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31-462: It is signed "Ticianus Faciebat / MDXXII" on the column of the panel showing St. Sebastian. The work was commissioned by Altobello Averoldi, papal legate to Venice , from Titian during the period when he was the official painter of the Republic of Venice . The work was delivered in 1522, as indicated by Titian's signature in the lower right panel. The large polyptych was placed behind the high altar of

62-708: A legatus natus was not subordinate to them. Literally "sent legate", possessing limited powers for the purpose of completing a specific mission. This commission is normally focused in scope and of short duration. Some administrative (temporal) provinces of the Papal States in (mostly central) Italy were governed by a papal legate. This has been the case in Benevento , in Pontecorvo (of Campagna e Marittima/of Frosinone) and in Viterbo . In four cases, including Bologna , this post

93-447: A bishop holding this rank as a privilege of his see, e.g. archbishops of Canterbury (pre- Reformation ), Prague , Esztergom , Udine , Salzburg , Gniezno and Cologne . The legatus natus would act as the Pope's representative in his province, with a legatus a latere only being sent in extraordinary circumstances. Although limited in their jurisdiction compared to legati a latere ,

124-485: A country that did not accord him precedence over other ambassadors and ex officio deanship of the diplomatic corps. In those countries, the papal representative's precedence within the corps is exactly on a par with that of the other members of ambassadorial rank, so that he becomes dean only on becoming the senior member of the corps. For countries with which the Holy See has no diplomatic relations, an apostolic delegate

155-539: Is legatine . In the High Middle Ages , papal legates were often used to strengthen the links between Rome and the many parts of Christendom . More often than not, legates were learned men and skilled diplomats who were not from the country they were accredited to. For example, the Italian-born Guala Bicchieri served as papal legate to England in the early 13th century and played a major role in both

186-619: Is attending: prayers to both saints were invoked as a protection against the plague, and Roch's uncovered legs show the characteristic lesions. Two preparatory drawings of the panel exist: one (16.2 x 13.6 cm) is at the Kupferstichkabinett in Berlin, and another (18.3 x 11.5 cm) is in the Städel in Frankfurt . The two upper panels make up an Annunciation , with the announcing angel on

217-578: Is sent to serve as a liaison with the Catholic Church in that country, though not accredited to its government. This highest rank (literally "from the (pope's) side", i.e. "intimately" trusted) is normally awarded to a priest of cardinal rank . It is an exceptional investiture and can either be focused or broad in scope. The legate a latere is the alter ego of the Pope, and as such, possesses full plenipotentiary powers. Literally "born legate", i.e. not nominated individually but ex officio , namely

248-529: Is usually sent to a government, a sovereign or to a large body of believers (such as a national church) or to take charge of a major religious effort, such as an ecumenical council , a crusade to the Holy Land, or even against a heresy such as the Cathars . The term legation is applied both to a legate's mandate and to the territory concerned (such as a state, or an ecclesiastical province). The relevant adjective

279-482: The Altes Museum beside the collections of Old Master paintings and Classical sculpture from ancient Greece and Rome, as exemplars of "High Art". The collection grew throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, with the addition of Medieval, Renaissance and later works, including drawings by Albrecht Dürer and Matthias Grünewald , Sandro Botticelli 's illustrations of Dante 's Divine Comedy (purchased in 1882), and

310-516: The Kulturforum on Potsdamer Platz . It is the largest museum of graphic art in Germany, with more than 500,000 prints and around 110,000 individual works on paper (drawings, pastels , watercolours , oil sketches). The Kupferstichkabinett was officially founded in 1831, with a collection of drawings and watercolours acquired by Frederick William I in 1652 at its core. It was first housed in

341-511: The Middle Ages , a legatine council was the usual means that a papal legate imposed his directives. There are several ranks of papal legates in diplomacy, some of which are no longer used. The most common form of papal legate today is the apostolic nuncio , whose task it is to strengthen relations between the Holy See and the Catholic Church in a particular country and at the same time to act as

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372-565: The ancient Roman title legatus ) is a personal representative of the Pope to foreign nations, to some other part of the Catholic Church , or representatives of the state or monarchy. He is empowered on matters of Catholic faith and for the settlement of ecclesiastical matters. The legate is appointed directly by the Pope—the Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. Hence a legate

403-636: The Brescia area, including Savoldo and Moretto The central scene depicts a triumphant risen Christ, high above, in a dark yellow and grey dawn sky. He holds aloft the banner of the Crusader saint, St. George, as an emblem of the Catholic church. Beneath him is a group of armour-clad soldiers. The work shows the influence of works by Raphael , such as the Transfiguration (the centripetal position of Christ) and

434-575: The English government and church at the time. By the Late Middle Ages it had become more common to appoint native clerics to the position of legate within their own country, such as Cardinal Wolsey acting as legate to the court of Henry VIII of England . The reason for this switch in policy could be attributed to a change in attitude on the eve of the Reformation ; by this point, foreign men representing

465-472: The Holy See is a party, a nuncio is an ambassador like those from any other country. The Vienna Convention allows the host state to grant seniority of precedence to the nuncio over others of ambassadorial rank accredited to the same country, and may grant the deanship of that country's diplomatic corps to the nuncio regardless of seniority. Pro-nuncio was a term used from 1965 to 1991 for a papal diplomatic representative of full ambassadorial rank accredited to

496-641: The Kupferstichkabinett also includes Friedrich Gilly 's plan for a monument to Frederick II of Prussia from 1796. Some of the works on paper are stored in other Berlin collections that have a relevant theme, such as the Ethnological and Asian Art Museums, the Art Library, and the Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection . The works in the Kupferstichkabinett cannot be permanently displayed, due to

527-463: The altar was dedicated, on a gloomy background. Nazarius wears shining armor, his disciple, Celsus, behind him. The kneeling donor, Altobello Averoldi, the papal legate to Venice, is portrayed in profile, stylistically reminiscent of the depiction of Sigismondo de' Conti in Raphael's Madonna of Foligno . The influence of Giorgione , who before his death in 1510 had worked with Titian, may be discerned in

558-568: The calm atmosphere and the dull colors. The right-hand panel shows a traditional Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian , although in this case the saint is depicted in a rather contorted position. This may be derived from Michelangelo 's Punishment of Aman on the Sistine Chapel ceiling , or from Raphael's Fire in the Borgo also in the Vatican. The saint's arms are tied to a tree trunk at different heights;

589-625: The church of Santi Nazaro e Celso of Brescia, replacing another altarpiece by Vincenzo Foppa (of which now a Nativity of Jesus remains in the church of Santa Maria Assunta at Chiesanuova , as well as two side panels in the Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo ). At this time Brescia formed part of Venice's mainland possessions. A first version of the St. Sebastian panel was offered to Duke Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara in compensation for Titian's late completion of his Bacchanalia . The Duke declined

620-838: The collection that had been split between East and West Berlin together with the National Gallery's collection. The emphasis is on European drawings and printed graphics from the Middle Ages to the present, as well as illuminated manuscripts , sketchbooks, topographical drawings and printing plates. The older artists include Dürer , Grünewald , Botticelli and Menzel, as well as Altdorfer , Bosch , Bruegel , Chodowiecki , Friedrich , Mantegna , Rembrandt , Schinkel , and Tiepolo . More recent artists include Kirchner , Munch and Picasso , Pop Artists ( Warhol , Hamilton , Johns , Stella ) conceptual artists , minimalists , and contemporary artists working in Berlin. The collection of

651-505: The diplomatic representative of the Holy See to the government of that country. An apostolic nuncio is generally equivalent in rank to that of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary , although in Catholic countries the nuncio often ranks above ambassadors in diplomatic protocol. A nuncio performs the same functions as an ambassador and has the same diplomatic privileges. Under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations , to which

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682-571: The estate of Adolph Menzel . Prominent members of former staff include Max Lehrs . In 1986 the Kupferstichkabinett took over the graphics collection of the National Gallery of Berlin , whose emphasis was on 20th-century prints, including Expressionist works that the Nazis had classified as " degenerate " and confiscated. In 1994 it opened in a new building in the Kulturforum, reuniting the parts of

713-596: The expansion of the collection, arranges donations and acquires individual works according to the recommendations of the director of the Kupferstichkabinett. The Kupferstichkabinett carries out research and conservation activities and has its own Conservation Advisory Council . Particular candidates for preservation include the bound handwritten works from the Middle Ages and Renaissance, large 19th-century cartoons (e.g. by Peter von Cornelius ), and technically complex contemporary works. Other subjects of research include silverpoint drawings and drawings by Grünewald. There

744-452: The fresco of the Deliverance of Saint Peter for the quasi-night atmosphere. Another possible influence that has been suggested here is that of Danube school , in details such as the dramatic lighting effects on the landscape. A depiction of the ideal Jerusalem in the background was a Northern European fashion. The left panel show the saints Nazarius and Celsus , to whom the church housing

775-555: The left and the Virgin on the right, according to a tradition dating from the Middle Ages. Titian represented the two figures in strong light, in particular the angel, which is illuminated from behind. His figure is unrolling a cartouche with the Gospel words Ave Gratia Plena , the salutation of the archangel Gabriel to the virgin Mary. Papal legate A papal legate or apostolic legate (from

806-438: The legs are also differently articulated because Sebastian's right foot rests on a section of a fallen stone column. It has been suggested that the saint's face resembles that of the risen Christ in the central panel. Some resemblance has also been claimed to Titian himself; he was 30-years-old at the time. In the background of this panel is an announcing angel. His gaze is directed towards Sebastian and to Saint Roch whom she

837-453: The offer, and the early St. Sebastian was perhaps sent to Mantua , where one such painting is mentioned among the works of art sold by the Gonzaga to Charles I of England . Its whereabouts after that are unknown. Averoldi subsequently also started to complain about Titian's late delivery. The use of a compartmentally-divided polyptych, a solution that must have been rather old-fashioned for

868-487: The papacy would be more likely to reinforce dissent than bring Christendom closer together. Papal legates often summoned legatine councils , which dealt with church government and other ecclesiastical issues. According to Pope Gregory VII , writing in the Dictatus papae , a papal legate "presides over all bishops in a council, even if he is inferior in rank, and he can pronounce sentence of deposition against them". During

899-590: The size of the collection and the air- and light-sensitivity of works on paper; however, the museum holds regular temporary exhibitions. The museum's patrons primarily include the Graphische Gesellschaft zu Berlin - Vereinigung der Freunde des Kupferstichkabinetts e. V. ( Berlin Graphic Society - Association of Friends of the Museum of Prints and Drawings ). The association has existed since 1997, it supports

930-460: The time, is likely to have followed a specific request from Averoldi. In any event, Titian managed to produce a certain degree of unity, although not spatially or architecturally, unlike 15th century polyptychs. Instead, the Veneto-born painter adopted a chromatic-dynamic, with a sense of light converging towards the central scene. The panels are: The work inspired several Renaissance painters from

961-683: Was awarded exclusively to cardinals ; the Velletri post was created for Bartolomeo Pacca . The title could be changed to Apostolic Delegate , as happened in Frosinone (for Pontecorvo) in 1827. Kupferstichkabinett Berlin The Kupferstichkabinett , or Museum of Prints and Drawings , is a prints museum in Berlin , Germany . It is part of the Berlin State Museums , and is located in

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