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29-524: Australian Newsprint Mills ( ANM ) was an Australian newsprint manufacturer. Australian Newsprint Mills was established in 1938 to build a newsprint manufacturing plant adjacent to the River Derwent at Boyer, Tasmania . Its founding chairman was Keith Murdoch . The plant opened in February 1941. In August 1972, John Fairfax purchased News Limited's shareholding. By 1978, the major shareholders were

58-529: A 46-inch (120 cm) web, producing an 11 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch (29 cm) inch page width. Newsprint is generally made by a mechanical milling process , without the chemical processes that are often used to remove lignin from the pulp. The lignin causes the paper to become brittle and yellow when exposed to air or sunlight. Traditionally, newsprint was made from fibers extracted from various softwood species of trees (most commonly, spruce , fir , balsam fir or pine ). However, an increasing percentage of

87-461: A case, the newsprint may be purchased by the printer on behalf of an advertiser or a weekly newspaper publisher, or it may be purchased by the client and then ordered to be shipped to the printer's location. The biggest inputs to the newsprint manufacturing process are energy, fiber, and labor. Mill operating margins have been significantly affected in the 2006–2008 time-frame by rising energy costs. Many mills' fiber costs have also been affected during

116-520: A piece), and typically had novels, plays, and poetry, and two issues every year on a special theme or a specific writer's oeuvre. All had introductions written by specialists, and other material designed for self-study for students. They were sold by subscription, and made available particularly for the secondary school system, though private individuals could also subscribe. Knippenberg left the company in 1977, because in his opinion it had gotten too big. The earliest Bulkboeken were sold as tabloids, but that

145-505: A specific mill's business may depend on local infrastructure issues, as well as the degree of truck-vs-freight competition in the mill's region. The appropriate freight mode for delivery from a mill to a specific pressroom can also depend on the press room ability to accept enough trucks or rail cars. A newspaper roll's width is called its web width and is defined by how many front pages it can print. A full roll prints four front pages with four back pages behind it (two front and back on each of

174-628: A typical weekday was 52.3 million (53.2 million on Sundays), compared with 62.5 million in 1986 (58.9 million on Sundays) and 57.0 million in 1996 (60.8 million on Sundays). According to NAA, daily ad revenues (not adjusted for inflation) reached their all-time peak in 2000, and by 2007 had fallen by 13%. Newsprint demand has also been affected by attempts on the part of newspaper publishers to reduce marginal printing costs through various conservation measures intended to cut newsprint usage. While demand has been trending down in North America in recent years,

203-512: A water delivery is appropriate. (Aside from delivery cost, another consideration in selecting freight mode may be the potential for avoiding damage to the product.) All things being equal, for domestic shipments in areas like North America or Europe where modern road and rail networks are readily available, trucks can be more economical than rail for short-haul deliveries (a day or less from the mill), while rail may be more economical for longer shipments. The cost-competitiveness of each freight mode for

232-499: Is used worldwide in the printing of newspapers, flyers, and other printed material intended for mass distribution. In the U.S., about 80% of all newsprint that is consumed is purchased by daily newspaper publishers, according to PPPC. Dailies use a large majority of total demand in most other regions as well. Newsprint is also used for cheap books, such as the Dutch Bulkboeken , affordable reprints of literary classics published from

261-715: The Herald & Weekly Times with 46% and John Fairfax with 35%. In August 1981 a second plant opened in Albury , New South Wales . In March 1988 Fletcher Challenge purchased John Fairfax's 50% shareholding. The company was sold to Norske Skog in April 2000. Newsprint Newsprint is favored by publishers and printers as it is relatively low cost (compared with paper grades used for glossy magazines and sales brochures ), strong (to run through modern high-speed web printing presses) and can accept four-color printing at qualities that meet

290-504: The 1970s on. Typically in North America, newsprint is purchased by a daily newspaper publisher and is shipped from the mill to the publisher's pressroom or pressrooms, where it is used to print the main body of the newspaper (called the run-of-press, or ROP, sections). The daily newspaper publisher may also be hired by outside companies such as advertisers or publishers of weekly newspapers or other daily newspapers to produce printed products for those companies using its presses. In such cases

319-490: The 1990s, due to the changes in literature education and the greater availability of cheap paperbacks, the organization stopped publishing on paper. Supported by the Nederlands Letterenfonds , Bulkboek moved to a digital format. In 1995, "Passionate Bulkboek" was founded, which organizes a number of literary events and festivals and is active in supporting education in the literary arts. In 1988, years after leaving

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348-953: The Montreal-based Pulp & Paper Products Council (PPPC). This was about 1.6% less than in 2000. Between 2000 and 2006, the biggest changes were in Asia —which saw newsprint demand grow by about 20%—and North America , where demand fell by about 25%. Demand in China virtually doubled during the period, to about 3.2 million metric tonnes. About 35% of global newsprint usage in 2006 was in Asia, with approximately 26% being in North America and about 25% in Western Europe. Latin America and Eastern Europe each represented about 5% of world demand in 2006, according to PPPC, with smaller shares going to Oceania and Africa. Among

377-523: The U.S. housing market slowdown of 2007–8 by the shutdown of many sawmills, particularly in Canada, since the virgin fiber used by mills generally comes from nearby sawmills in the form of wood chips produced as a residual product of the saw milling process. Another consideration in the newsprint business is delivery, which is affected by energy cost trends. Newsprint around the world may be delivered by rail or truck; or by barge, container or break-bulk shipment if

406-520: The biggest factors depressing demand for newsprint in North America have been the decline in newspaper readership among many sectors of the population—particularly young adults—along with increasing competition for advertising business from the Internet and other media. According to the Newspaper Association of America , a United States newspaper trade group, average U.S. daily circulation in 2006 on

435-401: The company, Knippenberg began publishing a series called "Budgetboeken", which were budget-priced reprints of Dutch literary works with additional informational and educational material, including readings by the author, on cassette tapes. In 2007 he began publishing Bulkboeken again, on newsprint and in tabloid format; a series of literary classics from the early Middle Ages to the 19th century,

464-468: The curious. I remain, Gentlemen, your obdt. servant, The Acadian Recorder Halifax, N.S. Saturday, October 26, 1844 The web of paper is placed on the printer, in the form of a roll of paper, from a paper mill (surplus newsprint can also be cut into individual sheets by a processor for use in a variety of other applications such as wrapping or commercial printing). World demand of newsprint in 2006 totaled about 37.2 million metric tonnes, according to

493-426: The fiber. Thus, unless the quantity of newsprint used each year worldwide declines in line with the lost fiber, a certain amount of new (virgin) fiber is required each year globally, even though individual newsprint mills may use 100% recycled fiber. Many mills mix fresh fibers along with recycled fibers to promote sustainability. Bulkboek Bulkboek (formerly BulkBoek ) is a Dutch organization that promotes

522-625: The needs of typical newspapers. Charles Fenerty began experimenting with wood pulp around 1838, making his discovery in 1844. On October 26, 1844, Fenerty took a sample of his paper to Halifax's top newspaper , the Acadian Recorder , where he had written a letter on his newly invented paper saying: Messrs. English & Blackadar, Enclosed is a small piece of paper , the result of an experiment I have made, in order to ascertain if that useful article might not be manufactured from wood . The result has proved that opinion to be correct, for—by

551-463: The newspapers, across the business. The Boston Globe and USA Today shifted to a 50-inch (130 cm) web in 2000. The Guardian adopted a smaller "Berliner" format in 2005. A 48-inch (120 cm) web with 12-inch (30 cm) page widths was adopted by The Wall Street Journal starting on January 2, 2007. The New York Times followed suit on August 6, 2007. In 2009, The Seattle Times moved from 50-inch (130 cm) web to

580-708: The organization founded a parallel foundation, "Bulkboeks Dag van de Literatuur", whose aim it was to start an annual day celebrating literature. The second such day was held in March 1991 in The Hague, and was attended by fiction writers and poets, and 5,500 students from the Netherlands and Belgium. The third one was planned for 1993, and in October 1992 the foundation scheduled a one-day convention for teachers and librarians in Amsterdam. In

609-420: The press owner might also purchase newsprint from the mill for such contract printing jobs. For the roughly 20% of demand which is not purchased by a daily newspaper, common end uses include the printing of weekly newspapers, advertising flyers and other printed products, generally by a commercial printer, a company whose business consists largely of printing products for other companies using its presses. In such

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638-497: The rapid economic expansion of such Asian countries as China and India greatly benefited the print newspaper, and thus their newsprint suppliers. According to the World Association of Newspapers, in 2007 Asia was the home to 74 of the world's 100 highest-circulation dailies. With millions of Chinese and Indians entering the ranks of those with disposable income, newspapers have gained readers along with other news media. Newsprint

667-413: The reading and study of literature. It began in the early 1970s by issuing cheap reprints of Dutch classic literary works, printed on newsprint in a tabloid newspaper format, for which it sold subscriptions to secondary schools as well as to individuals. In the 1990s, when more and more publishers in the Netherlands were offering affordable paperbacks, it ceased publishing on paper, but continued to promote

696-568: The reading and teaching of literature in digital publications and by organizing literary festivals and awards. One of its original publishers, though, rebooted the idea in the 2000s. Bulkboek started in 1971 by issuing a series of reprints of famous Dutch literary works by publishers Patty Voorsmit and Theo Knippenberg. The Dutch term "bulkboek" refers to a cheaply made book, in newspaper or magazine format, not bound but stapled, and printed on newsprint —the cheap paper used for newspapers. An annual series consisted of ten issues (which cost fl. 1.50

725-411: The required pressure. I entertain an opinion that our common forest trees, either hard or soft wood, but more especially the fir, spruce, or poplar, on account of the fibrous quality of their wood, might easily be reduced by a chafing machine, and manufactured into paper of the finest kind. This opinion, Sirs, I think the experiment will justify, and leaving it to be prosecuted further by the scientific, or

754-466: The sample which I have sent you, Gentlemen—you will perceive the feasibility of it. The enclosed, which is as firm in its texture as white, and to all appearance as durable as the common wrapping paper made from hemp, Cotton, or the ordinary materials of manufacture is actually composed of spruce wood , reduced to a pulp, and subjected to the same treatment as paper is in course of being made, only with this exception, viz: my insufficient means of giving it

783-433: The two sections). Modern printing facilities most efficiently print newspapers in multiples of eight pages on a full newsprint roll in two sections of four pages each. The two sections are then cut in half. Faced with dwindling revenue from competition with broadcast, cable, and internet outlets, U.S. newspapers in the 21st century—particularly broadsheets —have begun to reduce the width of their newsprint rolls, and hence of

812-494: The world's newsprint is made with recycled fibers . There are upper limits on the percentage of the world's newsprint that can be manufactured from recycled fiber. For instance, some of the fiber that enters a recycled pulp mill is lost in pulping, due to inefficiencies inherent in the process. According to the web site of the U.K. chapter of Friends of the Earth, wood fiber can normally only be recycled up to five times due to damage to

841-446: Was changed to a magazine format, and later still they were issued as paperbacks. Between 1971 and 1999, it published more than 250 titles. The publisher teamed up with other organizations to promote the reading of literature among schoolchildren, including with literary contests. In the 1990s Bulkboek partnered with NOT , an educational TV broadcaster, to provide the textual material that accompanied literary school programs. In 1988

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