84-586: Australian New Zealanders refers to New Zealanders whose origins are in Australia , as well as Australian migrants and expatriates based in New Zealand. New Zealand and Australia were both colonised by Britain and remain under the commonwealth. New Zealand was originally constitutionally recognised as an extension of the New South Wales colony until it became a separate colony in 1841. New Zealand declined to join
168-524: A staple drink across the world, was first invented in Invercargill in 1890 by food chemist David Strang. Katherine Sheppard , a suffragette , is regarded as the mother of the modern women's suffrage movement. Her efforts within the Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand led to New Zealand becoming the first nation in the world to enact universal suffrage . Sexologist John Money , recognised today as
252-469: A 10-year period, reported recent racist experiences were highest among Asian participants followed by Māori and Pacific peoples, with Europeans reporting the lowest experience of racism. New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of the islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed
336-418: A bachelor's or higher degree, and 14,673 (20.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $ 27,400, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 7,311 people (10.3%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 35,928 (50.6%) people were employed full-time, 7,569 (10.7%) were part-time, and 4,377 (6.2%) were unemployed. The current board members for
420-507: A bilateral agreement for skilled migrants with the Netherlands, and a large number of Dutch immigrants arrived in New Zealand. Others came in the 1950s from Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and Austria to meet needs in specialised occupations. By the 1960s, the policy of excluding people based on nationality yielded a population overwhelmingly European in origin. By the mid-1960s, a desire for cheap unskilled labour led to ethnic diversification. In
504-526: A character assessment again, an English language requirement and prove you have been present in New Zealand for 5 years. Australians who are eligible for Aged Pension payments can continue to claim them when working and living in New Zealand. New Zealand and Australia have a social security agreement that allows for this by counting the working period of a person from both countries. As an Australian citizen, who lives in New Zealand, you are also eligible for New Zealand's super scheme KiwiSaver. KiwiSaver requires
588-432: A consistent higher influx of Australians moving to New Zealand than New Zealanders moving to Australia. The COVID-19 Pandemic could have had an effect on this as New Zealand was experiences far less positive cases and lockdowns than some Australian cities during this time. In March 2021 New Zealanders moving to Australia made up 70% of the countries migration departures. There were 29,349 people identifying as being part of
672-693: A contentious figure for his experiments regarding children and the David Reimer case , was a pioneer of modern gender identity studies. Money's theory that gender is learnt has become outdated and even condemned, although his terms gender role and sexual orientation remain common in modern parlance. He also established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, the first clinic in the United States to perform sexual reassignment surgeries. Surgeon and otolaryngologist Harold Gillies
756-576: A contribution from your wage of which your employer will match, the government will also contribute annually. When starting a job in New Zealand your employer will automatically enrol you into the scheme. Any money obtained in the Australian super system can be transferred over to KiwiSaver. As an Australian, all income obtained from New Zealand's workforce is also subject to New Zealand's income tax. Australians working in New Zealand will need to apply for an IRD number (Inland Revenue Department) which will act as
840-465: A cultural influence on a global scale, through film , language , te ao Māori , art , science , music and technology, and founded the modern women's suffrage and anti-nuclear movements. Technological and scientific achievements of New Zealanders stem back as far as Kupe and the earliest Polynesian navigators , who used sophisticated astral methods that helped laid the groundwork for both navigation and modern astronomy . Modern trench warfare
924-435: A decrease in this trend over the years. In the early 2010s an average of 27,000 New Zealanders per year moved to Australia. By the late 2010s this yearly average decreased to 3,000 New Zealanders moving to Australia. There have only been a few occasions that the migration flow has leaned towards New Zealand gaining; December 2014, September 2015, December 2016, December 2017. From December 2019 until September 2020 New Zealand had
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#17330850850171008-596: A fifth of all Māori, representing 3% of the total population. Many New Zealanders regularly use Māori words and expressions, such as " kia ora ", while speaking English. Māori are active in all spheres of New Zealand culture and society, with independent representation in areas such as media, politics and sport. Most European New Zealanders have British and/or Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans , Poles (historically noted as "Germans" due to Partitions of Poland ), French , Dutch , Scandinavian and South Slavs . In 1961,
1092-578: A history of joint defence deployment that began in Gallipoli in 1915. This began the foundations of the ANZAC alliance which is still celebrated in both countries to this day. Recent joint military operations include Afghanistan, Iraq, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste. The two countries still celebrate Anzac day together on the 25th of April annually to remember the Anzac troops who have lost their lives. The Anzac biscuit
1176-402: A long time, invisible while Māori lived in rural communities. When Māori and Pākehā (Europeans) began living in closer proximity, the belief that the country had "the best race relations in the world" was tested. The first Race Relations Concilitator was appointed in 1971 to help combat racial discrimination among New Zealanders. Agitation regarding Treaty of Waitangi violations intensified in
1260-650: A nation. In response to attempts by the New Zealand Company to establish a separate colony in Wellington, and mindful of French claims in Akaroa , Hobson, appointed as Lieutenant-Governor on 14 January 1840, declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840. He published two proclamations published in the New Zealand Advertiser and Bay Of Islands Gazette issue of 19 June 1840. One "assert[s] on
1344-584: A population of 95,670 at the 2018 New Zealand census . There were 23,562 households, comprising 47,841 males and 47,826 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The percentage of people born overseas was 36.3, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 28.1% had no religion, 46.1% were Christian , 2.8% had Māori religious beliefs , 7.6% were Hindu , 2.7% were Muslim , 1.6% were Buddhist and 5.4% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 10,281 (14.5%) people had
1428-539: A property or renting in New Zealand is the same for Australians as it is for New Zealanders if the Australians plans to reside in said property. If an Australian wants to buy property in New Zealand and does not plan to live there they will be need to apply for consent under New Zealand's Overseas Investment Regulations. Anyone over the age of 18 who are permanent residents of New Zealand or have lived in New Zealand for one year continuously in their life are required to vote in
1512-484: A ripple effect that causes more natural disasters including tsunamis and landslides. As earthquakes are so common in New Zealand, New Zealanders are taught what to do when one occurs. The standard advice from the New Zealand government is to Drop, Cover, Hold. This means dropping to the ground and not attempting to move too far. Cover refers to the protection of your body, crouching over your knees to protect your organs and covering your head with your arms, if you are close it
1596-484: A sex ratio of 0.898 males per female. Of the population, 17,475 people (23.1%) were aged under 15 years, 16,869 (22.3%) were 15 to 29, 31,686 (41.8%) were 30 to 64, and 9,780 (12.9%) were 65 or older. Both Australia and New Zealand share historical, cultural and geographical connections, as well as being Commonwealth realms . Migration flows between the two countries have been constant and evenly throughout history from colonial times. New Zealand's first nation peoples are
1680-469: A tax file number. Being an Australian citizen or permanent resident allows access to New Zealand's publicly funded health care system on one condition. You must demonstrate an intention to stay on New Zealand for at least two years. If an Australian resident does not intend to stay for two years they only have access to the emergency, maternity and pharmaceutical services. All other services including GP visits will need to be paid for in full and up front. This
1764-492: A third ethnicity), due to a high rate of intermarriage between the two cultures. Under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974, a Māori is defined as "a person of the Māori race of New Zealand; and includes any descendant of such a person", replacing an earlier legal application based on an arbitrarily defined "degree of Maori [ sic ] blood". According to the 2006 census, the largest iwi by population
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#17330850850171848-474: A visa. Australian citizens and permanent Australian residents can apply for a permanent resident visa to live, work and study in New Zealand. This visa has to be applied for once on New Zealand territory. The visa is guaranteed on arrival. A good character assessment will also be conducted which assesses you based on criminal history, have any exclusions from any other countries, or if New Zealand has reason to believe you are of risk to their security. Failure to meet
1932-514: Is Ngāpuhi (125,601), followed by Ngāti Porou (71,049), Ngāi Tahu (54,819) and Waikato (40,083). However, over 110,000 people of Māori descent in the 2013 census could not identify their iwi. Outside of New Zealand, a large Māori population exists in Australia, estimated at 155,000 in 2011. The Māori Party has suggested a special seat should be created in the New Zealand parliament representing Māori in Australia. Smaller communities also exist in
2016-497: Is also a significant diaspora , estimated at around 750,000. Of these, about 640,800 lived in Australia (a June 2013 estimate ), which was equivalent to 12% of the resident population of New Zealand. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are heavily concentrated in other English-speaking countries , specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere. New Zealanders have had
2100-541: Is considered to be the national biscuit in both Australia and New Zealand. The lamington and pavlova are also well shared traditional desserts of both countries with a long debated history of where the desserts originate. Commonalities between the two countries culture does not stop there. New Zealanders have long been involved in Australian sport, whether as spectators for the Melbourne Cup or included in national rugby competitions. New Zealand however has not fully adopted
2184-436: Is often argued to have originated in New Zealand among Māori in the 19th century. New Zealanders also pioneered nuclear physics ( Ernest Rutherford ), the women's suffrage movement ( Kate Sheppard ), modern Western conceptions of gender identity ( John Money ) and plastic surgery ( Harold Gillies ). New Zealand culture is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique environment and geographic isolation of
2268-479: Is often referred to as the casual rate. Australian citizens who attend an education institution in New Zealand are classified as domestic students and therefore only pay the local fees. A vast majority of primary and secondary schools are free in New Zealand. Tertiary fees for Australians are the same as New Zealanders however Australians can only apply for Student Loans and Student Allowances if they have lived in New Zealand for three years at least. Purchasing
2352-585: Is one of the 21 local boards of the Auckland Council . It is overseen by the Manurewa-Papakura ward councillor. The local board area includes the areas of Wiri , Hillpark , Manurewa East , Homai , Weymouth and Wattle Downs . The area covered by the Manurewa Local Board includes a mixture of hills and Manukau Harbour coastline. It incorporates both the main suburb of Manurewa . and
2436-535: Is recommended to crawl under a sturdy piece of furniture (like a table) and stay in this position for the duration of the earthquake. Hold refers to holding the protective position and onto the furniture one is under. It also refers to holding still for the duration of the earthquake. Many earthquakes have multiple aftershocks so it is important to be aware of these and stand again only once these have subsided. Earthquakes can result in property damage and injury and can be fatal in some cases. The 2011 Christchurch earthquake
2520-619: Is regarded as the father of modern plastic surgery , which he pioneered on soldiers physically dismembered beyond regular care during the First World War . English ( New Zealand English ) is the dominant language spoken by New Zealanders, and a de facto official language of New Zealand. According to the 2013 New Zealand census , 96.1% of New Zealanders spoke English. The country's de jure official languages are Māori (Te Reo) and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL). Other languages are also used by ethnic communities. Just under half of
2604-608: Is said to be the mother of Zealandia. As a rhetorical evocation of a New Zealand national identity, Zealandia appeared on postage stamps , posters, cartoons, war memorials , and New Zealand government publications most commonly during the first half of the 20th century. The personification was a commonly used symbol of the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition , which was held in Wellington in 1939 and 1940. Two large Zealandia statues serve as war memorials that honour
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2688-410: Is used as commonly as the Australian slang G’day. Traditional place names are also listed on road signs throughout New Zealand. Although this is also the case in some parts of Australia it is a more consistent expectation in New Zealand. The New Zealand government also have a number of dedicated seats in parliament which are occupied by Māori people, this ensures there is a level of Māori representation in
2772-572: The 2013 census . There were 28,161 dwellings. The median age was 31.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 24,000 people (24.3%) aged under 15 years, 23,688 (24.0%) aged 15 to 29, 41,994 (42.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 9,102 (9.2%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 24.5% European/ Pākehā , 25.2% Māori , 39.9% Pasifika , 27.6% Asian , 2.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 0.5% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. Manurewa Local Board Area had
2856-479: The Manurewa local board area (0.27%), The Wairoa district had the lowest concentration of Australian-ethnic people outside Auckland at 0.36%. There were 75,810 people in New Zealand born in Australia at the 2018 New Zealand census . This is an increase of 13,098 people (20.9%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 13,068 people (20.8%) since the 2006 census . There were 35,859 males and 39,948 females, giving
2940-474: The New Zealand Parliament passed legislation that intended to limit Asiatic migration to New Zealand, and prevented Asians from naturalising. In particular, the New Zealand government levied a poll tax on Chinese immigrants up until the 1930s, when Japan went to war with China. New Zealand finally abolished the poll tax in 1944. An influx of Jewish refugees from central Europe came in the 1930s. Many of
3024-481: The New Zealand census since 1851 . One of the many complications in interpreting religious affiliation data in New Zealand is the large proportion who object to answering the question, roughly 173,000 in 2013. Most reporting of percentages is based on the total number of responses, rather than the total population. Manurewa (local board area) The Manurewa Local Board ( Māori : Te Poari ā-Rohe o Manurewa )
3108-467: The Society Islands . After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand in about AD 1250–1300, making New Zealand one of the most recently settled major landmasses. Some researchers have suggested an earlier wave of arrivals dating to as early as AD 50–150; these people then either died out or left the islands. Over the following centuries
3192-411: The haka . A tradition of resourcefulness came from the pioneering backgrounds of both Māori and non-Māori. Zealandia is a national personification of New Zealand and New Zealanders. In her stereotypical form, Zealandia appears as a woman of European descent who is dressed in flowing robes (or gown). She is similar in dress and appearance to Britannia (the female personification of Britain), who
3276-641: The modern age . Polynesians made contact with nearly every island within the vast Polynesian Triangle , inventing the catamaran and conceiving some of the most complex astronomy in the world to help navigate the Pacific. The continuance of this knowledge after the immediate settlement of New Zealand is evident in the non-tangible 360° compass developed and used by Māori long before European settlement. Māori compasses were divided into 32 different whare , or houses, between north, south, east, and west. This helped navigators memorise upwards of 200 stars. Memorisation
3360-553: The 1840s to withstand British artillery bombardments. These systems included firing trenches, communication trenches, tunnels , and anti-artillery bunkers. The Ngāpuhi pā Ruapekapeka is often considered to be the most technologically impressive by historians, and was described in 2017 as "one of the most sophisticated military installations" the British Empire had ever tackled, by broadcaster Mihingarangi Forbes for RNZ . There has been an academic debate surrounding this since
3444-453: The 1960s and 1970s Māoridom underwent a cultural revival. The Māori population has seen stability in the 21st century. In the 2013 Census, 598,602 people identified as being part of the Māori ethnic group, accounting for 14.9% of the New Zealand population, while 668,724 people (17.5%) claimed Māori descent. 278,199 people identified as of sole Māori ethnicity, while 291,015 identified as of both European and Māori ethnicity (with or without
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3528-489: The 1970s. The Waitangi Tribunal was set up in 1975 to consider alleged breaches, and in 1984 was empowered to look back to 1840. In general, New Zealanders of European descent consider themselves to be mostly free of racial prejudice, perceiving the country to be a more inclusive society, a notion that has been challenged especially by members of ethnic minority groups. According to research published in 2018, which analysed New Zealand adults' reported experience of racism over
3612-512: The 1980s, when in his book The New Zealand Wars, historian James Belich claimed that Northern Māori had effectively invented trench warfare during the first stages of the New Zealand Wars. However, given that trenches of some form or another have always been present in human warfare, this conclusion has been contentious and criticised by other historians. New Zealanders in the modern era have been prolific innovators. Instant coffee , today
3696-410: The 2013 Census, Asian ancestries total was 11.8% of the population, Chinese remained the largest Asian ethnic group in 2013, with 171,411 people while Indian was the second-largest Asian ethnic group in 2013, with 155,178 with Filipino a distant third with 40,350 people. The Asian component actually predates the Pacific component. There had been people of Asian ethnicity living in New Zealand from
3780-420: The 2018 census data to reduce the number of non-responses. There were 13,530 males and 15,816 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.855 males per female. The median was 38.8 years, compared to 37.4 years for all New Zealanders; 5,589 people (19.0%) were aged under 15 years, 5,121 (17.4%) were 15 to 29, 14,544 (49.6%) were 30 to 64, and 4,092 (13.9%) were 65 or older. In terms of population distribution, 71.8% live in
3864-455: The Australian delicacy Vegemite, Marmite is a very popular alternative in New Zealand. The migration of citizens between Australia and New Zealand has been steady since the 1800s. Many of the early New Zealand Settlers came from Australia. In the 1860s there was a big influx of Australians moving to New Zealand in pursuit of gold mining. In more recent history there is a trend towards more New Zealanders moving to Australia however there has been
3948-431: The Australian ethnic group at the 2018 New Zealand census , making up 0.62% of New Zealand's population. This is an increase of 6,879 people (30.6%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 3,079 people (11.7%) since the 2006 census . Some of the increase between the 2013 and 2018 census was due to Statistics New Zealand adding ethnicity data from other sources (previous censuses, administrative data, and imputation) to
4032-731: The Australian federation in 1901, however, the two countries' political alliance remained strong. It was not until the 1990s that New Zealand and Australia gained formal government ties again, sitting on the Council of Australian Governments from 1992, entering the Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement from 1998 and creating the National Federation Reforms Council in 2020. Today Australia and New Zealand are both one of each other's strongest bilateral relationships. New Zealand and Australia have
4116-519: The British colonisation of New Zealand. British settlers brought a legal, political, and economic system that has flourished, along with the British system of agriculture that has transformed the landscape. The development of a New Zealand identity and national character, separate from the British colonial identity, is most often linked with the period surrounding the First World War, which gave rise to
4200-677: The Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Māori killed several of the crew, and no more Europeans went to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook 's voyage of 1768–71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling , sealing , exploring and trading ships. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water. On occasion, Europeans and Māori traded goods for sex. Some early European arrivals integrated closely with
4284-595: The Middle East, most recently from Somalia. While there had been previous settlers from the Middle East, such as Syrians, people from Equatorial Africa have been very few in the past. In 2013, 67,752 people or 1.7% self-identified with one or more ethnicities other than European, Māori, Pacific, Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African. The vast majority of these people, 65,973 people, identified only as 'New Zealander'. After 1840, many issues to do with sovereignty and land ownership remained unresolved and, for
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#17330850850174368-408: The Māori people. Māori people make up 15% of New Zealand's population and they speak the language known as Māori as well. New Zealand includes Māori culture a lot more both socially and politically. Māori words and phrases are used frequently, including Kia Ora which means hello, good bye and can be used in the same context as cheers. This phrase should be understood by anyone living in New Zealand as it
4452-563: The New Zealand government elections. Australians in New Zealand are eligible for all WINZ payments. They become eligible for tertiary student allowances after two years and can apply for citizenship after five years. New Zealanders New Zealanders ( Māori : Tāngata Aotearoa ) are people associated with New Zealand , sharing a common history , culture , and language ( New Zealand English ). People of various ethnicities and national origins are citizens of New Zealand, governed by its nationality law . Originally composed solely of
4536-580: The North Island and 28.2% live in the South Island. The Queenstown-Lakes District has the highest concentration of Australian-ethnic people at 2.2%, followed by Waiheke Island (1.9%) and the Great Barrier Island (1.4%). The Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area of Auckland had the lowest concentration of Australian-ethnic people at 0.15%, followed by the Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board area (0.27%) and
4620-518: The Polynesian settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori . The population was divided into iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which would cooperate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. Due to New Zealand's geographic isolation, 500 years passed before
4704-458: The Randwick Park. Manurewa Local Board Area covers 37.12 km (14.33 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 108,700 as of June 2024, with a population density of 2,928 people per km . Manurewa Local Board Area had a population of 98,784 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 3,114 people (3.3%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 16,542 people (20.1%) since
4788-430: The United Kingdom (approx. 8,000), the United States (up to 3,500) and Canada (approx. 1,000). The most common region this group lived in was Auckland Region (23.9 percent or 142,770 people). They are the second-largest ethnic group in New Zealand, after European New Zealanders. In addition, more than 120,000 Māori live in Australia. The Māori language (known as Te Reo Māori ) is still spoken to some extent by about
4872-437: The boom times stopped, some blamed the migrants for the economic downturn affecting the country, and many of those people suffered dawn raids from 1974. This component was 1.2% of the total population in the 2013 census. The Latin American ethnic group almost doubled in size between the 2006 and 2013 censuses, increasing from 6,654 people to 13,182. A more recent component comprises refugees and other settlers from Africa and
4956-577: The casualties of the Second Boer War : one is in Waimate and the other is in Palmerston . Some smaller statues exist in museums and in private hands. The female figure who appears on the left side of the national coat of arms has been identified as Zealandia (in a "cut down nightie"). Māori, and other Polynesians, have been credited by many historians as being the world's foremost navigators prior to
5040-453: The census showed that 91.8% of New Zealanders self-identified as being of European descent, down from 95% in 1926. The Māori-language loanword Pākehā came into use to refer to European New Zealanders, although some European New Zealanders reject this appellation. Twenty-first century New Zealanders increasingly use the word "Pākehā" to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders. The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were
5124-673: The concept of the Anzac spirit . However, cultural links between New Zealand and Great Britain are maintained by a common language, sustained immigration from the UK, and the fact that many young New Zealanders spend time in Britain on " overseas experience ", known as "OE". New Zealanders also identify closely with Australians , as a result of the two nations' shared historical, cultural and geographic characteristics. The New Zealand government promotes Māori culture by supporting Māori-language schools, by ensuring
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#17330850850175208-404: The early days of European settlement, albeit in very small numbers. During the period of gold rushes later in the nineteenth century the number of Chinese temporary settlers both from China and from Australia and America increased sharply. This was an interlude in many respects, though there was a small population which remained and settled permanently. However, a century later in the 1980s and 1990s
5292-411: The ethnic makeup of the New Zealand population is undergoing a process of change, with new waves of immigration , higher birth rates and increasing interracial marriage resulting in the New Zealand population of Māori, Asian , Pasifika and multiracial descent growing at a higher rate than those of solely European descent, with such groups projected to make up a larger proportion of the population in
5376-679: The former Yugoslavia . New Zealand limited immigration to those who would meet a labour shortage in New Zealand. To encourage those to come, the Government introduced free and assisted passages in 1947, a schema expanded by the First National Government in 1950. However, when it became clear that not enough skilled migrants would come from the British Isles alone, recruitment began in Northern European countries. New Zealand signed
5460-493: The future. New Zealand has an estimated resident population of around 5,338,500 (as of June 2024). Over one million New Zealanders recorded in the 2013 New Zealand census were born overseas, and by 2021 over a quarter of New Zealanders are estimated to be foreign born. Rapidly increasing ethnic groups vary from being well-established, such as Indians and Chinese , to nascent ones such as African New Zealanders . While most New Zealanders are resident in New Zealand, there
5544-443: The good character assessment can result in the rejection of permanent resident visa and a ban on entering New Zealand. There is no cost in applying or obtaining the permanent resident visa for an Australian citizen or Australian permanent resident. After being a permanent resident for 5 years an Australian can apply for citizenship, either sole citizenship or dual citizenship with Australia. To obtain New Zealand citizenship you must pass
5628-578: The grounds of Discovery, the Sovereign Rights of Her Majesty over the Southern Islands of New Zealand, commonly called 'The Middle Island' ( South Island ) and 'Stewart's Island' ( Stewart Island / Rakiura ); and the Island, commonly called 'The Northern Island', having been ceded Sovereignty to Her Majesty". The second proclamation expanded on how sovereignty over the "Northern Island" had been ceded under
5712-468: The indigenous Māori , the ethnic makeup of the population has been dominated since the 19th century by New Zealanders of European descent , mainly of English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European and Middle Eastern ancestries such as Greek , Turkish , Italian and other groups such as Arab , German , Dutch , Scandinavian , South Slavic and Jewish , with Western European groups predominating. Today,
5796-570: The indigenous Māori people and became known as Pākehā Māori . James Belich characterises many of the very early European settlers as forerunners of a " crew culture" – as distinct from the majority of later European immigrants. The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. Confusion and disagreement continue to surround the Treaty. However, most New Zealanders still regard "the Treaty" as marking New Zealand's foundation as
5880-437: The islands, and the cultural input of the Māori and the various waves of multiethnic migration which followed the British colonisation of New Zealand. A colloquial name for New Zealanders is a Kiwi ( / k iː w iː / ). The table above shows the broad ethnic composition of the New Zealand population at the 1961 census compared to that from the most recent data of the 2013 census. People of European descent constituted
5964-478: The language is visible in government departments and literature, by insisting on traditional Māori welcomes ( pōwhiri ) at government functions and state school award programs, and by having Māori run the welfare services targeted at their people. New Zealanders are distinctive for their twangy dialect of English and propensity to travel long distances, and are quickly associated with the All Blacks rugby team and
6048-565: The loss of much of their land coupled with high fatality rate due to introduced diseases and epidemics, Māori went into a period of decline, and in the late 19th century it was believed that the Māori population would cease to exist as a separate race and would be assimilated into the European population. However, the predicted decline did not occur, and numbers recovered. Despite a high degree of intermarriage between Māori and European populations, Māori were able to retain their cultural identity and in
6132-432: The majority of the 4.2 million people living in New Zealand, with 2,969,391 or 74.0% of the population in the 2013 New Zealand census . Those of full or part-Māori ancestry comprise 14.9% of New Zealanders. The residual "others" ethnic group consists largely of Asians and Pacific Islanders. The Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to
6216-642: The next phase of settlement, the arrival of Europeans. Only then did the indigenous inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals, using the term "Māori" which means "normal" or "ordinary". Between the mid-1840s through to the 1860s, disputes over questionable land purchases led to the New Zealand Wars , which resulted in large tracts of tribal land being confiscated by the colonial government. Settlements such as Parihaka in Taranaki have become almost legendary because of injustices done there. With
6300-499: The number of people of Asian ethnicities grew rapidly, and they are likely to exceed the Pacific population within the next few years. In the 1950s and 1960s, New Zealand encouraged migrants from the South Pacific. The country had a large demand for unskilled labour in the manufacturing sector. As long as this demand continued, migrants were encouraged by the government to come from the South Pacific, and many overstayed. However, when
6384-612: The persons of Polish origin in New Zealand arrived as orphans from Eastern Poland via Siberia and Iran in 1944 during World War II. With the agencies of the United Nations dealing with humanitarian efforts following the Second World War , New Zealand accepted about 5,000 refugees and displaced persons from Europe, and more than 1,100 Hungarians between 1956 and 1959 (see Refugees in New Zealand ). The post-WWII immigration included more persons from Greece , Italy , Poland and
6468-415: The political system and decision making. There is in general more of a focus and respect of the indigenous population in New Zealand than in Australia. New Zealand has a cheaper cost of living on average. Sydney, which is Australia's most expensive city, ranks 66th most expensive city in the world according to Mercer's Cost of living survey in 2020. Auckland, New Zealand's most expensive city, ranked 103rd in
6552-403: The population at the 2013 census declared an affiliation to Christianity. However, regular church attendance is probably closer to 15%. Before European colonisation the religion of the indigenous Māori population was animistic , but the subsequent efforts of missionaries such as Samuel Marsden resulted in many Māori converting to Christianity. Religious affiliation has been collected in
6636-578: The same survey. New Zealand experiences earthquakes a lot more frequently and severely than Australia. New Zealand is situated along tectonic plates fault lines which results in more earthquakes being experienced in New Zealand than Australia. Earthquakes happen every single day in New Zealand with an estimation of 14.5 thousand earthquakes occurring in New Zealand and in close seas each year. However, not all of these earthquakes can be felt by humans. Between 150 and 200 earthquakes each year are strong enough to be felt by people in New Zealand. Earthquakes can have
6720-448: The south of England, giving a definite English influence to the "Canterbury Settlement" . By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000. Other settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and the Indian subcontinent , but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years. Between 1881 and the 1920s,
6804-481: The surrounding suburbs of Manukau Heights , Totara Heights , Hillpark , Randwick Park , The Gardens , Alfriston , Wattle Downs , Weymouth , Clendon Park , Homai and Wiri . There is an extensive range of shops along Great South Road , including Southmall Manurewa , while the Wiri industrial park is a major employment centre. Other features of the area include Auckland Botanic Gardens , Manurewa Aquatic Centre and
6888-543: The treaty signed that February. Following the formalising of sovereignty, an organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began, and by 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, generating a definite Scottish influence in Murihiku , while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from
6972-452: Was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake which caused a lot of property damage, including historic buildings and killed 185 people. The country mourns this earthquake as one of the most devastating in recent history. Christchurch has since erected official and unofficial memorials of remembrance. Australians do not need a visa to visit New Zealand however it is very easy for Australians who decide to stay in New Zealand for longer periods of time to obtain
7056-458: Was integral to Māori knowledge, which had no written language . Oral tradition was maintained in New Zealand by guilds for centuries after Māori arrival, despite later colonial efforts to suppress it. In the New Zealand Wars (1845–1872), the Māori developed elaborate trench and bunker systems as part of the already-existent fortified areas known as pā , employing them successfully as early as
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