Order ( Latin : ordo ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between family and class . In biological classification , the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes . An immediately higher rank, superorder , is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.
41-448: Macristiidae (see text ) Aulopiformes / ˈ ɔː l ə p ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / is a diverse order of marine ray-finned fish consisting of some 15 extant and several prehistoric families with about 45 genera and over 230 species . The common names grinners , lizardfishes and allies, or aulopiforms are sometimes used for this group. The scientific name means " Aulopus -shaped", from Aulopus (the type genus ) +
82-532: A cartilaginous condyle to articulate with the preceding, but is contacted by the elongated uncinate process of the second epibranchial . Other features include the position of the pelvic fins far back on the body, the fused medial processes of pelvic girdle , and the presence of an adipose fin (which is also typical for the Protacanthopterygii). The larvae of some Aulopiformes are extremely bizarre-looking, with elongated fins, and do not resemble
123-491: A monotypic superorder of the Teleostei , under the name Cyclosquamata . However, monotypic taxa are generally avoided by modern taxonomists if not necessary, and in this case a distinct superorder seems indeed unwarranted: together with the equally dubious superorder " Stenopterygii ", the grinners appear to be so closely related to some Protacanthopterygii to be included in that superorder. In particular, this group might be
164-403: A fourth pair of bones , the prepubes or "marsupial bones", which extend forward from the pubes, and help to support the abdominal muscles and, in marsupials, the pouch. In placental mammals, the pelvis as a whole is generally wider in females than in males, to allow for the birth of the young. The pelvic bones of cetaceans were formerly considered to be vestigial, but they are now known to play
205-490: A larger bony blade. The acetabulum is already present at the point where the three bones meet. In these early forms, the connection with the vertebral column is not complete, with a small pair of ribs connecting the two structures; nonetheless the pelvis already forms the complete ring found in most subsequent forms. In practice, modern amphibians and reptiles have substantially modified this ancestral structure, based on their varied forms and lifestyles. The obturator foramen
246-439: A medial flattened part and a narrow lateral prismoid portion. The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flat. It passes laterally and downward from the medial end of the superior ramus. It becomes narrower as it descends and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen. The hip bone is ossified from eight centers : three primary, one each for the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and five secondary, one each for
287-442: A simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks , but they never attach to the vertebral column. In the early tetrapods , this early hip bone evolved to become the ischium and pubis, while the ilium formed as a new structure, initially somewhat rod-like in form, but soon adding
328-427: A taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use
369-409: A vestigial gas bladder , or lack it entirely, a hypaxialis muscle that is unusually extended to forward at its upper end and attaches to the neurocranium below the spine (perhaps to snap the upper part of the skull down when catching prey) and the position of the maxillary bone. Their second pharyngobranchial is greatly elongated posterolaterally away from third pharyngobranchial, which lacks
410-401: Is bounded by the alae of the ilia laterally and the sacral promontory and lumbar vertebrae posteriorly. The true pelvis is the region inferior to the pelvic brim that is almost entirely surrounded by bone. The pelvic inlet is the opening delineated by the pelvic brim. The widest dimension of the pelvic inlet is from left to right, that is, along the frontal plane. The pelvic outlet is
451-403: Is generally very small in such animals, although most reptiles do possess a large gap between the pubis and ischium, referred to as the thyroid fenestra , which presents a similar appearance to the obturator foramen in mammals. In birds , the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich , and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs. In therapsids ,
SECTION 10
#1733085771477492-448: Is the strongest of the three regions that form the hip bone. It is divisible into three portions: the body , the superior ramus , and the inferior ramus . The body forms approximately one-third of the acetabulum. The ischium forms a large swelling, the tuberosity of the ischium , also referred to colloquially as the "sit bone". When sitting, the weight is frequently placed upon the ischial tuberosity . The gluteus maximus covers it in
533-628: The Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles )
574-464: The iliac crest , the anterior inferior spine (said to occur more frequently in the male than in the female), the tuberosity of the ischium, the pubic symphysis (more frequent in the female than in the male), and one or more for the Y-shaped piece at the bottom of the acetabulum. The centers appear in the following order: in the lower part of the ilium, immediately above the greater sciatic notch , about
615-520: The lateral rotator group , hamstring muscles , two muscles from the anterior compartment of the thigh . Fractures of the hip bone are termed pelvic fractures , and should not be confused with hip fractures , which are actually femoral fractures that occur in the proximal end of the femur . Pelvimetry is the assessment of the female pelvis in relation to the birth of a baby in order to detect an increased risk for obstructed labor . The hip bone first appears in fishes, where it consists of
656-407: The pubic symphysis . The fibrocartilaginous pad which lies between the symphysial surfaces of the coxal bones, that secures the pubic symphysis, is called the interpubic disc . The pelvic brim is a continuous oval ridge of bone that runs along the pubic symphysis, pubic crests, arcuate lines, sacral alae, and sacral promontory. The false pelvis is that portion superior to the pelvic brim; it
697-407: The pubic symphysis . Together with the sacrum and coccyx , the hip bones form the pelvis . Ilium ( plural ilia ) is the uppermost and largest region. It makes up two fifths of the acetabulum. It is divisible into two parts: the body and the ala or wing of ilium ; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line , and on the external surface by the margin of
738-408: The sacrum and coccyx (the pelvic part of the spine ) comprise the skeletal component of the pelvis – the pelvic girdle which surrounds the pelvic cavity . They are connected to the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton , at the sacroiliac joint . Each hip bone is connected to the corresponding femur (thigh bone) (forming the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and
779-581: The sister taxon of the Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, and relatives). As an alternative, the superorders are sometimes united as an unranked clade named Euteleostei, but in that case the Protacanthopterygii would need to be split further to account for the phylogenetic uncertainty. This would result in a highly cumbersome and taxonomically redundant group of two very small and no less than four monotypic superorders. An extinct clade of Aulopiformes,
820-684: The Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at
861-456: The acetabulum. The body of ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum . The edge of the wing of ilium forms the S-shaped iliac crest which is easily located through the skin . The iliac crest shows clear marks of the attachment of the three abdominal wall muscles . The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone and is located below the ilium and behind the pubis. The ischium
SECTION 20
#1733085771477902-442: The adult animals. They were not only described as distinct species, but also even separated as genera and finally in a family "Macristiidae" which was allied with various Protacanthopterygii ( sensu lato ), but the initial assessment – which found "Macristium" to resemble the deepwater lizardfishes (Bathysauridae) in some details – was not far off the mark: " Macristium " species are larvae of Bathysaurus , while
943-403: The age of twelve, between the ilium and pubis, and fuses with them about the age of eighteen; it forms the pubic part of the acetabulum. The ilium and ischium then become joined, and lastly the pubis and ischium, through the intervention of this Y-shaped portion. At about the age of puberty, ossification takes place in each of the remaining portions, and they join with the rest of the bone between
984-459: The axial skeleton) through the large ball and socket joint of the hip . The hip bone is formed by three parts: the ilium , ischium , and pubis . At birth, these three components are separated by hyaline cartilage . They join each other in a Y-shaped portion of cartilage in the acetabulum . By the end of puberty the three regions will have fused together, and by the age 25 they will have ossified . The two hip bones join each other at
1025-435: The earliest adaptations for deep-sea living, which is common among many extant aulopiform taxa. Many aulopiforms are deep-sea fishes, with some species recognized as being hermaphrodites , some with the ability to self-fertilise. Some are benthic , but most are pelagic nekton . In general, aulopiform fish have a mixture of advanced and primitive characteristics relative to other teleost fish. Aulopiforms have either
1066-401: The eighth or ninth week of fetal life; in the superior ramus of the ischium, about the third month; in the superior ramus of the pubis, between the fourth and fifth months. At birth, the three primary centers are quite separate, the crest, the bottom of the acetabulum, the ischial tuberosity, and the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis being still cartilaginous. By the seventh or eighth year,
1107-468: The ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus
1148-888: The field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in
1189-487: The hip bone came to rotate counter-clockwise, relative to its position in reptiles, so that the ilium moved forward, and the pubis and ischium moved to the rear. The same pattern is seen in all modern mammals, and the thyroid fenestra and obturator foramen have merged to form a single space. The ilium is typically narrow and triangular in mammals, but is much larger in ungulates and humans , in which it anchors powerful gluteal muscles. Monotremes and marsupials also possess
1230-404: The inferior rami of the pubis and ischium are almost completely united by bone. About the thirteenth or fourteenth year, the three primary centers have extended their growth into the bottom of the acetabulum, and are there separated from each other by a Y-shaped portion of cartilage, which now presents traces of ossification, often by two or more centers. One of these, the os acetabuli, appears about
1271-399: The margin of the true pelvis. It is bounded anteriorly by the pubic arch, laterally by the ischia, and posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx. The superior pubic ramus is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator foramen . It extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the opposite side. It is conveniently described in two portions:
Aulopiformes - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-420: The same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with
1353-406: The standard fish order suffix "-formes". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek aulós (αὐλός, "flute" or "pipe") + Latin forma ("external form"), the former in reference to the elongated shape of many aulopiforms. They are grouped together because of common features in the structure of their gill arches . Indeed, many authors have considered them so distinct as to warrant separation in
1394-518: The suborder Enchodontoidei and its many constituent families, were dominant nektonic fish throughout much of the Late Cretaceous . Several other extant aulopiform families also have Cretaceous representatives, and phylogenetic evidence indicates that the order as a whole diversified into its extant families around the Early Cretaceous , making it rather ancient. These diversifications included
1435-409: The suffix -virales . Pelvic girdle The hip bone ( os coxae , innominate bone , pelvic bone or coxal bone ) is a large flat bone , constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty ) it is composed of three parts: the ilium , ischium , and the pubis . The two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis and together with
1476-433: The supposed other "macristiids", " Macristiella " species are larvae of the deepsea tripodfish Bathytyphlops . † means extinct. Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that
1517-430: The twentieth and twenty-fifth years. Separate centers are frequently found for the pubic tubercle and the ischial spine, and for the crest and angle of the pubis. The proportions of the female hip bone may affect the ease of passage of the baby during childbirth . Several muscles attach to the hip bone including the internal muscles of the pelvic , abdominal muscles , back muscles , all the gluteal muscles , muscles of
1558-402: The upright posture, but leaves it free in the seated position. The pubic region or pubis is the ventral and anterior of the three parts forming the hip bone. It is divisible into a body , a superior ramus , and an inferior ramus . The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum. The body forms the wide, strong, medial and flat portion of the pubic bone which unites with the other pubic bone in
1599-574: The word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In
1640-543: Was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as
1681-540: Was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868), the precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905,