August Richter (August 9, 1831 – June 7, 1907) was an American real estate agent from Milwaukee , Wisconsin who served a single one-year term as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly .
31-674: Richter was born in Gunzenhausen , Kingdom of Bavaria on August 9, 1831; he was educated at the höhere bürgerschule level. He left Bavaria in 1852, came to Wisconsin in 1856, settled in Milwaukee and for some years ran a meat market . He shifted his business to that of real estate agent, in the latter years of his career specializing in timberlands in Michigan and northern Wisconsin, particularly Oneida County, Wisconsin . He married Marie Sauber; their son August Jr., born August 1, 1861, would become
62-463: A Russian church is surmounted by a special structure of metal or timber, which is lined with sheet iron or tiles, while the onion architecture is mostly very curved. Russian architecture used the dome shape not only for churches but also for other buildings. By the end of the nineteenth century, most Russian churches from before the Petrine period had bulbous domes. The largest onion domes were erected in
93-499: A certain aesthetic and religious attitude. The Byzantine cupola above the church represents the vault of heaven above the earth. On the other hand, the Gothic spire expresses unbridled vertical thrust, which rises huge masses of stone to the sky. In contrast to these, our native onion dome may be likened to a tongue of fire, crowned by a cross and tapering towards a cross. When we look at the Ivan
124-728: A prominent real estate dealer; and would serve on the Milwaukee Common Council and the Milwaukee Board of School Directors . In 1866, he was elected to the Milwaukee County Board of Supervisors ; but an 1867 ruling of the Wisconsin Supreme Court nullified the results of that election, and he was one of four members removed from the Board. A new election was held in the fall, and he was elected once more to represent
155-805: Is twinned with: The town lies on the Treuchtlingen-Würzburg railway . Onion dome An onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion . Such domes are often larger in diameter than the tholobate (drum) upon which they sit, and their height usually exceeds their width. They taper smoothly upwards to a point. It is a typical feature of churches belonging to the Russian Orthodox church . There are similar buildings in other Eastern European countries, and occasionally in Western Europe : Bavaria (Germany), Austria , and northeastern Italy . Buildings with onion domes are also found in
186-610: Is a town in the Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district, in Bavaria , Germany. It is situated on the river Altmühl , 19 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Weißenburg in Bayern , and 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Nuremberg . Gunzenhausen is a nationally recognized recreation area. It is noted as being at one end of part of The Limes Germanicus , a Roman border wall, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Numerous excavations within
217-616: The Cathedral of Saint Demetrius , both in Vladimir —display golden helmet domes. Restoration work on several other ancient churches has revealed some fragments of former helmet-like domes below newer onion cupolas. It has been posited that onion domes first appeared in Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible ( r. 1533–1584 ). The domes of Saint Basil's Cathedral have not been altered since
248-559: The Convent of the Franciscan Sisters of Maria Stern in Augsburg . Usually made of copper sheet, onion domes appear on Catholic churches all over southern Germany , Switzerland , Czech lands , Austria , and Sardinia and Northeast Italy . Onion domes were also a favourite of 20th-century Austrian architectural designer Friedensreich Hundertwasser . The World's Only Corn Palace ,
279-818: The Oriental regions of Central and South Asia , and the Middle East . However, old buildings outside Russia usually lack the construction typical of the Russian onion design. Other types of Eastern Orthodox cupolas include helmet domes (for example, those of the Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir ), Ukrainian pear domes ( St Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv ), and Baroque bud domes ( St Andrew's Church in Kyiv) or an onion-helmet mixture like
310-765: The St Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod . According to Wolfgang Born, the onion dome has its origin in Syria, where some Umayyad Caliphate -era mosaics show buildings with bulbous domes. An early prototype of onion dome also appeared in Chehel Dokhter, a mid-11th century Seljuk architecture in Damghan region of Iran. It is not completely clear when and why onion domes became a typical feature of Russian architecture . The curved onion style appeared in Russian architecture as early as
341-474: The roof . In 1946, historian Boris Rybakov , while analysing miniatures of ancient Russian chronicles, pointed out that most of them, from the thirteenth century onward, display churches with onion domes rather than helmet domes. Nikolay Voronin , who studied pre-Mongol Russian architecture, seconded his opinion that onion domes existed in Russia as early as the thirteenth century. These findings demonstrated that Russian onion domes could not be imported from
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#1732876744906372-451: The 13th century. But still several theories exist that the Russian onion shape was influenced by countries from the Orient, like India and Persia , with whom Russia has had lengthy cultural exchange. Byzantine churches and architecture of Kievan Rus were characterized by broader, flatter domes without a special framework erected above the drum. In contrast to this ancient form, each drum of
403-720: The Assembly, running against Joseph Hamilton as an Independent when Hamilton, like most Democrats, was a member of the short-lived People's Reform Party, also known as the Liberal Reform Party . He polled only 161 votes to Hamilton's 1,277. After this defeat, he retreated from competition for public office. Richter became an active member of Milwaukee's Old Settlers Club. He lived in his later years with his son August Jr., and died in that home on June 7, 1907. Gunzenhausen Gunzenhausen ( German pronunciation: [ɡʊnt͡sn̩ˈhaʊ̯zn̩] ; Bavarian: Gunzenhausn )
434-621: The Byzantine type. Prior to the eighteenth century, the Russian Orthodox Church did not assign any particular symbolism to the exterior shape of a church. Nevertheless, onion domes are popularly believed to symbolise burning candles. In 1917, religious philosopher Prince Evgenii Troubetzkoy argued that the onion shape of Russian church domes may not be explained rationally. According to Trubetskoy, drums crowned by tapering domes were deliberately scored to resemble candles, thus manifesting
465-648: The Dutch-built Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Aceh, Indonesia , which incorporated onion shaped dome. The shape of the dome has been used in numerous mosques in Indonesia since then. Baroque domes in the shape of an onion (or other vegetables or flower-buds) were common in the Holy Roman Empire as well. The first one was built in 1576 by the architect Johannes Holl (1512–1594) on the church of
496-486: The Great Bell Tower , we seem to see a gigantic candle burning above Moscow. The Kremlin cathedrals and churches, with their multiple domes, look like huge chandeliers. The onion shape results from the idea of prayer as a soul burning towards heaven, which connects the earthly world with the treasures of the afterlife. Every attempt to explain the onion shape of our church domes by utilitarian considerations (for instance,
527-530: The Holy Trinity, or five, representing Jesus Christ and the Four Evangelists . Domes standing alone represent Jesus. Vasily Tatischev , the first to record this interpretation, disapproved of it emphatically. He believed that the five-domed design of churches was propagated by Patriarch Nikon , who liked to compare the central and highest dome with himself and four lateral domes with four other patriarchs of
558-469: The Orient, where onion domes did not replace spherical domes until the fifteenth century. Modern art historian Sergey Zagraevsky surveyed hundreds of Russian icons and miniatures, from the eleventh century onward. He concluded that most icons painted after the Mongol invasion of Rus display only onion domes. The first onion domes appeared on some pictures from the twelfth century. He found only one icon from
589-563: The Orthodox world. There is no other evidence that Nikon ever held such a view. The domes are often brightly painted: their colors may informally symbolise different aspects of religion. Green, blue, and gold domes are sometimes held to represent the Holy Trinity , the Holy Spirit, and Jesus , respectively. Black ball-shaped domes were once popular in the snowy north of Russia. The onion dome
620-839: The Second Ward of the City of Milwaukee. In 1869 he was elected chair of the County Board. In 1870 he was elected to the Assembly's 2nd Milwaukee County district (the Second Ward of the City) as a Democrat , with 597 votes to 517 for Independent John Orth (the Democratic incumbent George Abert was not a candidate). In 1871, Abert was the Democratic nominee. Richter ran anyway as an "Independent Democrat", but garnered only 227 votes to Abert's 569. Richter would attempt once more in 1873 to regain his seat in
651-706: The city of Gunzenhausen document that the area was occupied and there was a settlement in pre-historic time. In the year 90 the Romans expelled the Celts , occupied the inhabited areas north of the Danube , and expanded into the Gunzenhausen area. In the year 241 the Alemanni invaded the area and destroyed the fortress. A document from the year 823 supplies the first reliable written reference to Gunzenhausen. Emperor Ludwig der Fromme conveyed
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#1732876744906682-481: The late fifteenth century displaying a dome resembling the helmet instead of an onion. His findings led him to dismiss fragments of helmet domes discovered by restorators beneath modern onion domes as post-Petrine stylisations intended to reproduce the familiar forms of Byzantine cupolas. Zagraevsky also indicated that the oldest depictions of the two Vladimir cathedrals represent them as having onion domes, prior to their replacement by classicizing helmet domes. He explains
713-466: The latter had its onion domes removed and was partially converted to "profane uses" during the Hitler regime, and by 1939 the town was declared Judenrein (free of Jews). In the 1970s eighteen municipalities were combined resulting in the city growing to about 17,000 inhabitants. Gunzenhausen is mentioned in W. G. Sebald 's collection of literary stories entitled The Emigrants (1992). Gunzenhausen
744-527: The monastery "Gunzinhusir" to the High-monastery of Ellwangen . Later the "Truhendinger" and the "Oettinger" families became Lords of Gunzenhausen, and in 1368 Gunzenhausen came to the House of Hohenzollern . So the city received the right of holding fairs and was allowed to build city walls, towers and moat, as well as a large church. Gunzenhausen had a big Jewish community and a "Moorish" synagogue, built in 1882;
775-399: The need to preclude snow from piling on the roof) fails to account for the most essential point, that of aesthetic significance of onion domes for our religion. Indeed, there are numerous other ways to achieve the same utilitarian result, e.g., spires, steeples, cones. Why, of all these shapes, ancient Russian architecture settled upon the onion dome? Because the aesthetic impression produced by
806-599: The onion dome matched a certain religious attitude. The meaning of this religious and aesthetic feeling is finely expressed by a folk saying - "glowing with fervour" - when they speak about church domes. Another explanation has it that the onion dome was originally regarded as a form reminiscent of the aedicula (cubiculum) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . Onion domes often appear in groups of three, representing
837-457: The onion-shaped form of Russian domes with the weight of traditional Russian crosses, which are much larger and more elaborate than those used in Byzantium and Kievan Rus. Such ponderous crosses would have been easily toppled, if they had not been fixed to sizeable stones traditionally placed inside the elongated domes of Russian churches. It is impossible to place such a stone inside the flat dome of
868-657: The reign of Ivan's son Fyodor I ( r. 1584–1598 ), indicating the presence of onion domes in sixteenth-century Russia. Some scholars postulate that the Russians adopted onion domes from Muslim countries , possibly from the Khanate of Kazan , whose conquest in 1552 Ivan the Terrible commemorated by erecting St. Basil's Cathedral. Some scholars believe that onion domes first appeared in Russian wooden architecture above tent-like churches . According to this theory, they were strictly utilitarian, as they prevented snow from piling on
899-666: The seventeenth century in the area around Yaroslavl . A number of these had more complicated bud-shaped domes, whose form derived from Baroque models of the late seventeenth century. Pear-shaped domes are usually associated with Ukrainian Baroque , while cone-shaped domes are typical for Orthodox churches of Transcaucasia . Supposedly, Russian icons painted before the Mongol invasion of Rus' of 1237-1242 do not feature churches with onion domes. Two highly venerated pre-Mongol churches that have been rebuilt—the Assumption Cathedral and
930-401: The ubiquitous appearance of onion domes in the late thirteenth century by the general emphasis on verticality characteristic of Russian church architecture from the late twelfth to early fifteenth centuries. At that time, porches, pilasters, vaults and drums were arranged to create a vertical thrust, to make the church seem taller than it was. Another consideration proposed by Zagraevsky links
961-692: Was also used extensively in Mughal architecture , which later went on to influence Indo-Saracenic architecture . It is also a common feature in Sikh architecture , particularly in Gurudwaras , and sometimes seen in Rajput architecture as well. Outside the Indian subcontinent , it is also used in Iran and other places in the Middle East and Central Asia . At the end of the 19th century,