75-674: The Ahar Cenotaphs are a group of cenotaphs located in Ahar , Udaipur , Rajasthan , India. The site contains more than 250 cenotaphs of the Maharanas of Mewar that were built over approximately 350 years. There are 19 chhatris that commemorate the 19 maharajas who were cremated here. The group of cenotaphs is also known as the Mahasati. 24°35′16″N 73°43′10″E / 24.58778°N 73.71944°E / 24.58778; 73.71944 This article about an Indian building or structure
150-852: A natural gas leak caused an explosion and destroyed the school. In Asia, the Cenotaph in Central District of Hong Kong Island , cenotaphs in Kuala Lumpur , George Town , Ipoh , Seremban and Jesselton in Malaysia , the Cenotaph in Singapore , the Cenotaph in Colombo and the stone Cenotaph in the new Allenby Square , Romema , Jerusalem –were erected as memorials to the war dead of World War I. Various cenotaphs in Asia have also been erected to commemorate
225-550: A basic element of Hindu architecture, later used by Moghuls as seen in most of the mausoleums of Mughal Emperors which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in Humayun's Tomb, Delhi , or the Taj Mahal , Agra , while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed. The term chhatri , used for these canopylike structures, comes from Hindustani word literally meaning umbrella, and are found throughout
300-613: A cenotaph. The Battle Monument in Baltimore, Maryland commemorates the Battle of Baltimore , the Battle of North Point on 12 September 1814, the Bombardment of Fort McHenry on 13–14 September, and the stand-off on Loudenschlager's Hill (now Hampstead Hill in Patterson Park ). It has an Egyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of
375-448: A considerable distance upstream from the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt in a shallow valley , bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river's course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands , which increase in number when the river approaches the falls. There is a flat plateau extending in all directions. The falls are formed where the full width of
450-574: A distance of about 150 metres (490 ft), then enters a zigzagging series of gorges designated by the order in which the river reaches them. Water entering the Second Gorge makes a sharp right turn and has carved out a deep pool there called the Boiling Pot . Reached via a steep footpath from the Zambian side, it is about 150 m (500 ft) across. Its surface is smooth at low water, but at high water
525-416: A height of over 400 metres (1,300 ft), sometimes up to twice as high, and is visible from up to 50 km (30 mi) away. At full moon, a "moonbow" can also be seen. During the flood season, however, the foot and the face of the waterfall can't be seen. When the dry season takes effect, the islets on the crest become wider and more numerous. From September to January, up to half of the rocky face of
600-519: A large fall unlikely. Livingstone had been told about the falls before he reached them from upriver and was paddled across to the Livingstone Island in Zambia. In 1860, Livingstone returned to the area and made a detailed study of the falls with John Kirk . Other early European visitors included Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto , Czech explorer Emil Holub , who made the first detailed plan of
675-466: A separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started. They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas, and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs. Riverine forest with palm trees lines the banks and islands above the falls. The most notable aspect of the area's vegetation though is the rainforest nurtured by the spray from the falls, containing plants rare for
750-418: A variety of antelope . Lions , African leopards and South African cheetahs are only occasionally seen. Vervet monkeys and baboons are common. The river above the falls contains large populations of hippopotamus and crocodile . African bush elephants cross the river in the dry season at particular crossing points. Klipspringers , honey badgers , lizards and clawless otters can be glimpsed in
825-627: A witty mind ...". A cenotaph in the UK that stands in Whitehall , London, was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and replaced Lutyens' identical wood-and-plaster cenotaph erected in 1919 for the Allied Victory Parade, and is a Grade I listed building . It is undecorated save for a carved wreath on each end and the words "The Glorious Dead", chosen by Lloyd George . It was intended to commemorate specifically
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#1732876469333900-454: A wreath in dedication to the fallen. The Cenotaph in Belfast , Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds of Belfast City Hall and is set within a Garden of Remembrance . It is about 9.5 metres (31 ft) high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annual Northern Ireland memorial held on Remembrance Sunday ,
975-477: Is 66 km (25 sq mi) and Victoria Falls National Park is 23 km (8.9 sq mi). However, next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park , extending 40 kilometres (25 mi) west along the river. Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area, Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south. On
1050-406: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to Udaipur is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cenotaphs A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere or have been lost. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although
1125-461: Is a waterfall on the Zambezi River , located on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe . It is one of the world's largest waterfalls, with a width of 1,708 m (5,604 ft). The region around it is inhabited by several species of plants and animals. Archaeology and oral history describe a long record of African knowledge of the site. Although known to some European geographers before
1200-574: Is a complex consisting of a cenotaph with a tower as a secular monument and the Sacré-Cœur church as a religious building. Numerous monuments donated by Allied nations are displayed in the tower and on the adjoining esplanade. In the Museum of Aquitaine , in Bordeaux , is the cenotaph of Michel de Montaigne , a French Renaissance writer and philosopher. The tomb was sculpted in 1593 , a year after his death on
1275-865: Is a replica of the Argentine Military Cemetery in Darwin on the Falkland Islands , exists in Campo de Mayo , a large Army facility and training field just outside Buenos Aires. A limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in Hamilton, Bermuda (with the cornerstone laid in 1920, and the completed monument unveiled in 1925). In Canada, major cenotaphs commemorating
1350-616: Is buried in Ravenna . Durban has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics. Gqeberha (its former name Port Elizabeth ) has a cenotaph. Located on the edge of St George's Park in Rink Street, it was designed by Elizabeth Gardner to commemorate the men who died in the First World War (1914–1918) and was erected by the monumental mason firm of Pennachini Bros. On either side of
1425-565: Is greater than that of other major falls and causes the Victoria Falls' annual average flow rate to be lower than might be expected based on the maximum flow. In 2019 unusually low rain dramatically reduced the fall to the lowest flow in a century. Global climate change and changed climate patterns are suggested to have caused this. The entire volume of the Zambezi River pours through the First Gorge's 110-metre-wide (360 ft) exit for
1500-484: Is located at Arlington National Cemetery . In Inishmore , one of the Aran Islands of Ireland , drowning was formerly such a common cause of death for island fishermen that each family had a memorial to those lost at sea known as leachtaí cuimhneacháin (memorial cairns). Most were erected in the 19th century, although some date back to the eighteenth. A modern memorial was erected in 1997. In India, cenotaphs are
1575-572: Is marked by enormous, slow swirls and heavy turbulence. The principal gorges are The Upper Zambezi River originally drained south through present day Botswana to join the Limpopo River . A general uplift of the land between Zimbabwe and the Kalahari Desert about 2 million years ago blocked this drainage route, and a large paleolake known as Lake Makgadikgadi formed between the Kalahari and
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#17328764693331650-559: The Batoka Basaltic Plateau of Zimbabwe and Zambia. This lake was originally endorheic and had no natural outlet. Under wetter climate conditions about 20,000 years BP, it eventually overflowed and began to drain to the east, cutting the Batoka Gorge through the basalt. The recent geological history of Victoria Falls can be seen in the overall form of the Batoka Gorge, with its six individual gorges and eight past positions of
1725-561: The Battle of the Alamo (March 1836) stands in front of the Alamo mission chapel in San Antonio, Texas . The cenotaph is empty because the remains of the fallen were cremated. Atop War Memorial Chapel at Virginia Tech , there is a cenotaph honouring all Virginia Tech cadets who have been killed in battle. Inscribed upon the cenotaph are the names of the seven Virginia Tech alumni who have been awarded
1800-599: The Cape in the south and from 1909, as far as the Belgian Congo in the north. In 1904 the Victoria Falls Hotel was opened to accommodate visitors arriving on the new railway. The falls became an increasingly popular attraction during British colonial rule of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), with the town of Victoria Falls becoming the main tourist centre. In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became
1875-668: The Devil's Cataract (called Leaping Water by some), the Main Falls , the Rainbow Falls (the highest) and the Eastern Cataract . The River Zambezi, upstream from the falls, experiences a rainy season from late November to early April, and a dry season the rest of the year. The river's annual flood season is February to May with a peak in April. The spray from the falls typically rises to
1950-743: The Dunedin Cenotaph , the Wellington Cenotaph and the Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph (a copy of the Whitehall Cenotaph). Although most notable cenotaphs commemorate notable individuals buried elsewhere, many cenotaphs pay tribute to people whose remains have never been located, particularly those lost at sea. Some such cenotaphs are dedicated to victims of the RMS Titanic whose bodies were not recovered after
2025-617: The Falklands War in 1982. The main memorial for Falkland Islanders is the 1982 Liberation Memorial , a cenotaph erected in Stanley in 1984 which lists all the British Army regiments, RAF squadrons, Royal Navy vessels and the Royal Marine formations and units that took part in the conflict. The names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war are listed on ten plaques behind
2100-579: The Manila North Cemetery in honour of the 24 Scouts who died in a plane crash en route to the 11th World Scout Jamboree . A cenotaph at Khejarli , Rajasthan, India, memorializes the 363 Bishnoi martyrs who were massacred in 1730 while defending their local khejri trees. In Kocaeli Province of Turkey there is a monumental cenotaph to memorialize the Carthaginian general and statesman Hannibal . Ottoman -ruled Jerusalem surrendered to
2175-691: The Medal of Honor . Maya Lin 's Memorial Wall in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , inscribed with the names of the approximately 58 thousand service members who died in the Vietnam War , is one of the most visited monuments in Washington D.C. In New London, Texas , a cenotaph stands dedicated to the more than 300 students and teachers killed in the New London School explosion on March 18, 1937, when
2250-582: The Old Drift , by dugout canoe or a barge towed across with a steel cable. Rhodes' vision of a Cape-Cairo railway drove plans for the first bridge across the Zambezi. He insisted it be built where the spray from the falls would fall on passing trains, so the site at the Second Gorge was chosen. (See the main article Victoria Falls Bridge for details. ) From 1905 the railway offered accessible travel from as far as
2325-528: The basalt at the Zambezi River margins is called the Victoria Falls Formation , which consists of gravel , the Pipe sandstone , Kalahari sand, aeolian sand and alluvium . A 15–45 m scarp bounds the river about 5–6 km from the main channel, and a series of river terraces are evident between the scarp and the channel. The basalt plateau of Victoria Falls, over which the Zambezi River flows,
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2400-612: The chhatri is painted in the same manner as the haveli . Cenotaphs have also been the subject of a number of illustrations including: In the Internet age, virtual cenotaphs are common in the game World of Warcraft , as well as in The Elder Scrolls series games though modding add-ons. They have also been created in the augmented reality game Ingress in honour of the slain MIT police officer Sean Collier and in memory of
2475-405: The 19th century, Scottish missionary David Livingstone identified the falls in 1855, naming them Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria . Since the mid-20th century, the site has been a major tourist destination. Zambia and Zimbabwe both have national parks and tourism infrastructure at the site. Research in the late 2010s found that precipitation variability due to climate change is likely to alter
2550-667: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby during the Battle of Jerusalem in December 1917 during World War I . A cenotaph was erected in 1920 at the historical site of the surrender, later to be named Allenby Square . The inscription dedicates it to the fallen of the 60th London Division . The Interallied Memorial of Cointe, commissioned by FIDAC (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) and built after World War I in Liège ,
2625-628: The Memorial, divided into the service branches. Services are held at the Memorial each year on 14 June ( Liberation Day ) and on Remembrance Sunday , with wreaths being laid at the foot of the Memorial. In the United States , a cenotaph in Yale University 's Hewitt Quad (or Beinecke Plaza ) honours men of Yale who died in battle. The John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial in Dallas is often described as
2700-517: The Rainbow", as a result of the constant spray. The nearby national park in Zambia is named Mosi-oa-Tunya , whereas the national park and town on the Zimbabwean shore are both named Victoria Falls. Victoria Falls is classified as the largest based on its combined width of 1,708 metres (5,604 ft) and height of 108 metres (354 ft), resulting in the world's largest sheet of falling water. For
2775-478: The Zambian side was near capacity, with rates in top hotels reaching US$ 630 per night. The rapid development has prompted the United Nations to consider revoking the falls' status as a World Heritage Site . In addition, problems of waste disposal and a lack of effective management of the falls' environment are a concern. A famous feature is the naturally formed "Devil's Pool", an infinity pool that sits on
2850-547: The Zambian side, fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement. On Botswana’s side of the border, Chobe National Park is a short distance to travel to and is a popular location for a day trip for many tourists visiting Victoria Falls for extended stays. It offers more diverse flora and fauna than Hwange National Park. In 2004
2925-431: The Zimbabwean side of the falls has historically been much higher than the number visiting the Zambian side, due to the greater development of the visitor facilities there. However, the number of tourists visiting Zimbabwe began to decline in the early 2000s as political tensions between supporters and opponents of president Robert Mugabe increased. In 2006, hotel occupancy on the Zimbabwean side hovered at around 30%, while
3000-469: The aesthetics of the waterfalls, and there are fears that Victoria Falls might join other World Heritage sites categorised as last-chance destinations. Recognition of the risks to the falls has sparked great debate among those in the tourism industry in both Zambia and Zimbabwe. While it may have had a negative impact on tourism, many experts in the region dismiss the story as ill-researched and irresponsible journalism. They do not deny climate change and
3075-661: The ancient world. Many were built in Ancient Egypt , Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe (in the shape of Neolithic barrows ). The cenotaph in Whitehall , London, designed in 1919 by Sir Edwin Lutyens , influenced the design of many other war memorials in Britain and in the British sectors of the Western Front , as well as those in other Commonwealth nations . Lutyens' cenotaph
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3150-532: The area such as pod mahogany , ebony , ivory palm , wild date palm , batoko plum and creepers and lianas. Outside the riparian zone, mopane woodland savannah predominates in the area, with smaller areas of miombo and Rhodesian teak woodland and shrubland savannah . Vegetation has suffered in recent droughts, and so have the animals that depend on it, particularly antelope. The national parks contain abundant wildlife including sizeable populations of elephant , Cape buffalo , giraffe , Grant's zebra , and
3225-464: The central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life. Surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929. A surrounding memorial wall commemorates
3300-597: The character of the falls. David Livingstone was the first European recorded to have viewed the falls on 16 November 1855, from an island now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore. Livingstone named his sighting in honour of Queen Victoria , but the Sotho language name, Mosi-oa-Tunya —"The Smoke That Thunders"—continues in common usage. The World Heritage List officially recognises both names. Livingstone also cited an older name, Seongo or Chongwe , which means "The Place of
3375-453: The closest Sunday to 11 November ( Armistice Day ). In Australia, Anzac Day commemorations are usually held at all of the nation's many war memorials , but not all of them are cenotaphs. Cenotaphs include the Hobart Cenotaph , the Sydney Cenotaph and the obelisk within the State War Memorial in Kings Park , Perth, Western Australia. Anzac Day commemorations in New Zealand are also usually held at local war memorials. Cenotaphs include
3450-403: The dead from events outside conventional Western coverage. The concrete Memorial Cenotaph at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was designed by Kenzo Tange to commemorate the victims of the August 1945 atomic bomb attacks . The cenotaph at the 228 Peace Memorial Park in Taipei , Taiwan was erected as a memorial to the February 28 incident . In the Philippines, a cenotaph was erected inside
3525-411: The dead. It was designed by French émigré architect Maximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827. It is considered the first war memorial in America, and an early example of a memorial to individual soldiers. The Monument appears on the Seal and the Logo of the City of Baltimore, and serves as a symbol for any agencies of the municipal government. A cenotaph for the defenders of
3600-419: The fall clearly marked in the correct position. It also shows dotted lines denoting trade routes that David Livingstone followed 140 years later. A map from c. 1750 drawn by Jacques Nicolas Bellin for Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles marks the falls as "cataractes" and notes a settlement to the north of the Zambezi as being friendly with the Portuguese at the time. In November 1855, David Livingstone
3675-410: The falls and its surroundings in 1875 (published in 1880), and British artist Thomas Baines , who executed some of the earliest paintings of the falls. Until the area was opened up by the building of the railway in 1905, though, the falls were seldom visited by other Europeans. Some writers believe that the Portuguese priest Gonçalo da Silveira was the first European to catch sight of the falls back in
3750-413: The falls may become dry, allowing the bottom of the First Gorge to be seen along most of its length. At this time, it becomes possible (though not necessarily safe) to walk across some stretches of the river at the crest. It is also possible to walk to the bottom of the First Gorge at the Zimbabwean side. The minimum flow, which occurs in November, is around a tenth of the April figure; this variation in flow
3825-399: The falls. By the end of the 1990s, almost 400,000 people were visiting the falls annually, and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade. Unlike the game parks, Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists; the attraction is accessible by bus and train, and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach. The numbers of visitors to
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#17328764693333900-427: The falls. Zimbabwe's internationally recognized independence in 1980 brought comparative peace, and the 1980s witnessed renewed levels of tourism and the development of the region as a centre for adventure sports . Activities that gained popularity in the area include whitewater rafting in the gorges, bungee jumping from the bridge, game fishing , horse riding , kayaking , e-biking , and sightseeing flights over
3975-423: The falls. The east–west oriented gorges imply structural control with alignment along joints of shatter zones, or faults with 50 metres (160 ft) of vertical displacement as is the case of the second and fifth gorges. Headward erosion along these structural lines of weakness would establish a new fall line and abandonment of the earlier line. North-south oriented joints control the south flowing sections of
4050-417: The gorges, but they are mainly known for 35 species of raptors . The Taita falcon , Verreaux's eagle , peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there. Above the falls, herons , African fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common. The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 84 species above it. This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between
4125-416: The independent state of Zambia. The following year, Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence . This was not recognised by Zambia, the United Kingdom nor the vast majority of states and led to United Nations -mandated sanctions. In response to the emerging crisis, in 1966 Zambia restricted or stopped border crossings. It did not re-open the border completely until 1980. The Rhodesian Bush War erupted on
4200-446: The lip of Victoria Falls, on the Zambian side, along the western tip of Livingstone Island. When the river flow is at a certain level, usually between September and December, a rock barrier forms an eddy with minimal current, allowing adventurous swimmers to splash around in relative safety in front of the point where the water cascades over the falls. The two national parks at the falls are relatively small– Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park
4275-403: The majority of cenotaphs honour individuals, many noted cenotaphs are also dedicated to the memories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire. "Cenotaph" means "empty tomb" and is derived from the Greek κενοτάφιον , kenotaphion , a compound word that is created from the morphological combination of two root words: Cenotaphs were common in
4350-485: The men and women killed during World War II. In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The Victoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18. It was unveiled by Prince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923. There is also a cenotaph in Lusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, and commemorates those Zambians who fought and died in World Wars I & II. The cenotaph
4425-408: The nation's war dead in World War I and later conflicts include the National War Memorial (a cenotaph surmounted by a bronze sculpture entitled "The Response") in Ottawa ; Montreal , Toronto , Hamilton , Victoria , St. John's , Halifax , and the Victory Square Cenotaph , in Vancouver , British Columbia. In the Falkland Islands , there are several war memorials to commemorate those killed in
4500-411: The northwestern region of Rajasthan as well as in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra . In the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, chhatri s are built on the cremation sites of wealthy or distinguished individuals. Chhatri s in Shekhawati may consist of a simple structure of one dome raised by four pillars to a building containing many domes and a basement with several rooms. In some places, the interior of
4575-422: The request of his wife, Françoise de la Chassaigne, probably by Prieur and Guillerman, two Bordeaux ornamentists. On the cenotaph, next to the coat of arms, there are two epitaphs, in Greek and in Latin. The one in Latin begins: "To Michel de Montaigne, son of Pierre, grandson of Grimond, great-grand-son of Raymond, knight of Saint-Michel, ex-mayor of the city of Bordeaux, a man born for glory, with gentle manners,
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#17328764693334650-411: The river plummets in a single vertical drop into a transverse chasm 1,708 metres (5,604 ft) wide, carved along a fracture zone in the basalt plateau. The depth of the chasm, called the First Gorge, varies from 80 metres (260 ft) at its western end to 108 metres (354 ft) in the centre. The only outlet from the First Gorge is a 110-metre-wide (360 ft) gap about two-thirds of the way across
4725-422: The river. One of these is the "Boiling Pot", which links the First Gorge with the Second Gorge. The falls may have already started cutting back the next major gorge, at the dip in one side of the "Devil's Cataract", between the western river bank and Cataract Island. The lip in the current falls is lowest here and carries the greatest concentration of water at flood stage. The sedimentary sequence overlying
4800-407: The sinking. Although Isidor Straus 's body was recovered, Ida Straus 's body was not, and a cenotaph at the Straus Mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx is dedicated to Isidor and Ida together. Its inscription reads: "Many waters cannot quench love—neither can the floods drown it." ( Song of Solomon 8:7 ) The striking cenotaph of Major Archibald Butt , aide to U.S. President William Taft ,
4875-408: The sixteenth century. European settlement of the Victoria Falls area started around 1900 in response to the desire of Cecil Rhodes ' British South Africa Company for mineral rights and imperial rule north of the Zambezi, and the exploitation of other natural resources such as timber forests north-east of the falls, and ivory and animal skins. Before 1905, the river was crossed above the falls at
4950-407: The southern side of the Zambezi from 1972 to 1980 with terrorist incursions from Zambia, Mozambique and Botswana. Visitor numbers began to drop, particularly on the Rhodesian side. Periodic Rhodesian military cross-border operations against guerrilla camps in Zambia, caused the Zambians to impose security measures including the stationing of soldiers to restrict access to the gorges and some parts of
5025-495: The upper and lower Zambezi. In February 2020, National Geographic highlighted the threat to the falls from extreme weather conditions. Rising temperatures make the region hotter and drier. There is substantial water flow variability from year to year, with a significant drop in the general trend of water flow in September, October, November and December. This is particularly pronounced in drought years, which are becoming more frequent and intense. Such occurrences have affected
5100-513: The victims of the First World War , but is used to commemorate all of the dead in all wars in which British servicemen and women have fought. The dates of the First World War and the Second World War are inscribed on it in Roman numerals. The design was used in the construction of many other war memorials throughout the British Empire. The Cenotaph is used for annual Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday Commemorations held every November where all political leaders and ex-prime ministers attend and lay
5175-533: The victims of the 1942 Struma disaster . On 13 January 2016, Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory dedicated, in conjunction with radio station Studio Brussels , an asterism of seven stars in the vicinity of Mars which had been photographed at the exact time of David Bowie 's death; when appropriately connected they form the iconic lightning bolt of Aladdin Sane . Victoria Falls Victoria Falls ( Lozi : Mosi-oa-Tunya , "Thundering Smoke"; Tonga : Shungu Namutitima , "Boiling Water")
5250-455: The width of the falls from the western end. The whole volume of the river pours into the Victoria Falls gorges from this narrow cleft. Two islands on the crest of the falls: Boaruka Island (or Cataract Island) near the western bank, and Livingstone Island near the middle. At less than full flood, additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams. The main streams are named, in order from Zimbabwe (west) to Zambia (east):
5325-446: Was also found in a settlement dating to the late first millennium AD. The southern Tonga people known as the Batoka/Tokalea called the falls Shungu na mutitima . The Matabele , later arrivals, named them aManz' aThunqayo , and the Batswana and Makololo (whose language is used by the Lozi people ) call them Mosi-o-Tunya . All these names mean essentially "the smoke that thunders". A map drawn by Nicolas de Fer in 1715 shows
5400-590: Was chosen as a deliberately secular monument. The Church of Santa Engrácia , in Lisbon , Portugal, turned into a National Pantheon in 1966, holds six cenotaphs, namely to Luís de Camões , Pedro Álvares Cabral , Afonso de Albuquerque , Nuno Álvares Pereira , Vasco da Gama and Henry the Navigator . The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence , Italy , contains a number of cenotaphs, including one for Dante Alighieri , who
5475-533: Was commemorated in 1977. A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected in Plaza San Martín , in downtown Buenos Aires , to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War , in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers. Another cenotaph, which
5550-513: Was formed during the Jurassic period, around 200 million years ago. Early Stone Age Acheulean stone artefacts and Oldowan tools were excavated at archaeological sites around the falls, as well as Sangoan tools and Lupemban artefacts dating to the Middle Stone Age . Early Iron Age pottery was excavated at a vlei site near Masuma Dam in the early 1960s. Evidence for iron smelting
5625-459: Was the first European who saw the falls, when he travelled from the upper Zambezi to the mouth of the river between 1852 and 1856. The falls were well known to local tribes, and Voortrekker hunters may have known of them, as may the Arabs under a name equivalent to "the end of the world". Europeans were sceptical of their reports, perhaps thinking that the lack of mountains and valleys on the plateau made
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