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30-478: In December 1110, Tancred, Prince of Galilee pounded the walls of Atarib, which forced Seljuq ruler of Aleppo , Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan , to purchase peace by handling Atarib and Zardana to Tancred, in addition to twenty thousand dinars and ten of best Arab horses. In August 1119, Ilghazi , joined by Toghtekin and two other Muslim chieftains, captured Atarib following the Battle of Ager Sanguinis . However, Atarib

60-576: A brilliant strategist by seizing five of the most important sites in Cilicia Pedias, which included the ancient cities of Tarsus and Adana , the great emporium at Mopsuestia , and the strategic castles at Sarvandikar and Anazarbus . The last three settlements were annexed to the Principality of Antioch. During their fourteen-year occupation of Anazarbus the Crusaders built the magnificent donjon atop

90-479: A combative nature, but it also showcases a very pragmatic side of him concerning the even distribution among his men of the plunder gained following the despoliation of the mosques of Jerusalem after the city's conquest by the Crusaders in 1099. Tancred appears as a character in Torquato Tasso 's 16th-century poem Jerusalem Delivered , in which he is portrayed as an epic hero and given a fictional love interest,

120-603: A possible war crime , the first time it has explicitly implicated Russia in possible war crimes. The town was severely damaged by the earthquake of 6 February 2023 , with hundreds of residents killed or injured. On 28 November 2024, during the Northwestern Aleppo offensive , fifteen civilians were killed in a Russian airstrike in the town. Atarib has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ). Tancred, Prince of Galilee Tancred ( c. 1075 – December 5 or December 12, 1112)

150-512: A prison that holds some 15 people. The army shelled the town daily, keeping residents away. Only about 4,000 residents remained as of August 2012. It "is known for its history of civil and armed resistance against both the Syrian government and hard-line Islamist groups" and its residents have driven out both ISIL in 2014 and al-Nusra troops in 2015. By November 2013, the town was controlled by ISIL. By early January 2014, clashes were reported between

180-710: Is depicted as a violent psychopath. His portrayal is similar although slightly more humorous in Alfred Duggan 's novel Count Bohemond . Tancred also appears as one of the Crusade leaders in Sir Walter Scott 's novel Count Robert of Paris who returned to Constantinople from Scutari to ensure a fair contest between Count Robert and his challenger. The novel Tancred, or the New Crusade by Benjamin Disraeli centres around

210-586: The Gesta Tancredi . Ralph notes how Tancred was well aware of the innate sinfulness of the knightly profession and the violence it entailed, and how this led him to give up his life in Norman-dominated southern Italy to take part in Pope Urban II’s call for an armed pilgrimage. Tancred is described by Ralph as a very pious, violent hawk of a man. He was a shrewd, opportunistic warrior bred for conquest with

240-689: The Islamic Front and ISIS forces in the town. By April 2014, the town was back under rebel control. By June 2014, clashes were reported between the SRF and al-Nusra; about five days later, most of al-Nusra Front withdrew from the towns of Atarib and Sarmada. Al-Nusra attempted to take control of the city in February 2015. During al-Nusra's campaign to eliminate the FSA-affiliated Hazzm Movement , al-Nusra reportedly threatened to besiege Atarib and demanded

270-564: The Byzantine Empire. In late September 1108, near Turbessel , Tancred, with 1,500 Frankish knights and infantry, and 600 Turkish horsemen sent by Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan confronted Baldwin II and the 2,000 men of Jawali Saqawa , atabeg of Mosul . Tancred and Ridwan routed Jawali's men, who took refuge in Turbessel. Later on, Tancred who had initially refused to abandon Turbessel to Baldwin II, decided at

300-540: The adventures of an imagined modern descendant and namesake of the Prince of Galilee. Rossini's opera Tancredi is based on Tasso, via Voltaire 's play Tancrède of 1759. Italo-Normans The Italo-Normans ( Italian : Italo-Normanni ), or Siculo-Normans ( Siculo-Normanni ) when referring to Sicily and Southern Italy , are the Italian -born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to Southern Italy in

330-660: The assembly in Château Pèlerin in April 1109, to give up Turbessel in return for his restoration to his old domains in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1110, he brought Krak des Chevaliers under his control, which would later become an important castle in the County of Tripoli . Tancred remained the regent of Antioch for Bohemond II until his death in 1112 during a typhoid epidemic. He had married Cecile of France , but died childless. Tancred

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360-471: The center of the fortified outcrop. At Sarvandikar, which controlled the strategic Amanus Pass, Tancred imprisoned Raymond of Saint-Gilles in 1101/02. He assisted in the siege of Antioch in 1098. One year later, during the assault on Jerusalem , Tancred, along with Gaston IV of Béarn , claimed to have been the first Crusader to enter the city on July 15. (Alternative claim ) When the city fell, Tancred along with other crusading armies participated in

390-727: The county; Tancred was eventually defeated and returned to Antioch. After Harran, Bohemond returned to Europe to recruit more Crusaders, again leaving his nephew as regent in Antioch . Tancred's victory over Radwan of Aleppo at the Battle of Artah in 1105 allowed the Latin principality to recover some its territories east of the Orontes River . In 1108, Tancred refused to honour the Treaty of Devol , in which Bohemond swore an oath of fealty to Alexius, and for decades afterwards Antioch remained independent of

420-569: The first half of the eleventh century. While maintaining much of their distinctly Norman piety and customs of war, they were shaped by the diversity of Southern Italy, by the cultures and customs of the Greeks , Lombards , and Arabs in Sicily. Normans first arrived in Italy as pilgrims, probably on their way to or returning from either Rome or Jerusalem , or from visiting the shrine at Monte Gargano , during

450-651: The late tenth and early eleventh centuries. In 1017, the Lombard lords in Apulia recruited their assistance against the dwindling power of the Byzantine Catapanate of Italy . They soon established vassal states of their own and began to expand their conquests until they were encroaching on the Lombard principalities of Benevento and Capua , Saracen -controlled territories, as well as Greek, and territory under papal allegiance. Their conquest of Sicily, which began in 1061,

480-613: The oath altogether. He participated in the siege of Nicaea in 1097, but the city was taken by Alexius' army after secret negotiations with the Seljuk Turks . Because of this, Tancred was very distrustful of the Byzantines. In 1097, the Crusaders divided their forces at Heraclea Cybistra and Tancred entered the Levant by passing south through the Cilician Gates . He displayed the skills of

510-669: The pagan warrior-maiden Clorinda. This poem was the inspiration of the film, The Mighty Crusaders , about the Siege of Jerusalem in June-July of 1099. He is also loved by the Princess Erminia of Antioch. Portions of Tasso's verses were set by Claudio Monteverdi in his 1624 dramatic work Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda . He also appears in one of the scenes in Imre Madách 's The Tragedy of Man . In Tom Harper 's Siege of Heaven he

540-607: The sack of the city. The author of the Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks) records that, when Tancred realized this, he was "greatly angered". However, his fury was calmed by the argument that the possibility of a counter-attack meant it was too dangerous for the citizens of Jerusalem to be left alive. When the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, Tancred became Prince of Galilee. In 1100, Tancred became regent of Antioch when Bohemond

570-463: The sacking of the city. his biographer Ralph of Caen is cited to have said that "Tancred was one of the most active participants in the decimation of the conquered Saracens.” During the final stages of the battle Tancred gave his banner to a group of the citizens who had fled to the roof of the Temple of Solomon . This should have assured their safety, but they were massacred, along with many others, during

600-559: The same rule for the first time since Justinian's brief reconquest of the peninsula as a whole. The Norman dynasty established by Roger II continued with William I , and then William II. After the latter's death without heirs in 1189, and following the brief reign of his illegitimate cousin Tancred of Lecce, the German Emperor Henry VI of Swabia (who had married Constance , aunt and legitimate successor of William II) conquered

630-522: The surrender of locals who were members of the Hazzm Movement. However, with support from other rebel groups, Atarib resisted al-Nusra control. In 2017, it came within one of the "de-escalation zones" brokered between Russia , Iran and Turkey , but has been bombed since by government forces, including strikes on the marketplace in November 2017 , described by the U.N. Commission of Inquiry on Syria as

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660-401: The whole of their conquests on the peninsula and the island. Between 1135 and 1155 Roger II also created an Italo-Norman Kingdom of Africa in coastal Tunisia and Tripolitania . He intended to unite this African kingdom with his Kingdom of Sicily, but his untimely death in 1154 put an end to these plans. When founded in 1130, this Italo-Norman kingdom united the whole of Southern Italy under

690-527: Was also a sister of Bohemond I of Antioch . In 1096, Tancred joined his maternal uncle Bohemond on the First Crusade , and the two made their way to Constantinople . There, he was pressured to swear an oath to Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus , promising to give back any conquered land to the Byzantine Empire . Although the other leaders did not intend to keep their oaths, Tancred refused to swear

720-534: Was an Italo-Norman leader of the First Crusade who later became Prince of Galilee and regent of the Principality of Antioch . Tancred came from the house of Hauteville and was the great-grandson of Norman lord Tancred of Hauteville . Tancred was a son of Emma of Hauteville and Odo the Good Marquis . His maternal grandparents were Robert Guiscard and Guiscard's first wife Alberada of Buonalbergo . Emma

750-519: Was buried in the porch of St. Peter , the cathedral of Antioch. The Gesta Tancredi is a biography of Tancred written in Latin by Ralph of Caen , a Norman who joined the First Crusade and served under Tancred and Bohemond. An English translation was co-published in 2005 by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach. Ralph of Caen details Tancred's personality in his chronicle and biography of him in

780-625: Was ceded back to the Crusaders a year later during an internal conflict between Ilghazi and his son Suleiman. Later on, the Zengid leader Imad ad-Din Zengi conquered Kafartab and other fortress cities along the eastern frontier of the Principality of Antioch 's territories, such as Atarib, Maarrat al-Numan and Zardana in the spring of 1135. Afterwards, Atarib was briefly captured by Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos during his campaigns in Syria in 1138. The city

810-676: Was completed by 1091. Italo-Normans were the primary Norman mercenaries in the employ of the Byzantine emperors , and many found service in Rome under the pope. Some went to Spain to join the Reconquista , and in 1096 the Normans of Bohemond of Taranto joined the First Crusade and set up the principality of Antioch in the Levant . In 1130 under Roger II , they created the Kingdom of Sicily , encompassing

840-769: Was later devastated by the 1138 Aleppo earthquake , then occupied by Muslims. During the Syrian Civil War , Atarib has been a rebel-held town. Anti-Assad regime demonstrations took place in Atarib early in the Syrian revolution, in April 2011. It became a centre for defected officers from the Syrian Arab Army , who would go on to form the nucleus of the Free Syrian Army and specifically its al-Mutasem Bi’ allah brigade. Government forces were forced out in July 2012. In August 2012, it

870-519: Was reported that every building downtown was damaged, with windows blown out, doors peppered with shrapnel and awnings shredded to ribbons. At the center sat the charred shells of the police station and city hall, which troops occupied in February. For months, local rebels attacked their positions and tried to cut their supply lines. By the time the army left in June, the city was destroyed and deserted. Town leaders have formed military and civil councils and opened

900-545: Was taken prisoner by the Danishmends at the Battle of Melitene . He expanded the territory of the Latin principality by capturing land from the Byzantines, although, over the next decade, Alexius attempted, unsuccessfully, to bring him under Byzantine control. In 1104, he also took control of the County of Edessa when Baldwin II was taken captive after the Battle of Harran . After Baldwin's release in late 1108, he had to fight Tancred (probably early 1109) to regain control of

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