first documented proposals were made in the 1960s and involved building a pontoon bridge across Stokksundet , inspired by the plans to build what would become the Nordhordland Bridge north of Bergen . In 1973, the municipal councils of Bømlo, Stord and Fitjar decided to launch

84-411: A 577 meters (1,893 ft) main span. It carries two lanes of County Road 542 (formerly National Road 542) and a combined pedestrian and bicycle path across Spissøysundet, connecting the islands of Nautøy and Spissøy. The bridge has a width of 13 meters (43 ft) and a clearance below of 36 meters (118 ft). It has two concrete pylons, each 105 meters (344 ft) tall, one on Brumsholmen on Stord,

126-496: A bridge solution in December 1986. SBT changed its name to Sunnhordland Bru- og Tunnelselskap, and a majority of the board shifted towards being in favor of a fixed link. The Norwegian Coastal Administration stated that they would not allow a pontoon bridge. On 26 June 1987, SBT decided to work towards permission to collect advanced tolls on the ferry services. The board unanimously supported the triangular proposal on 16 September, which

168-537: A half years of work on a master plan had been wasted. A new master plan for the Triangle Link was published in early 1989. During late 1989, advance tolls on the ferries was approved by the municipal councils and the county council. They recommended that collection start on 1 July 1990, but this was not immediately supported by the government. In July 1991, the master plan was passed by the Council of State . On 10 December 1992, Parliament approved advanced payment of tolls on

210-619: A planning process, which concluded that a pontoon bridge between Sørstokken and Foldrøyholmen would be optimal. The report also considered bridges across the Fitjar Archipelago and a crossing via Spissøy and Føyno. There were protests from the shipping industry, which wanted to continue to use the strait for ship traffic. The islands were connected with a network of five ferry services: Skjersholmane–Valevåg connected Stord and Sveio, Skjersholmane–Utbjoa connected Stord and Vindafjord, Sagvåg–Siggjarvåg connected Stord and Bølmo, and Bømlo

252-481: A radius of 5,206 meters (17,080 ft). The bridge weighs 2,168 tonnes (2,134 long tons; 2,390 short tons). In 2014, the bridge had an average 3,581 vehicles per day. Stord (island) Stord is an island in Vestland county, Norway . Located in the traditional district of Sunnhordland , the island is part of the municipalities of Stord (southern part) and Fitjar (northern part). The largest settlements on

294-554: A royal residence at Fitjar, and it was there Håkon the Good was mortally wounded in the Battle of Fitjar against the sons of Eirik (961). The current coat of arms of Fitjar shows a battle helmet reminiscent of the Battle of Fitjar. During World War II, Stord Island was the location of a British-led commando raid known as " Operation Cartoon ". The main industries found on the northern part of

336-404: A time, allowing for minimum down-time when changing reels. Wires were connected using pressure casing. The balance in the system is kept in place using a counterbalance tower. Spinning of the main cable started on 24 May 2000 and was concluded on 13 July. In all 11,600 kilometers (7,200 mi) of steel wire were used to create the cables for both bridges. It was the first time that on-site spinning

378-666: Is affiliated with Friends of the Earth , and member of INFORSE-Europe. The society dates back to 1914 as the National Association for Natural Conservation ( Landsforeningen for Naturfredning ). In 1916 the association started its work after three regional chapters had been founded, and the first Chairman was Hjalmar Broch . The society changed its name in 1936 to the Landsforeningen for Naturfredning i Norge , and again in 1951 to Landsforbundet for naturvern i Norge . Its current name

420-542: Is also a rich collection of models made by sculptor Torleiv Agdestein from Stord. The Stord Maritime Museum in Leirvik has a rich collection also. Litlabø is the site of a mining museum that shows many interesting remains of the last 100 years of mining. Leirvik also has a great recreational center with a 25-metre (82 ft) long swimming pool. Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature The Norwegian Society for

462-548: Is from 1962. The first issue of the membership magazine Norsk Natur was published in 1965 and two years later Nature and Youth (Natur og Ungdom) was founded as the youth branch. International activities include an educational project in 16 countries on sustainable energy and practical energy saving measures SPARE , which is also part of the INFORSE-Europe cooperation school activities . The SPARE activities started in eastern European countries in 1996-99, and became introduced in

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504-553: The pylons were completed on 20 December 1999, two catwalks were erected between them, with the constructors choosing two continuous catwalks instead of three separate pairs. Extra stability to the catwalks was achieved by building connections between the two. The cables were spun on-site using a reel because of the problems which had arisen using a bundle on the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark. This also allowed for cost savings, as

546-487: The Conservation of Nature ( Norwegian : Norges Naturvernforbund , NNV ), also known as Friends of the Earth Norway , is one of the largest Norwegian environmental organisations with approximately 24,000 members. The organisation is based on a volunteer work among the members, constituting work both at local and national levels. Norges Naturvernforbund works within a large range of environmental areas. The organisation

588-513: The Rimbareid farm, a dwelling under a cairn was discovered by archaeologist E. de Lange in 1906. This residence is probably from the late stone age, but could also be from the early Bronze Age, since residue showed a square house, while the round house was more common in the stone age. The Rimsvarden site dates back tor the Bronze Age . Fitjar mentioned in many of the historical sagas. Harald I had

630-411: The assignment of producing a new report. He launched three proposals: a pontoon or suspension bridge between Foldrøyholmen and Litlaneset ; a suspension bridge between Setraneset and Sokkbleikjo , which would terminate just south of the new airport; and a combined fixed link between Spissøy and Digernes, without passing via the Fitjar Archipelago . The latter proposal was the first time a fixed link to

672-548: The children's branch Eco-detectives ( Miljøagentene ). Their head office is located in Oslo . In total the environmental organisation has about 28 employees, some working in county offices throughout the country. Norges Naturvernforbund publishes the magazine Natur & miljø , and previously published the news bulletin Miljøjournalen. The main policy areas for the organisation are climate change and nature conservation . Also,

714-461: The coasts. The vast majority of the population lives on the southern coastal area near the Hardangerfjorden . The mountains on Stord contain a lot of pyrite . There was a pyrite mine at Litlabø until 1968. At Vikanes, there are marble quarries. Huglo has limestone quarries that have been an important source of extra income since the 1500s. Beyond the lowlands, along a line from Sagvåg in

756-426: The ferry between Bømlo and Stord. It was estimated to cost NOK 190 million, in addition to auxiliary roads for NOK 40 million. In 1982, plans were launched for a fixed link to the mainland further south, which would include a bridge over Digernessundet, a causeway and low bridge across Spissøysundet and a low bridge over Gassasundet. In addition, a tunnel would have to be built from Føyno to Sveio. This proposal

798-418: The ferry, which were made effective from 1 January 1993. Ticket prices increased with between NOK 10 and 12. This resulted in protests from the ferry employees who stated that they would have to collect the tolls which would remove their jobs. Work on the development plan started in 1992. It included safety and environmental improvements which increased the project's cost by NOK 200 million. In May 1994,

840-464: The island (other than the municipal government) include engineering and agriculture (including cattle and sheep farming ). Fitjar ranks second after Austevoll in Sunnhordland in terms of landed volume of fish, so fishing is a major part of the economy too. In Stord municipality, industry began developing from 1920 until the 1970s. Manufacturing was the main industry with Kværner and Apply Leirvik as

882-455: The island are the town of Leirvik (granted town status in 1997) and the villages of Sagvåg and Fitjar . Stord has an area of 241.2 square kilometres (93.1 sq mi) and the highest point is the 749-metre (2,457 ft) tall mountain Mehammarsåto . The island lies on the northern side of the mouth of the great Hardangerfjorden . The Selbjørnsfjorden lies on the north end of

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924-533: The island. On the east side of the island, the Langenuen strait separates Stord from the neighboring island of Tysnesøya . On the west side of the island, the Stokksundet strait separates Stord from the neighboring island of Bømlo . There are over 350 small islands and skerries lying off the northeastern coast. Most of the central part of the island is mountainous, leaving the islands population living mostly along

966-458: The large enterprises. Both concentrates on offshore oil installations and onshore facilities for oil recovery. Aker Solutions (Aker Stord) built supertankers of up to 370,000 tonnes dv. (until 1975). When the crash of tanker market came, the company went on to build the large production platforms in the North Sea . The year 2000, manufacturing included 63% of the economically active employees within

1008-438: The mainland was proposed. The Civil Aviation Administration protested against a possible suspension bridge near the airport, but stated that one further away would be fine. Surveys of traffic patterns on Bømlo were undertaken by Vestland Public Roads Administration in 1984. Based on the result of the surveys and other feedback, the agency stated that it preferred a pontoon bridge between Foldrøyholmen and Sørstokken, north of

1050-488: The organisation is concerned with preserving coastal nature habitats and increasing energy efficiency in buildings. The organisation has a large foreign NGO branch, which mainly runs projects on energy saving and environmental education. Most of these projects are located in Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia , and West Africa . The highest leadership events of the organisation are its biennial meetings. Between these

1092-640: The other on the extreme east of Spissøy in Bømlo. The pylons consist of 2,780 cubic meters (98,000 cu ft) of concrete and 830 tonnes (820 long tons; 910 short tons) of steel. The deck between the towers consists of pre-built steel sections, each 48 meters (157 ft) long and 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) tall. They are connected to the main suspended cable, which is 360 millimeters (14 in) thick,944 meters (3,097 ft) long and weighs 860 tonnes (850 long tons; 950 short tons), by vertical cables every 12 meters (39 ft). The bridge's vertical curvature has

1134-529: The plans was made subject to consultative statements. On 11 June 1996, Parliament approved with 144 against 20 votes to build the Triangle Link. The original name proposal for the bridge was Bømlobrua ; this was later changed to Bømlabrua after input from the municipal councils and name committees. The construction of the Bømla Bridge was undertaken as part of the same contract as the Stord Bridge, which

1176-476: The plant to the port, and then by barge to Stord. Each section is 48 meters (157 ft) long and consisted of subsections 6 by 12 meters (20 by 39 ft) to allow for transport to the port. They were mounted using the crane ship Uglen , allowing an average of four sections to be installed per day. Construction was completed in September 2000, taking 550,000 man-hours and costing NOK 342 million. The bridge

1218-456: The previous Soviet Union countries since 2005, where it is spread in 7000 schools (2008). The Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature is part of the 30 national organisations that constitute Friends of the Earth Europe . The organisation has 18 county branches and 155 local groups throughout the country. In addition it has the youth branch Nature and Youth ( Natur og Ungdom ) and

1260-458: The public. Gisle Tjong stated that the risk in the project was large and that it was uncertain how long the tolls would last: they could just as well be 60 as 15 years. He instead wanted to collect tolls in advance. The Triangle Link was approved by the various municipal councils in February and March 1988. Hordaland Public Roads Administration still supported a pontoon bridge, and stated that two and

1302-465: The reels could be used twice. The cables were spun using air spinning with controlled tension, which allowed spinning with little space and with a crew with limited spinning experience. This involved installing a carrier which shuttles forward and back over the catwalk; it spins the upper side of the cable in the one direction and the lower side in the other direction. The system has two reel racks, each with four reels of wire. Each rack only uses one reel at

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1344-495: The road would have serious consequences for the local boat traffic to the recreational islands of Føyno and Nautøy. Instead, they recommended that the municipalities chose a pontoon bridge. Another opponent to the project was the Action Committee Against a Hasty Construction of the Triangle Link, who argued to delay the decision until after the 1991 municipal elections , to ensure that the municipal councils had backing in

1386-453: The southwest to Jektevik in the northeast, rises a mountainous ridge with peaks of over 700 metres (2,300 ft). The highest of which is the 749-metre (2,457 ft) tall mountain Mehammarsåto furthest to the north. In this mountainous area, the rock varies from basalt lava , gabbro , and granite . The area around Fitjar has been settled since the Stone Age . At that time, the sea

1428-567: The trade and service industries, while only 1% were related to primary industries. There are two historic churches on the island: Fitjar Church , built in 1867, and Stord Church , built in 1857. Nysæter Church was built in 1992. In Hystadmarkjo, one can see 12 burial mounds , some of them have given rich finds from the Bronze Age. The Sunnhordland Museum in Leirvik has collections in their ten buildings from different places in Sunnhordland. There

1470-522: Was 10–15 metres (33–49 ft) higher than today, which means that it went into the present lake Storavatnet and far up Fitjar river. The mild climate of the last ice age meant that much of the area was covered by forest, most probably oak , ash , and lime/linden . The area was rich with wildlife, deer, and wild boar. Archaeologists say there have been people in Fitjar for the last 10,000 years. They have made many discoveries of stone tools around Fitjar. Near

1512-522: Was awarded in December 1998 to Triangle Contractors, a joint venture between NCC and HBG Steel Structures. Most of the work was carried out by NCC with HBG having responsibility for the steel parts of the deck and the cables. HBG had previously built the steel for the Osterøy Bridge , which opened in 1997. The responsibility for the cables was given to Brown Beach Associates and Hordaland Mekaniske Verksted (HMV). Construction started on 25 March 1999. After

1554-448: Was chosen in Norway, and it gave a cost saving of NOK 10 to 11 million. The cables consist of seven bundles which consist of 420 wires—each with a diameter of 5.35 millimeters (0.211 in). When compressed, this gives a diameter of 320 millimeters (13 in) and a quality of 1,570 megapascals . The fastening poles were delivered five weeks after schedule; a new mounting method

1596-597: Was connected to the mainland both by the Mosterhamn–Valevåg Ferry and the Langevåg–Buavåg Ferry . Plans for Stord Airport, Sørstokken were launched in the early 1980s. Thus the plans for a bridge crossing Stokksundet were again raised in 1982, this time by the industry on Bømlo, who would have to travel by ferry to reach the new airport. A committee was established in May 1983, which gave Engineer Harald Møyner

1638-616: Was developed which allowed them to be installed in a quarter of the time, in part by using a helicopter, and the whole five-week delay was eradicated. This allowed the deck sections to be installed as scheduled. There arose problems with small holes being created in the coating; as these had also been found on the Great Belt Bridge, it was decided that nothing would be done with the issue. The deck sections were produced by HBG in Portonogro , Italy By Cimolai and transported first by truck from

1680-466: Was estimated to cost NOK 660 million. This was criticized by Hordaland Public Roads Administration, who stated that it would take longer time to plan, and thus complete, the Triangle Link. From 1988, environmentalists started actively opposing the Triangle Link. The most active were the local chapter of the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature and Nature and Youth , who stated that

1722-495: Was similar to the finalized Triangle Link. In 1985, an all-tunnel proposal, following the same route, was proposed. Hordaland Public Roads Administration stated that the proposals were unrealistic. The limited company Ytre Sunnhordland Bru- og Tunnelselskap AS (SBT) was founded in October 1986 by the municipalities of Bømlo, Stord, Fitjar and Sveio, Hordaland County Municipality and five banks. The Public Road Administration recommended

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1764-466: Was taken into use on 30 April 2001, after the E39-section of the Triangle Link had opened on 27 December 2000. The bridge allowed two ferry services to terminate. The toll collection was scheduled to be completed on 30 April 2013. From that day a new toll plaza will open on Spissøy and finance upgrades to the road network on Bømlo. The Bømla Bridge is a 998-meter (3,274 ft) long suspension bridge with

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