Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia . Kyrgyz is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a significant minority language in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , China and in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan . There is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between Kyrgyz, Kazakh , and Altay . A dialect of Kyrgyz known as Pamiri Kyrgyz is spoken in north-eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan . Kyrgyz is also spoken by many ethnic Kyrgyz through the former Soviet Union , Afghanistan , Turkey , parts of northern Pakistan , and Russia .
23-498: Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan ( Kyrgyz : Ата-Журт Кыргызстан ; lit. ' Fatherland Kyrgyzstan ' ) is a Kyrgyz political party running in the 2021 parliamentary election . The party is not affiliated with the Ata-Zhurt party, and is linked with President Japarov and the Mekenchil party. The party was legally founded in 1999 but did not participate in any elections until 2021. It
46-597: A "Left-Right Shift" method when carrying out language training in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz has spent centuries in contact with numerous other languages, and as such has borrowed extensively from them. These languages include: Uzbek, Oirat , Mongolian, Russian , and Arabic . Historically the Old Turkic Script was the first script used to write Kyrgyz. The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet , which uses all
69-415: A number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology ). Normally the decision between the velar ( [ɡ ~ ɣ] , [k] ) and uvular ( [ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q] ) pronunciation of ⟨г⟩ and ⟨к⟩ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply
92-620: A series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty , Kyrgyz-speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan , which was already populated by various Turco-Mongol tribes. As Chaghatai Ulus subjects, the Kyrgyz converted to Islam . Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language, but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh , Uzbek and Uyghur . Kyrgyz is divided into two main dialects, Northern and Southern. Northern having more Mongolian loanwords and Southern having more Uzbek ones. Standard Kyrgyz
115-644: A small stroke on the right to indicate vowel length. It was retained longest in China where it can still be found in an occasional journal article. However, in China, Buryat and Oirat are considered non-standard compared to Southern Mongolian and are therefore supposed to use the Mongolian script and Southern Mongolian grammar for writing. In practice the people use neither and resort to learning Mandarin Chinese and using hànzì to communicate with others in China. In Kalmykia,
138-434: A velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/ , not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel. Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns: The declension of
161-536: Is endangered in all areas where it is spoken. In Russia, the killing of a large fraction of the Kalmyk population and the destruction of their society as consequences of the Kalmyk deportations of 1943 , along with the subsequent imposition among them of Russian as the sole official language have rendered the language obsolescent: it is almost exclusively the elderly who have a fluent command of Kalmyk. In China, while Oirat
184-465: Is a Mongolic language spoken by the descendants of Oirat Mongols , now forming parts of Mongols in China , Kalmyks in Russia and Mongolians. Largely mutually intelligible to other core Central Mongolic languages, scholars differ as to whether they regard Oirat as a distinct language or a major dialect of the Mongolian language . Oirat-speaking areas are scattered across the far west of Mongolia ,
207-406: Is based on Northern Kyrgyz. There is also a third smaller dialect called Pamiri Kyrgyz. /a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/ . In most dialects, its status as a vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable. The United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using
230-921: Is spoken in all of these nations, is Torgut . The term Oirat or more precisely, Written Oirat is sometimes also used to refer to the language of historical documents written in the Clear script . In Mongolia, there are seven historical Oirat dialects, each corresponding to a different tribe: There are some varieties of Oirat that are difficult to classify. The Alasha dialect in Alxa League , Inner Mongolia , originally belonged to Oirat and has been classified as such by some because of its phonology . However, it has been classified by others as Mongolian proper because of its morphology . The Darkhad dialect in Mongolia's Khövsgöl Province has variously been classified as Oirat, Mongolian proper, or (less often) Buryat . Oirat
253-553: Is still quite widely used in its traditional ranges and there are many monolingual speakers, a combination of government policies and social realities has created an environment deleterious to the use of this language: the Chinese authorities' adoption of Southern Mongolian as the normative Mongolian language, new educational policies which have led to the virtual elimination of Mongolian schools in Xinjiang (there were just two left as of 2009), policies aiming to curtail nomadism , and
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#1733084624679276-599: Is unaffiliated to Ata-Zhurt party despite the same name This article about a Kyrgyz political party is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kyrgyz language Kyrgyz was originally written in Göktürk script , gradually replaced by the Perso-Arabic alphabet (in use until 1928 in the USSR, still in use in China). Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin-script alphabet ,
299-594: The Kipchak branch of the family. It is considered to be an East Kipchak language , forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch. Internally, Kyrgyz has three distinct varieties; Northern and Southern Kyrgyz. Language should not be confused with Old Kyrgyz ( Yenisei Kyrgyz ) language which classified as a member of the South Siberian branch of Turkic languages. The successor of
322-651: The Uniform Turkic Alphabet , was used. In 1940, Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular. Although the plan has not been implemented, it remains in occasional discussion. Kyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to
345-645: The Cyrillic alphabet. (1928–1938) ع * ق * Kyrgyz follows a subject-object-verb word order, Kyrgyz also has no grammatical gender with gender being implied through context. Kyrgyz lacks several analytic grammatical features that english has, these include: auxiliary verbs (ex: to have), definite articles (ex: the), indefinite articles (ex: a/an), and modal verbs (ex: should; will), dependent clauses , and subordinating conjugations (ex: that; before; while). Kyrgyz instead replaces these with various synthetic grammatical substutes. Nouns in Kyrgyz take
368-554: The Cyrillic-Latin debate. In April 2023, Russia suspended dairy exports to Kyrgyzstan after a proposal by the chairman of Kyrgyzstan's National Commission for the State Language and Language Policies, Kanybek Osmonaliev, to change the alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin to bring the country in line with other Turkic nations. Osmonaliev was reprimanded by President Sadyr Japarov , who later clarified that Kyrgyzstan had no plans to replace
391-617: The Russian letters plus ң , ө and ү . Though in the Xinjiang region of China, an Arabic alphabet is used. Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin alphabet was used for many minority languages in the USSR, including Kyrgyz. There have been attempts after 1990 to introduce other Latin alphabets which are closer to the Turkish alphabet , e.g. the Common Turkic Alphabet . There are political shades to
414-879: The Yenisei Kyrgyz language today are the Khakas in Russian Federation and Fuyu Kyrgyz in Northeastern China . In 925, when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes, some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks , resulting in a language shift. After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and
437-555: The limited occupational prospects in Chinese society for graduates of Mongolian schools. As for Mongolia, the predominance of Khalkha Mongolian is bringing about the Khalkhaization of all other varieties of Mongolian. Oirat has been written in two script systems: the Mongolian scripts and Cyrillic. Historically, the Clear script , which originated from the Mongolian script , was used. It uses modified letters shapes e.g. to differentiate between different rounded vowels, and it uses
460-583: The most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- be (болгон(дук), болор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Oirat language Oirat ( Clear script : ᡆᡕᡅᠷᠠᡑ ᡍᡄᠯᡄᠨ , Oirad kelen ; Kalmyk : Өөрд , Öörd [øːˈrət] ; Khalkha Mongolian : Ойрад , Oirad [ˈœe̯rət] )
483-539: The northwest of China and Russia 's Caspian coast, where its major variety is Kalmyk . In China, it is spoken mainly in Xinjiang , but also among the Deed Mongol of Qinghai and Subei County in Gansu . In all three countries, Oirat has become variously endangered or even obsolescent as a direct result of government actions or as a consequence of social and economic policies. Its most widespread tribal dialect, which
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#1733084624679506-943: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb: 1) determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules. To form complement clauses , Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be: Мен Men I эмнени emneni what- ACC . DEF көргөнүмдү körgönümdü see-ing- 1SG - ACC . DEF билбейм bilbeym know- NEG - 1SG Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1SG roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where
529-449: The verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know." The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels. Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are
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