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60-786: The river gave its name to the Aude department . In antiquity, the Aude was called Atax by the Romans. Some authors in antiquity called the river Narbôn (e.g. Polybius ). In 1342 the Roussillon Cartulary of Alart called it the Auda or the Ribera d'Aude . In the Middle Ages the terms Adice , again Atax , Fluvium Atacis , Flumine Atace , Flumen Ataze , and Juxta Aditum fluvium were also used to designate

120-409: A body of water Baseflow depletion curve is the declining of baseflow/groundwater and soil reserves. The volume and rate of water moving as baseflow can be affected by macropores , micropores , and other fractured conditions in the soil and shallow geomorphic features. Infiltration to recharge subsurface storage increases baseflow. Evapotranspiration reduces baseflow because trees absorb water from

180-527: A body to control the application of the new laws. After the Second World War , the vineyards were revitalized and the region saw a mass of viticulture. The wine was produced in large quantities and satisfied a very demanding population. The product was supplied in large quantities at very low prices. In 1970 the market evolved replacing demand for quantity with demand for quality and causing a second wine crisis. Many events, negotiations, and attacks paralyzed

240-500: A bordure embattled argent. Aude is an agricultural area dominated by vineyards. In the east are the wines of Corbieres and La Clape, in the centre are Minervois and Côtes de Malepère, and in the south Limoux wine . In Lauragais grain is predominant, whereas in the Montagne Noire only sheep farming is possible. More recently there has been an increase in cultivation of olive trees for their oil. Port-la-Nouvelle

300-463: A group of religious dissidents active in the 12th to 14th centuries. Its prefecture is Carcassonne and its subprefectures are Limoux and Narbonne . As of 2019, it had a population of 374,070. Aude is a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine , and mother of Eudo, brother of Saint Hubertus . Aude

360-541: A growth in population since the 1960s with about 700 people more per year. This growth is explained by the return of pensioners aged over 60 years to their place of origin and to immigration from the Mediterranean basin. At the last census, the population of Aude represented 0.5% of the French population and 14.1% of the population of Languedoc-Roussillon. It is predominantly rural with a density of 48 inhabitants per km , which

420-578: A mountainous climate with temperatures sometimes very low in winter. In the west, the climate is under Aquitaine influence with heavier precipitation, while in the east the climate is purely Mediterranean. In the centre, in the Limouxin, Carcassonnais and Razès areas, the climate is known as intermediary with significant exposure to winds. The winds are often present in Aude. It is one of the windiest French departments, with 300 to 350 days of wind per year. This phenomenon

480-525: A pluvio-nival regime of meridional type with high baseflow in summer, 9.8 cubic metres per second (350 cu ft/s) in August at Moussan in the lower alluvial plain not far from the river mouth, against an average of 44.2 cubic metres per second (1,560 cu ft/s). Heavy autumnal rains enable a rapid rise in the flow rate which peaks in February, 78.6 cubic metres per second (2,780 cu ft/s) and

540-399: A second period of prosperity but there was a wine crisis triggered in 1901 because of over-production, fraud, and slumping sales. It reached its peak during the winemakers revolt in 1907. The wine growers regrouped themselves into winemaking cooperatives to prevent fraud and deception. In 1919 then in 1935, a law of AOC was adopted under the leadership of Jean Capus. The INAO was set up as

600-500: A series of small communes: Quillan , Espéraza , Couiza , Alet-les-Bains , then Limoux . Downstream of this great medieval city, the Aude flows eastwards. This elbow results from a Stream capture , the Aude having once flowed in the valley of the Hers , indicating a deepening by an ancient hydrology following the uplifting of the Pyrénées. From Carcassonne, the river becomes calmer following

660-399: A short-term increase in mean flow and baseflow because there is less interception and evapotranspiration . Urbanization includes a re-organization of surface and subsurface pathways so that water is flushed through catchments because of reduced hydraulic resistance, Manning's n , channels and impervious surfaces which decreases infiltration. In urban areas water is often imported from outside

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720-513: A very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the crossroads of two Roman roads , the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia , as well as by the sea near the mouth of the river Aude . Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BC with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth. The Visigoths invaded

780-478: Is also noted for the pink flamingo and the white stilt . Inland to the west, shrub and scrub dominate the landscape of the drylands of the Aude and the Corbières Massif . This landscape is the result of forest clearance, maintained by the raising of livestock. The flora is varied and characterized by many species of orchids . The Sault countryside is dominated by beech groves and fir plantations up to

840-521: Is an antiform fold in the shape of a vault and made of limestone . Aude is under the influence of a Mediterranean climate. The autumn is characterized by violent and short storms. The summer is often hot and dry, which is favorable to the culture of the vine and the olive-trees. Yet, the department has several contrasts in climate: In the north, the Montagne Noire and, in the south, the Pays de Sault, have

900-633: Is due mostly to the variations in relief north and south which create a kind of corridor. In the north-west blows the Cers , called Tramontane in Provence, which is a ground wind. It is a dry, somewhat violent wind and cold in winter. In the south-east blows the Autan, locally called the Marin , which is hot and wet and comes from the sea. These regular winds made it possible to install an industrial park of wind turbines , as in

960-460: Is slightly less than half the national average. The two main cities, Carcassonne and Narbonne, are medium-sized cities comprising only one third of the inhabitants of the department. In 2017, the department had 370,260 inhabitants. Two major roads cross the Aude. From west to east the A61 autoroute (Autoroute des Deux Mers) connects Narbonne and Toulouse via Carcassonne . From north to south, following

1020-764: Is supported by the spring snowmelt from the Pyrénées mountains. Exceptional and sudden rainfall, so characteristic of the Mediterranean climate during the autumnal season, can be the cause of devastating floods such as those of 12 and 13 November 1999. The results of this event, which affected the lower valley of the Aude, were catastrophic: 35 victims, hundreds of people evacuated by helicopter or rescued from thousands of homes, businesses, and commercial premises which were more or less damaged, 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) of vineyards more or less ruined, roads, drinking water networks, and sanitation were seriously affected. The scale of

1080-515: Is the biggest fishing port in the department followed by Gruissan . In 1996 there were 127 vessels in Aude including 75 in Port-la-Nouvelle and 52 in Gruissan. These vessels were as follows: Small craft are recreational boats such as dinghies with one man fishing a lake or motor launches with up to three people fishing in coastal waters. About 85% of small craft are intended for lake fishing as in

1140-518: Is the domestic electricity consumption of about 100,000 people. With the proliferation of these machines, the prefecture is seeking to establish with stakeholders a charter of good conduct for wind turbines. Crafts are very well represented in Aude with 14.6% of the population involved. Some 5,400 businesses operating in 250 craft professions achieved in the late 1990s an annual turnover of 3 billion francs (400 million Euros). The inhabitants of Aude are known as Audois . The 1990 census confirmed

1200-438: Is the portion of the streamflow that is sustained between precipitation events, fed to streams by delayed pathways. It should not be confused with groundwater flow . Fair weather flow is also called base flow. Baseflow is important for sustaining human centers of population and ecosystems . This is especially true for watersheds that do not rely on snowmelt . Different ecological processes will occur at different parts of

1260-562: Is when the water flow decreases as it travels downstream and is fracturing deeper than surface water or in karst geology because limestone and dolomite high storage. Gaining reaches is when flow increases as it travels downstream. Gaining reaches are common in humid mountainous regions where the water table is above the surface water and the water flows from high head to low head following Darcy's law . Methods for identifying baseflow sources and residence/transit time include using solutes and tracers . Solutes that originate in distinct areas of

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1320-505: The Tet . The Col de la Quillane , elevation 1,713 metres (5,620 ft), marks the boundary of the watershed . The river then flows into the Mediterranean Sea a few kilometres from Narbonne at Grau de Vendres (near Cabanes-de-Fleury ) on the border between the departments of Aude and Hérault . At Carcassonne in the Pyrénées its course is oriented north-south. The Aude then presents

1380-597: The hydrograph . During the baseflow ascending limb, there is frequently more stream area and habitat available for water-dependent species, spawning salmon for example. During the recession limb which in California is from May to October, there is increasingly less stream area, indigenous species are more adept at surviving in low flow conditions than introduced species . Baseflow is derived from bedrock water storage near surface valley soils and riparian zones . Water percolates to groundwater and then flows to

1440-425: The mean residence time and the baseflow recession curve, can be useful in describing the mixing of waters (such as from precipitation and groundwater) and the level of groundwater contribution to streamflow in catchments. Anthropogenic effects to baseflow include forestry , urbanization , and agriculture . Forest cover has high infiltration and recharge because of tree roots. Removal of forest cover can cause

1500-515: The Étang de Thau . Viticulture is the main economic activity of the department due to its rich and varied soils. It was the Greeks who established vineyards in Aude and the Romans who determined the rights of exploitation. The first vines were planted in Minervois in the 1st century. But the grapes and wines were not consumer products or self-sufficient for many years. Cereals and olive trees dominated

1560-421: The Aude has a nivo-pluvial regime (with a maximum flow in spring linked to snowmelt). Then from Carcassonne where the average flow rate reaches 20.4 cubic metres per second (720 cu ft/s), the system is almost entirely rainfed (The flow at Grau de Vendres where it meets the Mediterranean is around 50 cubic metres per second (1,800 cu ft/s).) The Aude is thus characterized in its lower course by

1620-425: The Aude has its own particular landscape. In the east, lagoons or coastal lakes separate land and sea. These were formed by accumulations of sediments carried down by the rivers Aude, Orb and Hérault . There are many such lakes of brackish water. This environment is demanding for flora and fauna, as it suffers from the rigours of sea, sun, dryness and floods. Halophile (i.e., salt-loving) plants grow there. The area

1680-569: The Aude. In all likelihood the current name comes from a gradual evolution of Atax given by Strabo (in his Geography , Book IV), a word borrowed from the Gallic term atacos meaning "spirited" or "very fast". The river has its source in the Massif of Carlit at the Lac d'Aude at an elevation of 2,185 metres (7,169 ft) in the commune of Les Angles (department of Pyrénées-Orientales ) and flows parallel to

1740-707: The King of the Ostrogoths , remained in the hands of the Visigoths. His troops defeated Clovis's son in 508. The region was part of Septimania , so called because it was composed of seven bishoprics that the Visigoth kings had established there: Elne , Agde , Narbonne , Lodève , Béziers , Maguelonne , and Nîmes . Septimania covered the Aude but also the whole region of Languedoc-Roussillon. In 817, Louis le Débonnaire detached Carcassès and Razès from Septimania to reunite them with

1800-524: The Mediterranean Sea to the east, where it empties near Fleury . The most populous commune is Narbonne ; the prefecture Carcassonne is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants: Hammers and worked tools have been found on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne, dating from between 690,000 and 300,000 years ago. Most interesting is the skull of Tautavel Man , discovered in 1971 by Henry de Lumley in

1860-471: The Mediterranean Sea. It comes into the west of Aude at Seuil de Naurouze then joins the Mediterranean at Sète . The people of Aude expressed royalist opinions until the end of the Bourbon Restoration . In 1830 republican ideas began to develop and made this department a bastion of the left . This growth is symbolized by two men, Armand Barbès and Theophile Marcou. Armand Barbès is a symbol of

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1920-610: The Mediterranean coast, the A9 autoroute links Montpellier with Spain . The rail network follows the same route as the road network. It is a low speed system, but a project is under way to build a fast line to Spain as part of the Trans-European Rail network . Finally, Aude is crossed by the Canal du Midi which is a major waterway that allows tourists to pass from the Atlantic Ocean to

1980-503: The area in 435 AD at a time when Flavius Aetius , the Roman senator, was busy suppressing the Bagaudes , who were brigands or lawless types in central and northern Gaul. Roman authority was restored until 462. In 507, the victory of Clovis I at the battle of Vouillé permitted him to conquer Toulouse and Aquitaine . However, he could not recover the Aude territory, which, thanks to the help of

2040-546: The area of Avignonet-Lauragais. The drainage system of Aude is dominated by its river of the same name. The river rises at the Roc d'Aude and passes through the Matemale and Puyvalador dams on the Capcir plateau at 1500m, then crosses the department from south to north across Axat, Limoux, and Quillan following the upper valley of the Aude. At Carcassonne, the river changes direction toward

2100-451: The area. Narbonne formed a third county. Thus, in the ninth century, the département of Aude consisted of three counties: Carcassonne, Razès and Narbonne. In 880, the County of Razès was united by marriage to that of Carcassonne, never to be separated. In the 13th century, the region saw the development of Catharism : a dualistic Christian sect with similarities to Gnosticism . This religion

2160-731: The army alone. The city of Carcassonne became the refuge of numerous Cathars. In 1561, religious troubles again arose at Carcassonne in the form of a Protestant crisis. Duke Henri I de Montmorency , the Governor of the Languedoc , joined the Reformed side in 1574. On the Catholic side, the Duke Anne de Joyeuse became head of the Catholic League. In September 1632, Henri II de Montmorency fought against

2220-596: The characteristics of a mountain stream as it traverses Capcir and feeds several reservoirs ( Matemale , Puyvalador ) before plunging into gorges (those of Saint-Georges are the most scenic) crossing ancient terrain. Starting from Axat , after being joined by the Aiguette on the right bank and the Rébenty on the left bank, the river flows through bands of pre-Pyrénéen limestone (in the Pierre-Lys Gorges) and passes through

2280-574: The city rose 8 m (26 ft) during that period. At least 14 people died because of the flash flood, mainly in the town of Villegailhenc , Aude . Aude Aude ( French: [od] ohd ; Occitan: [ˈawðe] ) is a department in Southern France , located in the Occitanie region and named after the river Aude . The departmental council also calls it " Cathar Country" ( French : Pays cathare ) after

2340-519: The commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales department. It is the oldest-known skull in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BC. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region. The Romans , led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus , first occupied the oppidum of Montlaurès in 118 BC, a few kilometres to the north of Narbonne . This became the provincial capital and

2400-438: The department, ranging in quality from table wines to AOCs , passing through vins de pays and VDQS . There are seven main areas of production: These areas produce different wines such as Blanquette de Limoux , Chardonnay and sparkling wine from Limoux, La Clape , Corbières , Fitou , and Cabardès . Industrial activity is strong in the upper valley of the Aude. It has been especially prominent around Limoux since

2460-453: The disaster was due to the combination of two factors: Thunderstorms with rainfall on an unprecedented scale. Up to 620 millimetres (24 in) fell in two days at Lézignan-Corbières , that is to say more than the average annual total. In addition, a strong storm in the Gulf of Lyon led to a rise of 80 centimetres (31 in) in the sea level and, combined with the strong waves and wind, prevented

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2520-648: The extreme east, near the Mediterranean, the rocks are carved by normal collapse faults which are due to the opening of the Golfe du Lion. In the north, the Black Mountain and Minervois consist of schist and marble , forming the southern edge of the Massif Central . These ancient rocks are over 300 million years old and were deformed by the formation of the Hercynian chain. The Montagne d'Alaric ( Alaric 's Mountain)

2580-400: The fertile plains of Aude. It was at the beginning of the 19th century that the wine industry developed in Aude and the rest of Languedoc-Roussillon. Wine then became a consumer product. Higher output was needed and vineyards replaced cereals on the plains. There was an initial period of prosperity to 1850 before phylloxera appeared towards 1870. At the end of the 19th century, Aude experienced

2640-415: The flow of water already swollen by the torrential rains. Remnants of Hurricane Leslie fed a quasi-stationary cold front over southwestern France, generating heavy thunderstorms and leading to flash flooding in that area. The Aude rose to a height of 7 m (23 ft), its highest level since 1891. Carcassonne received 160–180 mm (6.3–7.1 in) of rainfall within five hours; water level in

2700-571: The great tectonic furrow which separates the Pyrénées ( Corbières ) from the Massif Central ( Montagne Noire ), receiving from these heights a series of tributaries of which the main ones are the Orbieu on the right bank, and the Argent-Double and the Casse on the left bank. From this point, bordered by the Canal du Midi and sinuous amid vineyards , the Aude enters the broad alluvial plain of Narbonne with

2760-458: The ground. In the fall baseflow can increase before it starts to rain because the trees drop their leaves and stop drinking as much water. River incision can decrease the baseflow by lowering the water table and aquifer . Good baseflow is connected to surface water that is located in permeable, soluble, or highly fractured bedrock. Bad baseflow is in crystalline or massive bedrock with minor fracturing and doesn't store water. Losing reaches

2820-520: The high valley of the Aude, otherwise called the Razès, consists of a riparian forest made of beech, alder , poplar or ash . It includes some peatlands that are very rare in southern France. The landscapes of Aude can be explained by its geology. In the south, there are sedimentary rocks folded during the formation of the Pyrenees. To the north and centre of Aude, the sedimentary rocks are less folded. At

2880-548: The late nineteenth century; and the Lafarge brick plant there is still booming. Since the 1970s, however, the Aude has seen a rapid decline in its traditional industries such as shoe and hat making. More recent activity is mostly centred around Narbonne , particularly dock facilities and oil depots in Port-la-Nouvelle . From 1889, the high valley of Aude became increasingly important in generating hydroelectric power. Aude

2940-489: The main stream flowing to the Gulf of Lion and some waters diverted to a network of ancient ponds before flowing into the Mediterranean Sea . The Aude has a catchment area of 6,074 square kilometres (2,345 sq mi) that extends unevenly across six departments: Aude, Pyrénées-Orientales, Ariège , Haute-Garonne , Tarn , and Hérault (Haute-Garonne and Tarn are only affected by the course of tributaries and sub-tributaries of

3000-499: The marquisate of Toulouse and the kingdom of Aquitaine . The first Count of Carcassonne was Oliba from the family of the Counts of Barcelona . He established himself in 819. Razès was another county that was formed by an archbishop of Narbonne who had been chased from his town by the Saracens . He had transferred his episcopal seat to Razès and had procured the honours of the feudal title for

3060-466: The mountains. These forests are known for their mushrooms , and have a rich flora and fauna, including the Pyrenean lily , the euproctis moth and horsetail of the woods. To the north and west, the Black Mountain country is made up of forests of oak and beech . The Lauragais is a wooded landscape where grain farming has shaped the hills. There are bodies of water like the Lac de la Ganguise . Finally,

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3120-419: The number of cantons from 45 to 31. The Aude enjoyed strong wine production whilst at the same time the grain farmers of Lauragais faced great difficulties. However, the department suffered from overproduction and a slump in sales of wine. In 1907 the crisis produced a winemakers' revolt . This led to the establishment of many Winemaking cooperatives in Aude from 1909. Gules, a cross of Toulouse Or within

3180-499: The region and the economy. Emile Pouytès and the CRS Joel le Gof died at Montredon-des-Corbières on 4 March 1976 during this crisis. A large change in the Aude viticulture business started with a reorganization of the profession and the wine-growing region. Quality had to become the mark of wine from Aude. The rich and varied soil of Aude together with abundant sunshine abounds enables Aude to produce quality wines. Many wines emanate from

3240-411: The river). Before Carcassonne, the Aude receives tributary streams of short length which often have the characteristics of mountain torrents. Starting from the prefecture of Aude department in the lower valley the Aude river joins with the largest rivers, most of them from the Montagne Noire. From upstream to downstream, the main tributaries of the Aude, longer than 10 km, are: In its upper reaches

3300-731: The royal troops at the Battle of Castelnaudary and was defeated. He was condemned to death and executed at Toulouse. The present department is one of the original 83 departments created by the Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc . Administrative divisions were amended by the Act of 28 Pluviôse of Year 8, which created four arrondissements (reduced to three by Premier Raymond Poincaré in 1926) and reduced

3360-497: The struggle for a social democratic Republic. It was in Aude that François Mitterrand had his highest score in the 1981 presidential election with just over 63% of the vote. Only affluent coastal areas surrounding Narbonne and the department's prefecture, Carcassonne give consideration to the right. Baseflow Baseflow (also called drought flow , groundwater recession flow , low flow , low-water flow , low-water discharge and sustained or fair-weather runoff )

3420-580: The watershed can be used to source baseflow-geochemical signatures. Tracers may be inserted into different parts of the watershed to identify flow paths and transit times. Methods for summarizing baseflow from an existing streamflow record include event based low flow statistics, flow duration curve, metrics that explain proportioning of baseflow to total flow, and the baseflow recession curve which can be used on ungauged streams based on empirical relationship between watershed characteristics and baseflow at gauged sites. Certain parameters of baseflow, such as

3480-623: Was the first department in France to transmit such power, from its plants at Alet-les-Bains and Quillan . Joachim Estrade established the first electricity company in France, the Southern Power Transmission Company (SMTF), in 1901. Its plant at Axat -Saint-Georges supplied the cities of Carcassonne and Narbonne at 20 kilovolts . Today Aude is the leading department in France for the number of wind turbines installed. There are 113 in operation. They produce some 91 megawatts , which

3540-552: Was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de geste . Aude is located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenees Mountains . It is part of the current region of Occitanie . It is surrounded by the departments of Pyrénées-Orientales , Ariège , Haute-Garonne , Tarn , and Hérault , with the Golfe du Lion on the east. The countryside in this department falls into several natural regions : Each natural region of

3600-564: Was very quickly judged as heretical by the Catholic Church . Faced with its growing strength in the counties of Carcassonne and Toulouse, Pope Innocent III in 1209 declared a crusade against the Albigensians . The barons of the north united to form an army under the command of Simon de Montfort . Whereas the count of Toulouse Raymond VI received absolution, the Count of Carcassonne confronted

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