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89-722: Olonets (Russian: Оло́нец ; Karelian : Anus , Livvi : Anuksenlinnu ; Finnish : Aunus, Aunuksenkaupunki or Aunuksenlinna ) is a town and the administrative center of Olonetsky District of the Republic of Karelia , Russia, located on the Olonka River to the east of Lake Ladoga . Olonets is located at the confluence of the Olonka and Megrega rivers, on the Olonets Plain, 140 km (87 mi) southwest of Petrozavodsk , 269 km (167 mi) northeast of St. Petersburg along

178-696: A Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus . They are the largest ethnic group in the region and refer to themselves as Nokhchiy (pronounced [no̞xtʃʼiː] ; singular Nokhchi, Nokhcho, Nakhchuo or Nakhche). The vast majority of Chechens are Muslims and live in Chechnya , an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation . The North Caucasus has been invaded numerous times throughout history. Its isolated terrain and

267-527: A 2021 Rosstat study Chechnya ranked as the tallest region in Russia for men (179.1 cm) and second tallest for women (168.2), similar to that of Lithuania and Poland . Prior to the adoption of Islam, the Chechens practiced a unique blend of religious traditions and beliefs. They partook in numerous rites and rituals, many of them pertaining to farming; these included rain rites, a celebration that occurred on

356-654: A Karelian literary language using the Latin alphabet was standardized for the Tver Karelian community of about 127,000 people, hundreds of kilometers to the south. Between 1935 and 1938 the Finnish-dominated leadership of Soviet Karelia including leader Edvard Gylling , was removed from power, killed or sent to concentration camps . The Finnish language was branded a language of the bourgeois Finnish society in Finland proper, and

445-529: A brutal policy of " scorched earth " and deportations; he also founded the fort of Grozny (now the capital of Chechnya) in 1818. Chechen resistance to Russian rule reached its peak under the leadership of the Dagestani leader Imam Shamil . The Chechens were finally defeated in 1861 after a bloody war that lasted for decades, during which they lost most of their entire population. In the aftermath, large numbers of refugees also emigrated or were forcibly deported to

534-517: A closer relationship of the Caucasus with Europe (Nasidze et al. 2001), while the Y chromosome indicated a closer relationship with West Asia (Nasidze et al. 2003). A 2004 study of the mtDNA showed Chechens to be diverse in the mitochondrial genome, with 18 different haplogroups out of only 23 samples. This correlates with all other North Caucasian peoples such as the Ingush , Avars , and Circassians where

623-657: A historical town of the Republic of Karelia and is the only town in the republic where Karelians are in majority (over 60% as of 2005). Within the framework of administrative divisions , Olonets serves as the administrative center of Olonetsky District , under which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division , the town of Olonets, together with eight rural localities, is incorporated within Olonetsky Municipal District as Olonetskoye Urban Settlement . Olonetskaya district station of young naturalists. It

712-474: A kinship to other peoples in some tests. Balanovsky's study showed the Ingush to be the Chechens' closest relatives by far. Russian military historian and Lieutenant General Vasily Potto describes the appearance of the Chechens as follows: "The Chechen is handsome and strong. Tall, brunette, slender, with sharp features and a quick, determined look, he amazes with his mobility, agility, dexterity." According to

801-761: A long tradition among the Chechens, and thus it remains the most practiced. Some adhere to the mystical Sufi tradition of muridism , while about half of Chechens belong to Sufi brotherhoods, or tariqah . The two Sufi tariqas that spread in the North Caucasus were the Naqshbandiyya and the Qadiriyya (the Naqshbandiyya is particularly strong in Dagestan and eastern Chechnya, whereas the Qadiriyya has most of its adherents in

890-587: A national-cultural autonomy which guarantees the use of the Karelian language in schools and mass media. In Finland , Karelian has official status as a non-regional national minority language within the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . The Karelian language has two main varieties, which can be considered as supradialects or separate languages: Karelian Proper , which comprises Northern Karelian and South Karelian (including

979-617: A significant power in the region in the first millennium BC. The Vainakh in the east had an affinity to Georgia, while the Malkh Kingdom of the west looked to the new Greek kingdom of Bosporus on the Black Sea coast (though it may have also had relations with Georgia as well). According to a legend, Adermalkh , chief of the Malkh state, married the daughter of the Bosporan king in 480 BCE. Malkhi

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1068-456: A spirit of brotherhood. Karelian is written with orthography similar to Finnish orthography. However, some features of the Karelian language and thus orthography are different from Finnish: /c/ and /č/ have length levels, which is not found in standard Finnish. For example, in Kalevala, Lönnrot 's orthography metsä : metsän hides the fact that the pronunciation of the original material

1157-781: Is actually /mettšä : metšän/ , with palatalization of the affricate . The exact details depend on the dialect, though. See Yleiskielen ts:n murrevastineet . Karelian actually uses /z/ as a voiced alveolar fricative . (In Finnish, z is a foreign spelling for /ts/ .) The plosives /b/ , /d/ and /ɡ/ may be voiced. (In most Finnish dialects, they are not differentiated from the unvoiced /p/ , /t/ , and /k/ . Furthermore, in Karelian except North Karelian, voiced consonants occur also in native words, not just in loans as in standard Finnish.) The sounds represented by č, š and ž are native to Karelian, but not Finnish. Speakers of Finnish do not distinguish /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ from /s/ , nor /tʃ/ from /ts/ (medial) or /s/ (initial). For example,

1246-495: Is available in the city. Olonets is twinned with: Karelian language There is no single standard Karelian language, so the Karelian language is a group of two supradialects . The two supradialects are Karelian Proper (which comprises Northern Karelian and South Karelian (including the Tver enclave dialects )) and Olonets Karelian (Livvi Karelian). Ludic Karelian also appears in writing. All variants are written with

1335-431: Is based on the central lowland dialect. Other related languages include Ingush , which has speakers in the neighbouring Ingushetia , and Batsbi , which is the language of the people in the adjoining part of Georgia . At various times in their history, Chechens used Georgian , Arabic and Latin alphabets; as of 2008, the official script is Russian Cyrillic . Traditionally, linguists attributed both Ingush and Batsbi to

1424-529: Is intertwined with the discussion of the mysterious origins of Nakh peoples as a whole. The only three surviving Nakh peoples are Chechens, Ingush and Bats , but they are thought by some scholars to be the remnants of what was once a larger family of peoples. They are thought to be descended from the original settlers of the Caucasus (North and/or South). Ancestors of the modern Chechens and Ingush were known as Durdzuks . According to The Georgian Chronicles , before his death, Targamos [Togarmah] divided

1513-484: Is known about Alarodians except that they "were armed like the Colchians and Saspeires ," according to Herodotus . Colchians and Saspeires are generally associated with Kartvelians or Scythians . Additionally, leading Urartologist Paul Zimansky rejected a connection between Urartians and Alarodians. Genetic tests on Chechens have shown roots mostly in the Caucasus and Europe. Studies on North Caucasian mtDNA indicated

1602-530: Is not found in any other report, however, the Russian historian A. I. Krasnov connected this battle with two Chechen folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the Dakuoh mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. He also reported to have found several arrowheads and spears from the 13th century near the very mountain the battle took place at: The next year, with

1691-897: Is notable that J2 suddenly collapses as one enters the territory of non-Nakh Northeast Caucasian peoples, dropping to very low values among Dagestani peoples. The overwhelming bulk of Chechen J2 is of the subclade J2a4b* (J2-M67), of which the highest frequencies by far are found among Nakh peoples: Chechens were 55.2% according to the Balanovsky study, while Ingush were 87.4%. Other notable haplogroups that consistently appeared at high frequencies included J1 (20.9%), L (7.0%), G2 (5.5%), R1a (3.9%), Q-M242 (3%) and R1b-M269 (1.8%, but much higher in Chechnya itself as opposed to Dagestani or Ingushetian Chechens). Overall, tests have shown consistently that Chechens are most closely related to Ingush, Circassians and other North Caucasians , occasionally showing

1780-602: Is one of the Chechen tukkhums . During the Middle Ages , the lowland of Chechnya was dominated by the Khazars and then the Alans . Local culture was also subject to Georgian influence and some Chechens converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity . With a presence dating back to the 14th century, Islam gradually spread among the Chechens, although the Chechens' own pagan religion

1869-410: Is present before /g/, /k/ and /kk/, and the combination is represented with multigraphs ⟨ng⟩ , ⟨nk⟩ or ⟨nkk⟩ . Karelian Proper does not geminate /ŋ/ in consonant gradation unlike Finnish: kengät 'shoes' pronounces as [ˈkeŋɡæt] instead of Finnish [ˈkeŋŋæt] . Olonets, Ludic, and Tver Karelian have the voiced affricate / dʒ /, represented in writing by

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1958-493: Is primarily due to the post-war resettlement from the destroyed villages of Belarus and Ukraine , Karelia was a place of exile for Poles and Lithuanians. There is a small community of Chechens in Olonets and Olonets district, which is not typical for this region and the republic as a whole. According to the 2002 census , 53 representatives of this nationality live here. In this regard, a number of ethnic conflicts have arisen in

2047-456: Is spoken by about 13,880 people (2020), mainly in the Republic of Karelia , although notable Karelian-speaking communities can also be found in the Tver region ( Tver Oblast ) northwest of Moscow . Previously, it was estimated that there were 5,000 speakers in Finland , mainly belonging to the older generations, but more recent estimates have put the number of people with even slight knowledge of

2136-600: Is structured around tukkhums (unions of clans ) and about 130 teips , or clans. The teips are based more on land and one-side lineage than on blood (as exogamy is prevalent and encouraged), and are bonded together to form the Chechen nation. Teips are further subdivided into gar (branches), and gars into nekye ( patronymic families). The Chechen social code is called nokhchallah (where Nokhchuo stands for "Chechen") and may be loosely translated as "Chechen character". The Chechen code of honor and customary law ( adat ) implies moral and ethical behaviour, generosity and

2225-659: Is today also considered a separate language. Like Finnish, the Karelian language has 8 phonemic vowel qualities , totalling 11 vowel phonemes when vowel length is considered: Only the close vowels /i/ , /y/ and /u/ may occur long. The original Proto-Finnic long mid and open vowels have been diphthongized: * ee, *öö, *oo > /ie/, /yö/, /uo/ (as also in Finnish ); *aa, *ää > /oa/, /eä/ or /ua/, /iä/ (as also in Savonian dialects of Finnish). North Karelian and Olonets Karelian have 21 diphthongs : In addition to

2314-633: Is used for this community — "the Vainakh people ". Although Chechan (Chechen) was a term used by Chechens to denote a certain geographic area (central Chechnya), Chechens called themselves Nakhchiy (highland dialects) or Nokhchiy (lowland dialects). The oldest mention of Nakhchiy occurred in 1310 by the Georgian Patriarch Cyril Donauri, who mentions the 'People of Nakhche' among Tushetians , Avars and many other Northeast Caucasian nations. The term Nakhchiy has also been connected to

2403-534: Is usually considered a part of the Eastern Finnic subgroup. It has been proposed that Late Proto-Finnic evolved into three dialects: Northern dialect, spoken in western Finland ; Southern dialect, spoken in the area of modern-day Estonia and northern Latvia , and Eastern dialect, spoken in the regions east of the Southern dialect. In the 6th century, Eastern dialect arrived at the western shores of Lake Ladoga, and in

2492-659: The [REDACTED] R 21 highway ( «Kola» highway ). Olonets is the oldest documented settlement in Karelia , mentioned by Novgorodian sources as early as 1137. Its history is obscure until 1649, when a fortress was built there to protect the Grand Duchy of Moscow against the Swedes. The same year it was granted town privileges . Until the Great Northern War , Olonets developed as a principal market for Russian trade with Sweden. To

2581-691: The Caucasus War , which led to the annexation of Chechnya by the Russian Empire in 1859, and the forcible transfer of Chechens from Terek Oblast to the Ottoman Empire in 1865. Those in Kazakhstan originate from the ethnic cleansing of the entire population carried out by Joseph Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria in 1944. Tens of thousands of Chechen refugees settled in the European Union and elsewhere as

2670-648: The Chechan-are ("Chechen flatlands or plains") located in contemporary central Chechnya. The name "Chechens" is an exoethnonym that entered the Georgian and Western European ethnonymic tradition through the Russian language in the 18th century. From the middle of the 19th century to the first few years of the Soviet state , some researchers united all Chechens and Ingush under the name "Chechens". In modern science, another term

2759-561: The Itum-Kale region of Chechnya. Georgian historian Giorgi Melikishvili posited that although there was evidence of Nakh settlement in Southern Caucasus areas, this did not rule out the possibility that they also lived in the North Caucasus. The state of Durdzuketi has been known since the 4th century BC. The Armenian Chronicles mention that the Durdzuks defeated Scythians and became

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2848-595: The Karelian ASSR . Finnish communists as well as ethnic Finns from North America, who came to live in Soviet Karelia, dominated the political discourse, as they were in general far better educated than local Karelians. They favored the use of Finnish, which had just been through an 80-year period of standardization based on a variety of dialects across Finland — and the Finns saw Karelian simply as additional Finnish dialects. In

2937-485: The Kazakh and Kirghiz SSRs; and their republic and nation were abolished. At least one-quarter—and perhaps half—of the entire Chechen population perished in the process, and a severe blow was made to their culture and historical records. Though " rehabilitated " in 1956 and allowed to return the next year, the survivors lost economic resources and civil rights and, under both Soviet and post-Soviet governments, they have been

3026-597: The Latin -based Karelian alphabet , though the Cyrillic script has been used in the past. Each writer writes in Karelian according to their own dialectal form. Based upon toponymic and historical evidence, a form of Karelian was also spoken among the extinct Bjarmians in the 15th century. Karelian is a Finnic language from the Uralic language family, and is closely related to Finnish . Finnish and Karelian have common ancestry in

3115-531: The Treaty of Stolbovo , which led the Karelian-speaking population of the occupied areas to flee from their homes. This gave rise to the Karelian speaking population in the Tver and Valday regions. In the 19th century, a few books were published in Karelian using the Cyrillic script , notably A Translation of some Prayers and a Shortened Catechism into North Karelian and Olonets (Aunus) dialects in 1804, and

3204-657: The 1980s, publishing began again in various adaptations of the Latin alphabet for Olonets Karelian and the White Sea and Tver dialects of Karelian Proper. Since the 1990s the Union of Karelian people started to organize various projects to popularize the Karelian language in Karelia and Finland. In 2007 a standard alphabet was adopted to write all dialects (Tver Karelian adopted it in 2017). In 2008, Joensuu University launched Finland's first Karelian language professorship, in order to save

3293-1198: The 19th century used the Cyrillic alphabet . With the establishment of the Soviet Union, Finnish, written with the Latin alphabet, became official. However, from 1938 to 1940 Karelian written in Cyrillic replaced Finnish as an official language of the Karelian ASSR (see "History" below). Example from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Cyrillic Karelian script, transliteration and translation : Cyrillic : Каи рахвас роиттахeс вäллиннÿ да тазаарвозинну омас арвос да оигeвуксис. Ёгахизeлe хeис он аннeтту миeли да оматундо да хeил вäлтäмäттäх пидäÿ олла кeскeнäх, куи вeллил . Latin : Kai rahvas roittahes vällinny da taza-arvozinnu omas arvos da oigevuksis. Jogahizele heis on annettu mieli da omatundo da heil vältämättäh pidäy olla keskenäh, kui vellil. Translation : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in

3382-485: The 9th century, Northern dialect reached the same region. These two dialects blended together and formed Old Karelian. By the end of the 13th century, speakers of Old Karelian had reached the Savo region in eastern Finland , increasingly mixing with population from western Finland. In 1323, Karelia was divided between Sweden and Novgorod according to the Treaty of Nöteborg , which started to slowly separate descendants of

3471-561: The Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on a mountain for 12 years: When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones. This twelve-year-old siege

3560-456: The Chechen language (as its dialects) before the endoethnonym Vainakh appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Most Chechens living in their homeland can understand Ingush with ease. The two languages are not truly mutually intelligible, but it is easy for Chechens to learn how to understand the Ingush language and vice versa over time after hearing it for a while. In 1989, 73.4% spoke Russian, though this figure has declined due to

3649-980: The Chechen people. Chechen manuscripts in Arabic from the early 1820s do mention a certain Nakhchuvan (near modern-day Kağızman , Turkey ) as the homeland of all Nakhchiy. The etymology of the term Nakhchiy can also be understood as a compound formed with Nakh ('people') attached to Chuo ('territory'). The Chechens are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya . There are also significant Chechen populations in other subdivisions of Russia , especially in Aukh (part of modern-day Dagestan ), Ingushetia and Moscow . Outside Russia, countries with significant diaspora populations are Kazakhstan , Turkey and Arab states (especially Jordan and Iraq ). Those in Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan are mainly descendants of families who had to leave Chechnya during

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3738-533: The Finnic subgroup also includes Estonian and some minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea . Karelian is a language in danger of extinction, with 45% of speakers being over 65 years old and with around 1% of speakers being under 15 years of age. The language is also not known or used at all by a majority of the people in the Republic of Karelia, with around 43% of people using the language. In Russia , Karelian

3827-722: The Finnish equivalent words have completely different roots: "Mikä puolue johti vallankumousta?" After the Winter War , in April 1940, political considerations changed again. The USSR established the Karelo-Finnish SSR with the idea that Finland proper would eventually be annexed to the USSR as part of that Republic. Finnish, written in the Latin alphabet, was once again made the official "local" language of Soviet Karelia, alongside Russian. In

3916-632: The Mehk-Khel (National Council). The Mehk-Khel was in charge of appointing the Mehk-Da (ruler of the nation). Several of these appeared during the late Middle Ages such as Aldaman Gheza , Tinavin-Visa, Zok-K'ant and others. The administration and military expeditions commanded by Aldaman Gheza during the 1650–1670s led to Chechnya being largely untouched by the major empires of the time. Alliances were concluded with local lords against Persian encroachment and battles were fought to stop Russian influence. One such battle

4005-404: The Mongol-Tatars treacherously killed the majority, and the rest were taken into slavery. This fate was escaped only by Idig and a few of his companions who did not trust the nomads and remained on the mountain. They managed to escape and leave Mount Dakuoh after 12 years of siege. Tamerlane's late 14th-century invasions of the Caucasus were especially costly to the Chechen kingdom of Simsir which

4094-457: The Ottoman Empire. Since then, there have been various Chechen rebellions against Russian/Soviet power in 1865–66, 1877, during the Russian Civil War and World War II , as well as nonviolent resistance to Russification and the Soviet Union 's collectivization and anti-religion campaigns. In 1944, all Chechens, together with several other peoples of the Caucasus , were ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to be deported en masse to

4183-402: The Proto-Karelian language from each other. In the areas occupied by Sweden, Old Karelian started to develop into dialects of Finnish: Savonian dialects and Southeastern dialects. Birch bark letter no. 292 from the early 13th century is the first known document in any Finnic language . It was found in 1957 by a Soviet expedition, led by Artemiy Artsikhovskiy in the Nerev excavation on

4272-425: The Proto-Karelian language spoken in the coast of Lake Ladoga in the Iron Age , and Karelian forms a dialect continuum with the Eastern dialects of Finnish. Earlier, some Finnish linguists classified Karelian as a dialect of Finnish, sometimes known in older Finnish literature as Raja-Karjalan murteet ('Border Karelian dialects'), but today Karelian is seen as a distinct language. Besides Karelian and Finnish,

4361-439: The Russian oppressors in order to feed Chechen children in a Robin Hood -like fashion). A common greeting in the Chechen language, marsha oylla , is literally translated as "enter in freedom". The word for freedom also encompasses notions of peace and prosperity. Chechnya is predominantly Sunni Muslim . Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi schools of jurisprudence, fiqh . The Shafi'i school has

4450-442: The Tver enclave dialects); and Olonets Karelian . These varieties constitute a continuum of dialects, the ends of which are no longer mutually intelligible. Varieties can be further divided into individual dialects: The Ludic language , spoken along the easternmost edge of Karelian Republic, is in the Russian research tradition counted as a third main dialect of Karelian, though Ludic shows strong relationship also to Veps , and it

4539-540: The Urarto-Hurrians. Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Uralicist and Indo-Europeanist Petri Kallio argues that the matter is hindered by the lack of consensus about how to reconstruct Proto-Northeast-Caucasian, but that Alarodian is the most promising proposal for relations with Northeast Caucasian, greater than rival proposals to link it with Northwest Caucasian or other families. However, nothing

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4628-455: The area. Cellular communication services according to the LTE standard are provided by the operators « MTS », « MegaFon », « Tele2 », « Beeline », « Rostelecom », and « Yota ». The wired telephone connection in the city is provided by « Rostelecom » PJSC and «Svirtelekom» LLC. High-speed wired Internet connection is provided by the operators «Svirtelekom», «Rostelecom». Digital terrestrial (DVB-T2 standard), satellite, cable TV broadcasting

4717-481: The armed Chechen separatist movement has become dominated by Salafis (popularly known in Russia as Wahhabis and present in Chechnya in small numbers since the 1990s), mostly abandoning nationalism in favor of Pan-Islamism and merging with several other regional Islamic insurgencies to form the Caucasus Emirate . At the same time, Chechnya under Moscow-backed authoritarian rule of Ramzan Kadyrov has undergone its own controversial counter-campaign of Islamization of

4806-460: The bulk of the Caucasus, namely Eastern Georgia, Southern Dagestan , Azerbaijan , and Armenia . The Chechens, however, never really fell under the rule of either empire. As Russia expanded slowly southwards as early as the 16th century, clashes between Chechens and Russians became more frequent, and it became three empires competing for the region. During these turbulent times, the Chechens were organized into semi-independent clans that were loyal to

4895-436: The city Nakhchivan and the nation of Nakhchamatyan (mentioned as one of the peoples of Sarmatia in the 7th-century Armenian work Ashkharhatsuyts ) by many Soviet and modern historians, although the historian N. Volkova considers the latter connection unlikely and states that the term Nakhchmatyan could have been mistaken for the Iaxamatae , a tribe of Sarmatia mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography , who have no connection to

4984-424: The country amongst his sons, with Kavkasos [Caucas], the eldest and most noble, receiving the Central Caucasus. Kavkasos engendered the Chechen tribes, and his descendant, Durdzuk, who took residence in a mountainous region, later called "Dzurdzuketia" after him, established a strong state in the fourth and third centuries BC. Among the Chechen teips, the teip Zurzakoy , consonant with the ethnonym Dzurdzuk, live in

5073-409: The digraph ⟨dž⟩ . Karelian is today written using a Latin alphabet consisting of 29 characters. It extends the ISO basic Latin alphabet with the additional letters Č, Š, Ž, Ä, Ö and ' and excludes the letters Q, W and X. This unified alphabet is used to write all Karelian varieties including Tver Karelian. The very few texts that were published in Karelian from medieval times through

5162-804: The diphthongs North Karelian has a variety of triphthongs : Olonets Karelian has only the triphthongs ieu, iey, iäy, uau, uou and yöy . There are 20 non-palatalized consonants in Karelian with their own single grapheme, and 2 are represented with multigraphs: Some palatalized consonants exist: /lʲ nʲ sʲ tʲ/ in Karelian Proper (North), /dʲ lʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ tʲ/ (/zʲ/ also exists, but only in loanwords) in Olonets Karelian, /dʲ lʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ tʲ zʲ/ in Ludic and Tver Karelian. Palatalized labials are also present in some loanwords: North Karelian b'urokratti 'bureaucrat', Livvi b'urokruattu 'bureaucrat', kip'atku 'boiling water', sv'oklu 'beet', Tver Karelian kip'atka 'boiling water', s'v'okla 'beet' (from Russian бюрократ, кипяток, свёкла). Voiced velar nasal / ŋ / (eng)

5251-438: The end Finnish was established as the official "local" language. An intense program of Finnicization , but called "Karelianization", began and Finnish-language schools were established across Soviet Karelia. Newspapers, literary journals were established and Russian literature was translated into Finnish, while much literature from Soviet Karelia in Finnish was published. While this was happening in Soviet Karelia, in 1931–33,

5340-430: The epic hero, Turpalo-Nokhchuo ("Chechen Hero"). There is a strong theme of representing the nation with its national animal , the wolf . Due to their strong dependence on the land, its farms and its forests (and indeed, the national equation with the wolf), Chechens have a strong affection for nature. According to Chechen philosopher Apty Bisultanov, ruining an ant-hill or hunting Caucasian goats during their mating season

5429-423: The first day of plowing, as well as the Day of the Thunderer Sela and the Day of the Goddess Tusholi. In addition to sparse written record from the Middle Ages, Chechens traditionally remember history through the illesh , a collection of epic poems and stories. Chechens are accustomed to democratic ways, their social structure being firmly based on equality, pluralism and deference to individuality. Chechen society

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5518-468: The first military encounter between Imperial Russia and the Chechens. Sheikh Mansur led a major Chechen resistance movement in the late 18th century. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Russia embarked on full-scale conquest of the North Caucasus in the Caucasian War . Much of the campaign was led by General Yermolov who particularly disliked the Chechens, describing them as "a bold and dangerous people". Angered by Chechen raids, Yermolov resorted to

5607-469: The gospel of St. Matthew in South Karelian Tver dialect, in 1820. Karelian literature in 19th century Russia remained limited to a few primers, songbooks and leaflets. In 1921, the first all-Karelian congress under the Soviet regime debated whether Finnish or Karelian should be the official language (next to Russian) of the new "Karelian Labour Commune" ( Karjalan Työkommuuni , Карялан тыöкоммууни in Cyrillic Karelian), which two years later would become

5696-470: The language at 30,000. Due to post-World War II mobility and internal migration, Karelians now live scattered throughout Finland, and Karelian is no longer spoken as a local community language. In the Republic of Karelia , Karelian has official status as a minority language, and since the late 1990s there have been moves to pass special language legislation, which would give Karelian an official status on par with Russian . Karelians in Tver Oblast have

5785-673: The language. A year later, Finland's first Karelian language nest (pre-school immersion group) was established in the town of Nurmes . Croatian singer Jurica Popović collaborated with Tilna Tolvaneen on lyrics for his 1999 song "H.O.T. Hold On To Your Tradition", which are partly in Karelian. A sample from the book Luemma vienankarjalaksi : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Chechens The Chechens ( / ˈ tʃ ɛ tʃ ɛ n z , tʃ ə ˈ tʃ ɛ n z / CHETCH -enz, chə- CHENZ ; Chechen : Нохчий , Noxçiy , Old Chechen: Нахчой, Naxçoy ), historically also known as Kisti and Durdzuks , are

5874-433: The languages of the Avars , Dargins , Lezghins , Laks , Rutulians , etc. However, this relationship is not a close one: the Nakho-Dagestani family is of comparable or greater time-depth than Indo-European , meaning Chechens are only as linguistically related to Avars or Dargins as the French are to the Russians or Iranians . Some researchers suggest a linguistic relationship between the Nakhsk-Dagestani languages and

5963-505: The left coast side of Novgorod . The language used in the document is thought to be an archaic form of the language spoken in Olonets Karelia , a dialect of the Karelian language. A later manuscript, no. 403 (second half of the 14th century), apparently belonging to a tax collector, includes a short glossary of Karelian words and their translations. In the regions ruled by Novgorod, the protolanguage started to evolve into Karelian language. In 1617 Novgorod lost parts of Karelia to Sweden in

6052-414: The majority of the population, in addition, the Olonets district is a place of compact residence of Karelian Livviks and the most populated Karelian district of the Republic of Karelia. Besides Karelians, Olonets is home to such traditional Karelian peoples as Finns , Russians , as well as Belarusians , Ukrainians , Poles and Lithuanians . In relation to the Belarusian and Ukrainian population, this

6141-556: The mitochondrial DNA is very diverse. The most recent study on Chechens, by Balanovsky et al. in 2011, sampled a total of 330 Chechens from three sample locations (one in Malgobek , one in Achkhoy-Martan , and one from two sites in Dagestan) and found the following frequencies: A weak majority of Chechens belong to Haplogroup J2 (56.7% ), which is associated with Mediterranean , Caucasian and Fertile Crescent populations. Other notable values were found among North Caucasian Turkic peoples ( Kumyks (25%) and Balkars (24%) ). It

6230-416: The names: PU-2 (in the period from 1962 to 2014), Olonets Technical School – from 2014 to February 2019 before reorganization). The city has preserved the layout of the XVIII century. Population: 7,663 ( 2021 Census ) ; 9,056 ( 2010 Census ) ; 10,240 ( 2002 Census ) ; 11,888 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Olonets is the only city on the territory of Karelia where Karelians make up

6319-467: The native Karelian words kiza, šoma, liedžu and seičemen are kisa, soma, lietsu and seitsemän in standard Finnish. As all other Finnic languages, Karelian descends from Proto-Finnic , which in turn ultimately descends from Proto-Uralic . The most recent ancestor of the Karelian dialects is the language variety spoken in the 9th century at the western shores of Lake Ladoga , known as Old Karelian (Finnish: muinaiskarjala ). Karelian

6408-431: The objects of both official and unofficial discrimination and discriminatory public discourse. Chechen attempts to regain independence in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union led to the first and the second war with the new Russian state, starting in 1994. The main language of the Chechen people is Chechen . Chechen belongs to the family of Nakh languages ( Northeast Caucasian languages ). Literary Chechen

6497-416: The onset of summer, the enemy hordes came again to destroy the highlanders. But even this year they failed to capture the mountain, on which the brave Chechens settled down. The battle lasted twelve years. The main wealth of the Chechens – livestock – was stolen by the enemies. Tired of the long years of hard struggle, the Chechens, believing the assurances of mercy by the enemy, descended from the mountain, but

6586-416: The rest of Chechnya and Ingushetia). There are also small Christian and atheist minorities, although their numbers are unknown in Chechnya; in Kazakhstan, they are roughly 3% and 2% of the Chechen population respectively. A stereotype of an average Chechen being a fundamentalist Muslim is incorrect and misleading. By the late 2000s, however, two new trends have emerged in Chechnya. A radicalized remnant of

6675-573: The result of the recent Chechen Wars , especially in the wave of emigration to the West after 2002. The Chechens are one of the Nakh peoples , who have lived in the highlands of the North Caucasus region since prehistory. There is archeological evidence of historical continuity dating back to 3000 B.C. as well as evidence pointing to their ancestors' migration from the Fertile Crescent c. 10,000–8,000 B.C. The discussion of their origins

6764-612: The shaping of the Chechen nationhood and their martial-oriented and clan-based society. The Caucasus was a major competing area for two neighboring rival empires: the Ottoman and Turco-Persian empires ( Safavids , Afsharids , Qajars ). Starting from 1555 and decisively from 1639 through the first half of the 19th century, the Caucasus was divided by these two powers, with the Ottomans prevailing in Western Georgia , while Persia kept

6853-478: The south from the town, there sprawled a belt of fortified abbeys, of which the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery was the most important. In the 18th century Olonets' importance shifted from trade to ironworking industries. In 1773 it was made the seat of Olonets Governorate . Eleven years later, however, the seat was moved to Petrozavodsk and Olonets started to decline. Modern Olonets is classified as

6942-509: The strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chechen community ethos and helped shape its national character. Chechen society is largely egalitarian and organized around tribal autonomous local clans, called teips , informally organized into loose confederations called tukkhums . According to popular tradition, the Russian term Chechency (Чеченцы) comes from central Chechnya , which had several important villages and towns named after

7031-465: The wars for a large number of reasons (including the lack of proper education, the refusal to learn the language, and the mass dispersal of the Chechen diaspora due to the war). Chechens in the diaspora often speak the language of the country they live in ( English , French , German , Arabic , Polish , Georgian , Turkish , etc.). The Nakh languages are a subgroup of Northeast Caucasian , and as such are related to Nakho-Dagestanian family, including

7120-426: The will to safeguard the honor of women. The traditional Chechen saying goes that the members of Chechen society, like its teips, are (ideally) "free and equal like wolves". Chechens have a strong sense of community, which is enforced by the old clan network and nokhchalla – the obligation to clan, tukkhum, etc. This is often combined with old values transmuted into a modern sense. They are mythically descended from

7209-583: The word Chechen . These places include Chechan, Nana-Checha ("Mother Checha") and Yokkh Chechen ("Greater Chechena"). The name Chechen occurs in Russian sources in the late 16th century as "Chachana", which is mentioned as a land owned by the Chechen Prince Shikh Murza. The etymology is of Nakh origin and originates from the word Che ("inside") attached to the suffix - cha / chan , which altogether can be translated as "inside territory". The villages and towns named Chechan were always situated in

7298-623: Was an ally of the Golden Horde and anti-Timurid. Its leader Khour Ela supported Khan Tokhtamysh during the Battle of the Terek River . The Chechens bear the distinction of being one of the few peoples to successfully resist the Mongols and defend themselves against their invasions; not once, but twice, though this came at great cost to them, as their states were utterly destroyed. These events were key in

7387-405: Was considered extremely sinful. The glasnost era Chechen independence movement Bart (unity) originated as a simple environmentalist organization in the republic's capital of Grozny. Chechen culture strongly values freedom. This asserts itself in multiple ways. A large majority of the nation's national heroes fought for independence (or otherwise, like the legendary Zelimkhan , robbed from

7476-421: Was hurriedly introduced in 1938, written in Cyrillic, with only nine grammatical cases, and with a very large and increasing number of words taken directly from Russian but with Karelian grammatical endings. During this period about 200 titles were published, including educational materials, children's books, readers, Party and public affairs documents, the literary journal Karelia . The newspaper Karjalan Sanomat

7565-520: Was later regarded as a "fascist" language of the Finnish enemy. From early 1938 to April 1940, the Soviet authorities ceased publication in Finnish, all Finnish-language schools were closed and the children were prohibited from speaking Finnish even during recess. The Soviet government replaced Finnish in the Karelian ASSR with Karelian written in the Cyrillic alphabet. A new form of standardized Karelian

7654-456: Was opened on December 17, 1971. Music, sports and art schools of the city. Center for Additional Education. It was opened in 1951 as the House of Creativity of children and youth, later – the House of Children's Creativity. 2 secondary schools, six buildings of local preschool institutions. Olonets branch of Sortavala College (previously the branch was an independent educational institution under

7743-448: Was still strong until the 19th century. Society was organised along feudal lines. Chechnya was devastated by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century and those of Tamerlane in the 14th. The Mongol invasions are well known in Chechen folktales which are often connected with military reports of Alan-Dzurdzuk wars against the Mongols. According to the missionary Pian de Carpine , a part of

7832-566: Was the Battle of Khachara between Gheza and the rival Avar Khanate that tried to exert influence on Chechnya. As Russia set off to increase its political influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of Safavid Persia, Peter I launched the Russo-Persian War , in which Russia succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories for several years. The conflict notably marked

7921-484: Was written in this new Karelian Cyrillic, rather than in Finnish. Karelians who did not speak Russian could not understand this new official language due to the amount of Russian words, for example, the phrase "Which party led the revolution" in this form of Karelian was given as "Миттўйне партиуя руководи революциюа?" ( Mittujne partiuja rukovodi revoljutsijua? ) where the word for party, led, and revolution are all Russian words with Karelian grammatical endings, whereas

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