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76-471: The Forum itself is organised as an association and sees itself as a citizen science organisation where experts, space enthusiasts and members of various disciplines, together with national and international research institutions, industry and companies, conduct research. As one of the most important educational institutions in Austria, the ÖWF inspires young people towards space, science and technology. In 2006

152-470: A bank account, enter into contracts (rent real estate, hire employees, take out an insurance policy), or sue or be sued. In France , all voluntary associations are non-profit. They may count as unincorporated ( association non-déclarée ) or incorporated ( association déclarée ) and are created in terms of and governed by the Waldeck-Rousseau Act 1901. This is why association loi (de) 1901

228-577: A broad and original form of nonprofit organizations, and have existed since ancient history. In Ancient Greece , for example, there were various organizations ranging from elite clubs of wealthy men ( hetaireiai ) to private religious or professional associations. In preindustrial societies, governmental administrative duties were often handled by voluntary associations such as guilds . In medieval Europe, guilds often controlled towns. Merchant guilds enforced contracts through embargoes and sanctions on their members, and also adjudicated disputes. However, by

304-711: A common interest, although this term is not widely used or understood. Voluntary associations may be incorporated or unincorporated ; for example, in the US, unions gained additional powers by incorporating. In the UK, the terms voluntary association or voluntary organisation cover every type of group from a small local residents' association to large associations (often registered charities ) with multimillion- pound turnover that run large-scale business operations (often providing some kind of public service as subcontractors to government departments or local authorities). Voluntary association

380-593: A distinct Middle Stone Age technocomplex in southern Arabia around the earlier part of the Marine Isotope Stage 5. Bronze Age sites of the Dhofar Survey include tomb complexes found at Hodor (al-Hudfir). Venetian merchant Marco Polo wrote of Dhofar in The Travels of Marco Polo (c. 1300), stating: Dufar is a great and noble and fine city. The people are Saracens [Muslims] and have a Count for their chief who

456-709: A future human-robotic Mars surface expedition. Part of the PolAres program was developing an Mars analogue space suit. Since 2009 the Mars analogue space suit Aouda.X is developed and tested in several field tests and simulations. Mars analogue field simulation in Southern Spain in April 2011, together with international experiments including ESA eurobot vehicle. A Mars Analogue -Field-test between 27 April and 1 May 2012, together with international partners. The test took place in

532-562: A historical glimpse into the administration of the region: The administration of the Dhufar Province is in the hands of the Sultan of Muscat himself. He appears to regard Dhufar more as a private estate than as a Province of his Sultanate and maintains a separate treasury. According to an article published some 65 years ago in the Nehla, a superior Arabic magazine of the last century, Sayyid Turki ,

608-529: A small portion of the northern tip of Yemen are directly exposed to the South East monsoon from mid-June to mid-September; this is known as the Khareef . Monsoon clouds keep the summer cool and humid, while the winter months are warm except for periods when cold winds from the northern deserts cause heavy and prolonged dust storms and a sharp fall in temperature. Dhofar's heavy seasonal rainfall contrasts sharply with

684-472: A transaction in the name of the association takes responsibility for that transaction, just as if it were that individual's personal transaction. There are many countries where the formation of truly independent voluntary associations is effectively proscribed by law or where they are theoretically legally permitted, but in practice are persecuted; for example, where membership brings unwelcome attention from police or other state agencies. Voluntary groups are

760-813: Is 30x10x10 cm by size and was launched with the LauncherOne rocket by Virgin Orbit from California . The acronym ADLER is composed of Austria Debris Detection Low Earth (Orbit) Reconnoiter. The probe's main instrument, the Austrian Particle Impact Detector (APID), was developed at the OeWF laboratory in Innsbruck. The entire ADLER-1 project cost a larger six-figure euro amount and was privately funded, by Findus Venture GmbH , Austria. The company Spire Global , California contributed its Lemur class small satellite and

836-474: Is a co-operative which is usually founded on one person-one vote principle and distributes its profits according to the amount of goods produced or bought by the members. Associations may take the form of a non-profit organization or they may be not-for-profit corporations ; this does not mean that the association cannot make benefits from its activity, but all the benefits must be reinvested. Most associations have some kind of document or documents that regulate

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912-422: Is also used to refer to political reforms, especially in the context of urbanization, granting individuals greater freedoms to associate in civil society as they wished, or not at all. In many jurisdictions no formalities are necessary to start an association. In some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association. Some jurisdictions require that the association register with

988-497: Is geologically and topographically similar to plateaus on Mars. In addition to taking soil and sedimentation samples, experiments on human-machine interaction and the cultivation of herbs in bioreactors are being carried out. Launched on January 13, 2022, 22:51 UTC, the ADLER-1 cubesat orbits Earth at an altitude of about 500 km to detect space debris with particle sizes "in the micrometer range" for at least one year. The cubesat

1064-716: Is home to many expatriates. Salalah, the region's capital, has an international airport, one of the largest seaports in the Middle East, several resorts including the Marriott and the Crowne Plaza , and a university. The Burj-al-Nadha clock tower is a local landmark and is featured in the Dhofar Municipality coat of arms. The Dhofar region is also rich in meteorites . According to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ,

1140-511: Is in force in South Australia , allows for the creation of a legal entity able to buy and sell land and in general, enter into legally binding contracts. Many clubs and societies begin life as an unincorporated body and seek to attain incorporated status to protect its members from legal liability and in many cases to seek government financial assistance only available to an incorporated body. Clubs and societies wishing to incorporate must meet

1216-400: Is not necessarily voluntary in the sense that one's employment may effectively require it via occupational closure . For example, in order for particular associations to function effectively, they might need to be mandatory or at least strongly encouraged, as is true of trade unions . Because of this, some people prefer the term common-interest association to describe groups which form out of

1292-690: Is responsible for the launch logistics as well as the operation of the small satellite. Voluntary association A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization , common-interest association , association , or society ) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers , to form a body (or organization ) to accomplish a purpose. Common examples include trade associations , trade unions , learned societies , professional associations , and environmental groups . All such associations reflect freedom of association in ultimate terms (members may choose whether to join or leave), although membership

1368-523: Is subject to the Soldan [Sultan] of Aden . Much white incense is produced here, and I will tell you how it grows. The trees are like small fir trees; these are notched with a knife in several places, and from these notches the incense is exuded. Sometimes it flows from the tree without any notch; this is by reason of the great heat of the sun there. This Dhafar is supposed to be the Sephar of Genesis , x. 30. Dhofar

1444-479: Is subjoined to their name, except in the Alsace - Moselle area, which is governed by local law in this regard (the area was German in 1901), and are therefore called association loi (de) 1908 . If the association responding to defined criteria, like social or medical help, for example, they can be declared "public utility association" ( association d'utilité publique ) by French authorities. Associations created under

1520-522: Is to be treated under the laws. In the United States, voluntary associations which were incorporated were "pre-eminent" in collective action. In California , during the 1980s, then Los Angeles County district attorney Ira Reiner decided to use California's unincorporated associations law to attack street gangs and the habit of their members of tagging graffiti in public spaces, in an attempt to abate vandalism and to recover cleanup costs. He sued

1596-627: The Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia , that the two main tribes of Dhofar were the mountain-dwelling Al Qara tribe (for which the Qara Mountain Range was named) and the Al Kathiri tribes (Al-Shanfari, Al-Rawas, Al-Marhoon, Bait Fadhil, Al-Mardoof and Al-Hadhri) who lived in the hills and in villages alike; both were reported to speak dialects of Arabic unknown in other parts of

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1672-757: The Arabian Peninsula . Other tribes of importance noted by Lorimer included the Ja'afar tribe, the Bait Al Qalam tribe, the Sayid (or Sadat) tribe, the Hasarit tribe and the Harasis tribe. The inhabitants of Dhofar were described primarily as agriculturalists and were well known for their affinity to 'tobacco', possibly referring to khat which is similar in appearance. At the time of Lorimer's survey, Dhofar had roughly 11,000 inhabitants,

1748-611: The English trust law case Conservative and Unionist Central Office v Burrell (1981): "unincorporated association" [means] two or more persons bound together for one or more common purposes, not being business purposes, by mutual undertakings, each having mutual duties and obligations, in an organisation which has rules which identify in whom control of it and its funds rests and upon what terms and which can be joined or left at will. In most countries, an unincorporated association does not have separate legal personality , and few members of

1824-673: The Ibn Battuta Center in Marrakesh – conducted an integrated Mars analogue field simulation in the northern Sahara near Erfoud , Morocco within the framework of the PolAres research programme. Directed by a Mission Support Center in Innsbruck , Austria, a small field crew conducted experiments preparing for future human Mars missions mainly in the fields of engineering, planetary surface operations, astrobiology, geophysics/geology and life sciences. Two space suit simulators (both Aouda.X and

1900-473: The Ministry of Justice . Under English law , an unincorporated association consists of two or more members bound by the rules of a society which has, at some point in time, been founded. Several theories have been proposed as to the way that such associations hold rights. A transfer may be considered to have been made to the association's members directly as joint tenants or tenants in common . Alternatively,

1976-714: The Negev Desert , Israel. This analog mission took place in cooperation with the Israel Space Agency as well as D-MARS . This mission was planned for 2020 but was postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 . The AMADEE-24 Mars Simulation takes place from 5 March to 5 April 2024 in the Ararat Province of Armenia . Together with the host the Armenian Space Forum, a base was built on a rocky highland plateau. This area

2052-713: The Ottomans , however, it was unknown if he was acting under their directive. With the help of Dhofari tribes he carried out warfare against the Bedouins of the interior. He was expelled by local sheikhs in January 1879. Dhofar is extensively detailed in the 1917 publication Gazetteer of Arabia , produced by the Government in British India and mostly based on information gathered by J.G. Lorimer 's in his 1908 and 1915 handbook Gazetteer of

2128-582: The mammoth and giant ice caves in the Dachstein Area in Austria. Aside from testing the newest version of the Forum's Spacesuit simulator Aouda.X , teams from 10 different nations (including the US, Europe and New Zealand) tried geophysical techniques, instruments and ideas for future crewed missions to cave systems on Mars. Between 1 and 28 February 2013, the Austrian Space Forum – in partnership with

2204-487: The 1800s, merchant guilds had largely disappeared. Economic historians have debated the precise role that merchant guilds played in premodern society and economic growth. In the United Kingdom, craft guilds were more successful than merchant guilds and formed livery companies which exerted significant influence on society. A standard definition of an unincorporated association was given by Lord Justice Lawton in

2280-402: The 1901 act have a significant amount of freedom in their internal operation, such as management or authorized members. The German Civil Code sets out different rights and rules for an unincorporated association ( nicht eingetragener Verein ) with legal identity ( Vereine , art. 21–79 BGB ) versus an incorporated association ( eingetragener Verein ) with full legal personality , which

2356-786: The Associations Law, 1980. An amutah is a body corporate, though not a company. The amutah is successor to the Ottoman Association which predated the State of Israel, and was established by the now-superseded 1909 Ottoman Law on Associations, based on the French law of 1901. An amutah must register with the Rasham Ha’amutot ('Registrar of Amutot'), under the purview of the Rashut Hata’agidim ('Corporations Authority') of

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2432-650: The Austrian Space Forum conducted its first analogue mission called "AustroMars", a Mars analogue simulation at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah. For the first time the crew, the support team and the experiments as well as the major part of the hardware came from Austria. PolAres was a 2007–2017 interdisciplinary programme of the Austrian Space Forum in cooperation with international partners to develop strategies for human-robotic interaction procedures and to emphasise planetary protection, in preparation for

2508-481: The Crown as bona vacantia . This conclusion has also been suggested where the association dissolves because only one member remains, although this has been doubted by some commentators who believe the last members should be entitled to the rights. Scots law on unincorporated associations is essentially the same as English law. Each state sets its own laws as to what constitutes an unincorporated association and how it

2584-819: The Moon). The AMADEE-18 Mars simulation took place in February 2018 in the Dhofar desert in the south of the Sultanate of Oman . This simulated Mars expedition was conducted for the first time as part of the AMADEE program, in conjunction with the Oman National Steering Committee for AMADEE-18. A special issue of Astrobiology Magazine was published in November 2020. The AMADEE-20 Mars Simulation took place from 4 to 31 October 2021 in

2660-523: The Persian Gulf (PFLOAG). This latter group was supported by Communist South Yemen and several other socialist states, including East Germany . It aimed to depose the Sultan's government, who was assisted by the United Kingdom, Iran , and officers and doctors from Pakistan and India. The rebellion failed, and once the campaign was declared over in December 1975, the active remainder of PFLOAG forces surrendered. J.G. Lorimer noted in his 1908 manuscript,

2736-472: The Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia . In it, Dhofar's boundaries are given as between the Samhan hills (Jebel Samhan) and the sea, from Ra's Risut eastwards for 30 miles to Khor Rori . Colloquially, the term Dhofar was used to describe the villages of Al Haffah and Salalah , which housed about two-thirds of Dhofar's population at that time; however, on an official capacity, the term was understood to refer to

2812-630: The PolAres Mars research program and is expected to run from 2018 to 2028. As a framework, it is responsible for developing hardware, workflows, and science for future human-robotic planetary surface missions. A major focus of the Program is to develop life trace detection strategies. Unlike PolAres, the AMADEE Program's simulated planetary surfaces are not limited to Mars, but will introduce the ability to study surface operations on other celestial bodies (e.g.

2888-552: The PolAres research programme to do an analog expedition to the arctic . From August 3 to 15, 2015, a two-week Mars simulation called "AMADEE-15", together with international partners, took place on an ice and boulder glacier in Kaunertal, Austria. Again for this mission, the field crew was supported by a Mission Support Center in Innsbruck, Austria. The experiments conducted covered several disciplines and ranged from geological and astrobiological to robotic and technical experiments. For

2964-627: The association more protection against liability than that given to either stockholders of corporations or members of limited liability companies . This was noted in the case of International News Service vs Associated Press , because the members of the AP are not liable for damages for the organization's actions unless the association as a whole approved it. In Texas , state law has statutes concerning unincorporated non-profit associations that allow unincorporated associations that meet certain criteria to operate as entities independent of their members, with

3040-560: The association usually enjoy limited liability . However, in some countries they are treated as having separate legal personality for tax purposes: for example, in the United Kingdom an unincorporated association is assessable to corporation tax . However, because of their lack of legal personality, legacies to unincorporated associations are sometimes subject to general common law prohibitions against purpose trusts . Associations that are organized for profit or financial gain are usually called partnerships . A special kind of partnership

3116-434: The best of them, producing an estimated flow of 40,000 gallons of water an hour. These waters, if unharnessed, again disappear underground in the foothills and reappear to feed extensive fresh water creeks in the coastal belt divided from the sea only by narrow sandbars . Fresh water is easily obtainable from shallow wells at a distance of a hundred yards from high water mark and up to a distance of one mile inland, beyond which

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3192-563: The coasts of Dhofar, perhaps Wadi Sayq, are considered the most likely location of the Book of Mormon land of Bountiful , from which the nomadic family of Lehi sailed, some time after 600 BC, in a ship constructed by his son Nephi , to the New World. Dhofar Governorate consists of ten wilayats also called provinces. Al-Mazyunah is the newest after it was declared separate from the Rakhyut wilayat. It

3268-411: The contributors, unless they can be shown to have renounced their right to such a trust in their favour. If the rights are held subject to contract, then they will be divided among the surviving membership upon dissolution, according to the terms of the contracts inter se or an implied term according to contribution. If, as a result of this contract or statute, no member can claim, the rights will pass to

3344-521: The entire region of Dhofar, much like in the modern sense. Dhofar's physical geography was noted as consisting mainly of barren plains, a mountain range and several valleys, the most important of which was Wadi Raikut. Communication outside of Dhofar was made difficult on account of the rugged landscape and the fact that no large harbors existed on the coast, though Mirbat and Risut were said to offer good anchorage for smaller vessels. The mountain paths were, for all intents and purposes, inaccessible during

3420-435: The festival among the lower classes of Dhofar. Jackson (1943) states that the ruler of Oman prohibited Muslims from participating in these festivities sometime in the early 20th century. While Arabic speakers from the dominant culture of Oman have come to live in the province, especially the larger cities and towns, Dhofar has been the traditional homeland of many tribespeople speaking Modern South Arabian languages . One of

3496-465: The first time, this mission also included virtual exploration. The analog astronaut moved around on a simulation platform wearing video goggles and, like the other test astronauts, was in radio contact with mission control. The procedure (V-ERAS) was developed by the Italian Mars Society. Scientific publications on this Mars simulation: AMADEE is the flagship program of the OeWF which builds on

3572-406: The funds transferred may be considered to have been under the terms of a private purpose trust . Many purpose trusts fail for want of a beneficiary and this may therefore result in the gift failing. However, some purpose trusts are valid, and, accordingly, some cases have decided that the rights associated with unincorporated associations are held on this basis. The dominant theory, however, is that

3648-417: The increased depth of the water discourages prospective cultivators. Dhofar's forest cover was estimated to be 53,000 hectares in 1989. However, due to human actives and deforestation, it declined to 10,000 hectares in 2020. The forests are home to more than 750 flora species – including 50 native species, which counts for more than 75% of Oman's biodiversity. Dhofar has a tropical climate . Dhofar and

3724-457: The indignation of the Sultan of Oman. They engaged in little cultivation due to the arid landscape, instead preferring to trade incense and rear livestock. In the past, the Hindu festival Diwali was celebrated by practicing Omani Muslims and non-Muslims alike. According to local tradition, the custom was introduced by a Brahmin who was shipwrecked off Dhofar's coast and found a ready acceptance of

3800-581: The languages most commonly spoken by Al-Hakli (Qara), Al-Shahri, Al-Barami, Al-Mashaiki and Al-Bathari mountain tribes is the Shehri language (called Jibbali "Mountainous"). The Yemeni language Mehri is somewhat linked to Jeballi. Other indigenous groups speaking smaller languages such as Bat'hari living in the coastal towns of Shuwaymiya and Sharbithat . The Harasis , speaking Harsusi , number 1–2000 and live in Jiddat al-Harasis . The Dhofar Governorate, situated in

3876-570: The law treats as partnerships ( Gesellschaften , art. 705–740 BGB ). Associations can be for-profit ( wirtschaftlicher Verein ) or non-for-profit ( Idealverein ). Associations which pursue a public purpose can apply for tax exemptions ( gemeinnütziger Verein ). The freedom of association stands in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Article 20 Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights also protects

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3952-637: The majority of which were Bedouins . In Gordon Noel Jackson's 1943 treatise on the Dhofar Governorate, he wrote that "the people of the province are as varied as the landscape". He goes on to state that the Arabs of the hills, 'mountain Arabs', were highly nomadic and were not proficient in Standard Arabic . Furthermore, it is asserted that they were not overtly observant of Islamic customs, were highly superstitious, and practiced pre-Islamic rites , much to

4028-477: The neighboring barren Empty Quarter Desert. The Salalah plain was once a well cultivated area with a sophisticated irrigation system. Dhofar has a tribal community , including the tribes of Al-Kathiri are the largest number in Salalah and Dhofar in general Al-Hakli (Qara), Hashimi, Al-Yafei, Al-Mashaikhi, Al-Shahri, Al-Mahri, Al-Bat'hari, Al-Daroodi(Dhashisha, Siwaqron, Ali Saleban, Al-bahanta) and Al-Barami. It also

4104-488: The new Aouda.S ) and a number of rovers were used in the field. The desert base camp at the northern location was named Camp Weyprecht on February 11. There was also a satellite location about 80 km further south that was named Station Payer . These names were in honor of the two leaders of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition of 1872–74, which tied in with the long-term goal of

4180-559: The north and east and buffeted and depressed until they are entrapped by the mountains over the Dhofar plain. Thus, Dhofar is unique on the Southern Arabian coast in that it enjoys monsoon rainfall for some three months of the year. The Province contains three distinct physical tracts, a cultivated coastal belt, Al Haffah , divided from the mountains by a desert plain some 40 miles in length and up to 9 miles in depth. The mountains enclosing

4256-423: The north being practically free of clouds and devoid of moisture. It is in these wadis that the frankincense , for which the mountains have been famous through the ages, grows wild. The dryness of the air determines the quality of the frankincense, the resin of similar trees growing on the southern slopes being spoilt by the rain. Although the southern slopes enjoy a good rainfall the ground soil does not retain

4332-492: The police or other official body to inform the public of the association's existence. This could be a tool of political control or intimidation, and also a way of protecting the economy from fraud . In many such jurisdictions, only a registered association (an incorporated body) is a juristic person whose members are not responsible for the financial acts of the association. Any group of persons may, of course, work as an informal association, but in such cases, each person making

4408-419: The present Sultan's grandfather, established his rule there at the invitation of the Sayyids of Salalah to forestall the unwelcome interest of the Turks. He entrusted the task of establishing Muscat authority to one Sulaiman bin Suwailim, a former slave, and supplied him with a small body of soldiers to secure the towns from the tribesmen. Sulaiman bin Suwailim built a fort on the site of the present palace which

4484-487: The provisions of the relevant state act and lodge their constitution with the corresponding state government authority. In Israel , many non-profit organizations (NPOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are established as registered nonprofit associations (Hebrew amutah , plural amutot ) (some are established as public benefit companies (Hebrew Chevrah LeTo’elet Hatzibur ) not to be confused with public benefit corporations). Amutot are regulated by

4560-435: The rainy season. Aside from camels, no other transport animals were widely used. Frankincense was said to comprise the bulk of economic trade, with 9,000 cwt. being sent to Mumbai annually. Other exports were hides, sheep-skins, gums and beeswax. Among the chief imports were khat (which was mistaken for tobacco) from Mukalla and rice, sugar, dates and cloths from Mumbai. Gordon Noel Jackson's 1943 essay on Dhofar provides

4636-448: The rest of Oman and in Yemen. At Aybut Al-Auwal ("First Aybut") in Wadi Aybut (west-central Nejd), a site was discovered in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools belonging to a regionally specific lithic industry, the late Nubian Complex, known previously only from Northeast Africa. Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old. This provides evidence for

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4712-402: The right to freedom of assembly and association. Article 11 – Freedom of assembly and association Dhofar The Dhofar Governorate ( Arabic : مُحَافَظَة ظُفَّار , romanized :  Muḥāfaẓat Ẓuffār ) is the largest of the 11 governorates in the Sultanate of Oman in terms of area. It lies in southern Oman, on the eastern border with Yemen 's Al Mahrah Governorate and

4788-446: The right to own property, make contracts, sue and be sued, with limited liability for their officers and members. Certain civil-law systems classify an association as a special form of contractual relationship. Under the Quebec Civil Code an association is categorized as a type of statutory specific contract set forth in a constitution. An association can become incorporated with its own legal identity so that it may, e.g., open

4864-439: The rights are transferred to the members or officers absolutely, perhaps on trust for the members, but are importantly bound by contracts inter se . Accordingly, on dissolution, the distribution of these rights depends on how they were held. A purpose trust may by its nature survive the dissolution of the association, or it may not. If it fails as a result of the dissolution, then the rights will be held on resulting trust for

4940-406: The southern border with Saudi Arabia 's Eastern Province . It is a rather mountainous area that covers 99,300 km (38,300 sq mi) and had a population of 416,458 in the 2020 census. Salalah is the largest city and capital of the governorate. Historically, the region was a source of frankincense . The local dialect of Arabic is Dhofari Arabic , which is distinct from that used in

5016-421: The street gangs by name, with cases titled such as City of Los Angeles v. The Bloods and City of Los Angeles v. The Crips , which then allowed the city to go after any member of the street gang, as a member of the unincorporated association being sued, for damages resulting from graffiti tagging involving that gang's name,. New York state law regarding unincorporated associations actually gives members of

5092-428: The summer for herds of dairy cattle, camels and goats numbering many hundreds. The uplands rise gently to a height of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet at the top of the watershed and thence slope away to the north draining into Wadi Muqshin on the southern edge of the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter). Cloud formations are entrapped over the enclosed plain and on southern slopes of the mountains, the reverse slopes draining to

5168-414: The tribes of Al-Hakli (Qara), thus given the name " Qara Mountain Range ". Al-Shahri were believed to be the original inhabitants of Dhofar. A historical political précis on Dhofar produced by the British Government indicate that in 1876, a man named Sayyid Fadhl bin Alawi, who had arrived in Dhofar from Mecca in August 1875, had established himself as the de facto ruler of Dhofar. He claimed allegiance to

5244-415: The water. Underground rivers drain the waters of Jabal Aram into Wadi Darbat, the mouth of which is sealed by a sheer limestone cliff 500 feet high. The accumulated waters fill a lake two miles long, situated at a height of 1,000 feet, and overflow during the rains to form a picturesque waterfall. Other underground rivers feed perennial springs at the foot of the hills. There are six of these springs; Jarziz,

5320-416: The way in which the body meets and operates. Such an instrument is often called the organization's bylaws, constitution, regulations, or agreement of association. In most states and territories in Australia , a similar set of laws allows not-for-profit associations to become legal entities with a limit to the liability of their members. An example of such a law, the Associations Incorporation Act 1985 that

5396-472: The western end of the plain are precipitous and inaccessible while those to the east rise steeply with many sheer cliffs and deep gorges but are capped by rolling grassy uplands and interspersed with wide park-like valleys well wooded with groves of wild figs , tamarinds , acacias , sycamores . Varieties of evergreens, privets , babuls , wild olives, jasmines , camel thorn, salt cedars and an abundance of wild flowers and grasses provide ample grazing during

5472-529: The western extremity of Oman's territories, is enclosed by the Indian Ocean on its southern side and by the Dhofar Mountains , a semi-circular formation of mountains running into the sea at Ras Hamar and Mirbat , which shut it off from the mountains and deserts to the north, east and west. South-west monsoon (locally referred to as Khareef ) clouds driving up from the Indian Ocean are here met by winds from

5548-487: Was a major exporter of frankincense in ancient times, with some of it being traded as far as China. Al-Baleed (also spelled Al Blaid ), an area near Salalah which contains numerous archeological finds, used to serve as the home of the Manjawi Civilization from the 12th to 16th centuries. Prior to Omani rule, a portion of Dhofar was partially part of the sultanate of Kathiri , and was later mostly controlled by

5624-735: Was fertile enough to produce food and grain to supply a large proportion of the requirement of the British Army fighting in Mesopotamia . A counter-insurgency campaign—the Omani Civil War (1963-76) —was fought here by the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces against guerrilla fighters of the nationalist Dhofar Liberation Front and later the Marxist Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and

5700-561: Was later seized and looted by the Kathiri , but it was not long before Muscat authority was re-established. His father took little interest in the Province but Sayyid Said bin Taimur , the present Sultan, has now been in residence there for over a year, has a trained agricultural adviser and an engineer with him and is making great strides in developing the agricultural resources. During World War I it

5776-496: Was named in honor of Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said 's mother, Mazoon bint Ahmad Al Mashani . Each wilayat comprises several villages and towns. The following are the ten wilayats of Dhofar: Dozens of villages are found in the governorate, particularly around the coast and near major towns. The 1917 Gazetteer of Arabia , produced by the Government in British India and based on J.G. Lorimer 's earlier Gazeteer , makes note of

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