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39-608: Awilix was the goddess of the moon , the queen of the night. She was associated with the Underworld , sickness and death and was a patron of the Mesoamerican ballgame . Her calendrical day was probably ik (moon) in the 20-day cycle of the Maya calendar . The eagle was the totem animal of the Nijaʼibʼ, and it is presumed that the bird was associated with the lunar aspect of the goddess, with

78-536: A Samaritan town, but were rebuked by Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles records that "Herod the king" (usually identified with Herod Agrippa ) had James executed by the sword. Nixon suggests that this may have been caused by James' fiery temper, in which he and his brother earned the nickname Boanerges or "Sons of Thunder". F. F. Bruce contrasts this story to that of the Liberation of Saint Peter , and writes that

117-425: A large rectangular platform supporting a smaller platform and a temple structure on the east side. A wide stairway climbed the west side of the temple, it was flanked on the lower level by two large talud-tablero panels. The exterior stonework of the building has been completely stripped away. There were four principal phases of construction and there is evidence that the temple had been repaired various times prior to

156-554: A lunar calendar. Calendars such as the Runic calendar fixing the beginning of the year at the first full moon after winter solstice . The Moon features prominently in art and literature , often with a purported influence on human affairs. James the Great James the Great ( Koinē Greek : Ἰάκωβος, romanized : Iákōbos ; Aramaic : ܝܥܩܘܒ, romanized : Yaʿqōḇ ; died AD 44)

195-753: A personal name in Spanish, and also in Portuguese as Tiago which spelled in ancient orthography as Thiago and still commonly used as a proper name, with its derivatives Diego / Diogo ). The traditional pilgrimage to the grave of the saint, known as the " Way of St. James ", has been the most popular pilgrimage for Western European Catholics from the Early Middle Ages onwards, although its modern revival and popularity stem from Walter Starkie 's 1957 book, The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James . Officially, 327,378 pilgrims registered in 2018 as having completed

234-588: A place to bury his body. Lupa appears in the Codex Calixtinus which further relates that she decides to trick the disciples and sends them to the governor of Duio with the intent of having them killed. Sensing a trap, they escape the governor and return to the queen. Once again Lupa tries to deceive them and sends them to Pico Sacro (the Sacred Peak) to collect two of her oxen to carry the necessary material to build

273-615: A summary of the legend of St. James, as it was believed at Compostela at that time. Two propositions are central to the legend: first, that James preached the gospel in Hispania as well as in the Holy Land ; second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa , his followers carried his body by sea to Hispania, where they landed at Padrón on the coast of Galicia , then carried it over land for burial at Santiago de Compostela . According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January AD 40,

312-507: Is a temple-palace combination situated on the southeast side of one of the main plazas and was likely to have been a temple of Awilix. This temple-palace is Kʼicheʼ in style and has been identified with the Nijaʼibʼ lineage of the Kʼicheʼ, being very similar to the Temple of Awilix at Qʼumarkaj. The structure consists of a central pyramidal base flanked by two attached range structures. The pyramidal base

351-618: Is featured as an assassin of the Maya pantheon in Smite . She is one of two Maya goddesses in the game. Lunar deity A lunar deity or moon deity is a deity who represents the Moon , or an aspect of it. These deities can have a variety of functions and traditions depending upon the culture, but they are often related. Lunar deities and Moon worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. Many cultures have implicitly linked

390-465: Is missing. The range structures are unequal in size and each contains a single long room atop a low platform. The facade of each of these rooms once possessed a row of columns although only stumps remain in situ. The modern descendants of the Nijaʼibʼ in Momostenango revere rival syncretised forms of the goddess, who are said to be the lovers of the town's patron saint Santiago ( St. James ). Awilix

429-409: Is topped by a shrine containing three rooms, the final room of the three is circular. The temple has three steep stairways flanked by balustrades . The main stairway ascends directly from the plaza, those on either side are perpendicular to the main stairway. The balustrade of each stairway terminates at the top in a vertical panel. The temple facade is in good condition although the roof of the temple

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468-564: The Aaronic , or lesser, priesthood, stating that he was doing so under the direction of James, Peter and John. The Quranic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis , however, more or less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Peter , Philip , Thomas , Bartholomew , Matthew , Andrew , James, Jude , John and Simon

507-483: The Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem . The Chapel of St. James the Great, located to the left of the sanctuary, is the traditional place where he was martyred when King Agrippa ordered him to be beheaded (Acts 12:1–2). His head is believed to be buried under the altar, marked by a piece of red marble and surrounded by six votive lamps. The 12th century Historia Compostelana commissioned by Diego Gelmírez provides

546-639: The Aztec religion . Many cultures are oriented chronologically by the Moon, as opposed to the Sun. The Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month and the moon god Chandra has religious significance during many Hindu festivals (e.g. Karwa Chauth , Sankashti Chaturthi , and during eclipses). Ancient Germanic tribes and the peoples they were in contact with, such as the Baltic Finnic peoples , were also known to have

585-656: The Germanic tribes , Tsukuyomi of the Japanese, Igaluk / Alignak of the Inuit , and the Hindu god Chandra . The original Proto-Indo-European lunar deity, *Meh₁not appears to have been male, with many possible derivatives including the Homeric figure of Menelaus . Cultures with male moon gods often feature sun goddesses . An exception is Hinduism , featuring both male and female aspects of

624-603: The Qʼeqchiʼ Maya language , which means " swallow " (the bird). It has also been suggested that the Nijaʼibʼ migrated from the area around the Pico de Orizaba mountain in central Mexico . This area was formerly known as Awilizapan in the Nahuatl language of the Aztecs , and it may be that the Nijaʼibʼ derived the name of their goddess from their place of origin. Awilix is mentioned throughout

663-614: The Spanish conquest . The floor under the third phase of construction had been painted dark green. Archaeological investigations found fragments of incense burners underneath the first building phase. The temple is similar in form to a temple mound on the west side of the first plaza in Iximche , the postclassic capital of the Kaqchikel Maya. Structure 4 at Zaculeu , the capital of the Mam Maya,

702-762: The Virgin Mary appeared to James on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta , while he was preaching the Gospel in Hispania . She appeared upon a pillar , and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar , in Zaragoza , Spain. Following that apparition, St. James returned to Judaea , where he was beheaded by Herod Agrippa I in AD 44. The translation of his relics from Judaea to Galicia in

741-411: The jaguar associated with her night aspect. Awilix was one of the three principal deities of the Kʼicheʼ, together with Tohil and Jacawitz , and the trinity of gods was sometimes referred to collectively as Tohil, the most important of the three. Alternate origins have been suggested for the origin of the name of the goddess, it has been suggested that "awilix" derives from kwilix or wilix in

780-522: The raising of Jairus' daughter , transfiguration of Jesus and agony in the Garden of Gethsemane . James and John (or, in another tradition, their mother ) asked Jesus to grant them seats on his right and left in his glory. Jesus rebuked them, asking if they were ready to drink from the cup he was going to drink from and saying the honor was not even for him to grant. The other apostles were annoyed with them. James and his brother wanted to call down fire on

819-591: The 2004 Holy Year, 179,944 pilgrims were received at Compostela. In the 2010 Holy Year, the number had risen to 272,412. The most recent of such Holy Year was 2021; the next will be 2027. The feast day of St. James is celebrated on 25 July on the liturgical calendars of the Roman Catholic , Anglican , Lutheran and certain other Protestant churches. He is commemorated on 30 April in the Orthodox Christian liturgical calendar (for those churches which follow

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858-496: The 29.5-day lunar cycle to women's menstrual cycles , as evident in the shared linguistic roots of "menstruation" and "moon" words in multiple language families . This identification was not universal, as demonstrated by the fact that not all moon deities are female. Still, many well-known mythologies feature moon goddesses, including the Greek goddess Selene , the Roman goddess Luna , and

897-573: The Apostles James, Peter and John appeared as heavenly messengers to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and conferred upon them the Melchizedek priesthood authority of apostolic succession , and thus exclusively on earth to their organization. According to the teaching, this occurred sometime after May 15, 1829, when John the Baptist similarly appeared to Smith and Cowdery and conferred upon them

936-563: The Chinese goddess Chang'e . Several goddesses including Artemis , Hecate , and Isis did not originally have lunar aspects, and only acquired them late in antiquity due to syncretism with the de facto Greco-Roman lunar deity Selene / Luna . Male lunar gods are also common, such as Sin of the Mesopotamians , Khonsu of the Egyptians (or the earlier Egyptian lunar deity Iah ), Mani of

975-542: The Christian army during the legendary battle of Clavijo , and was henceforth called Santiago Matamoros (Saint James the Moor -slayer). ¡Santiago, y cierra, España! ("St. James and strike for Spain") was the traditional battle cry of medieval Spanish (Christian) armies. Miguel de Cervantes has Don Quixote explaining that "the great knight of the russet cross was given by God to Spain as patron and protector". James' emblem

1014-664: The Great , Saint James the Greater , Saint James the Elder , or Saint Jacob, James the Apostle or Santiago . James was the son of Zebedee and Salome . Salome was a sister of Mary (mother of Jesus) which made James the Great a cousin of Jesus. James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James "the Less," with "greater" meaning older or taller, rather than more important. James

1053-569: The Great was the brother of John the Apostle . James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels state that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to follow him. James, along with his brother John, and Peter , formed an informal triumvirate among the Twelve Apostles . Jesus allowed them to be the only apostles present at three particular occasions during his public ministry,

1092-571: The Kʼicheʼ epic Popul Vuh and is also mentioned in the important Kʼicheʼ document known as the Título de los Señores de Totonicapán . Ixbalanque, one of the Maya Hero Twins of the Popul Vuh, was the incarnation of Awilix. In Qʼumarkaj the temple of Awilix faced the temple of Tohil across a small plaza. It was on the east side of the plaza with a stairway giving access from the west. Investigations at

1131-421: The final 100 kilometres (62 mi) walk (200 kilometres (120 mi) by bicycle) to Santiago to qualify for a Compostela . When 25 July falls on a Sunday, it is a "Holy Year" (a Jacobean holy year ) and a special east door is opened for entrance into Santiago Cathedral. Jubilee years follow a 6-5-6-11 pattern (except when the last year of a century is not a leap year, which can yield a gap of 7 or 12 years). In

1170-507: The northwest of Hispania was, in legend, accomplished by a series of miraculous events: his decapitated body was taken up by angels and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Hispania, where a massive rock closed around his body. Tradition has it that when the disciples of James, Theodore and Athanasius, arrived in Iria Flavia , they approached Queen Lupa about giving them

1209-606: The proposition that "James should die while Peter should escape" is a "mystery of divine providence ". In the Catholic tradition, Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to legend, his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia . This name Santiago is the local evolution of the Latin genitive Sancti Iacobi , "(church or sanctuary) of Saint James " (evolved into

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1248-612: The saint in the 9th century, by Pelayo in the Libredon forest in the time of Bishop Theodemir and king Alfonso II . These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at Santiago de Compostela became a famous pilgrimage site within the Christian world. The Way of St. James is a network of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago de Compostela through northern Spain. An even later tradition states that he miraculously appeared to fight for

1287-565: The same meaning as in Dutch, the word is Ibskal – Ib being a Danish version of the name "Jakob" and skal meaning "shell". The military Order of Santiago , named after Saint Tiago or Saint James, was founded in Spain in the 12th century to fight the Moors . Later, as in other orders of chivalry , the membership became a mark of honor. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that in 1829

1326-406: The solar divine. The ancient Egyptians had several moon gods including Khonsu and Thoth , although Thoth is a considerably more complex deity. Set represented the moon in the ancient Egyptian calendar . In Bakongo religion , the earth and moon goddess Nzambici is the female counterpart of the sun god Nzambi Mpungu . Metztli , Coyolxauhqui and Tēcciztēcatl are all lunar deities in

1365-515: The temple have revealed that eagle imagery was predominant. The high priest of Awilix was chosen from the Nijaʼibʼ lineage and was called the Ajaw Awilix . According to a drawing made by Rivera y Maestre in the early 19th century, the temple of Awilix was not as tall as the temple of Tohil. This structure was apparently the second most important temple in Qʼumarkaj. Originally this temple was formed of

1404-409: The tomb. She does not tell them that the mountain has a cave which is the entrance to hell and is guarded by a dragon. However, the presence of the holy cross protects the disciples from harm and tames the bulls. Upon witnessing the miraculous events, Lupa converts to Christianity and helps build the apostle's tomb in Libredon . The tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of

1443-546: The traditional Julian Calendar , 30 April currently falls on 13 May of the modern Gregorian Calendar ) and on 30 June ( Synaxis of the Apostles ). The National Day of Galicia is also celebrated on 25 July: St James is its patron saint. James the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 25 July. The site of martyrdom is located within the Armenian Apostolic Cathedral of St. James in

1482-399: Was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus . According to the New Testament , he was the second of the apostles to die (after Judas Iscariot ), and the first to be martyred . Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to tradition, what are believed to be his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia . He is also known as James, son of Zebedee , Saint James

1521-448: Was the scallop shell (or " cockle shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes. The French term for a scallop is coquille St. Jacques , which means "cockle (or mollusc) of [St.] Jacob". The German word for a scallop is Jakobsmuschel , which means "Jacob's mussel (or clam)"; the Dutch word is Jacobsschelp , meaning "Jacob's shell". In Danish and with

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