Misplaced Pages

#238761

61-546: Assi Ghat is the southernmost ghat in Varanasi . To most visitors to Varanasi, it is known for being a place where long-term foreign students, researchers, and tourists live. The ghat hosts Subah-e-Banaras, a cultural and spiritual event, in the mornings. The Assi Ghat is the southernmost ghat in Varanasi. It is one of the biggest ghats in Varanasi. The Assi and Ganges rivers converge at Assi Ghat. To most visitors in Varanasi, it

122-673: A hospital during the early phase of settlement. By the mid-18th century, sugar plantations had been developed on the Island of Mauritius, utilizing slave labour. In 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars , Mauritius passed to British control, as confirmed in the Treaty of Paris , at a time when the British Empire was expanding its influence in the Indian Ocean region. British commercial interest led to

183-587: A new lifeline with the establishment of the Immigration Depot. The high number of indentured labourers passing through the facility, to be transported to the various territories of the British Empire, proved to be an endless supply stream of cheap labour. In the period of 1834–60, 290,000 Indian labourers arrived. The pool of labour proved to be so large that, for the next 67 years, indentured contracts were limited to only one year. This sugar revolution led to an increase in volume production, making Mauritius

244-510: A person or a business). Aapravasi Ghat or The Immigration Depot is a building complex located in Port Louis on the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius , the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from India. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout

305-508: A river-side. The word 'ghat' has also been derived from Dravidian etymons such as Telugu kaṭṭa and gaṭṭu (dam and embankment) derived from kaṭṭu meaning "to tie". These are bathing wharves on a river. The numerous significant ghats along the Ganges are the Varanasi ghats (the city of Varanasi has 88 ghats) and generically the "ghats of the Ganges". Most of these were constructed under

366-457: A series of 14 stone steps, which are presently intact. The walls protecting the wharf along the waterfront are made from a mosaic of dressed stones, as a result of continuous reconstruction over a long period of time. Land reclamations carried out over time to develop the Trou Fanfaron harbor have rendered the historic wharf unusable. The stone steps' direct access to the sea, the first parts of

427-471: A short period of time, more than in any other sugar-producing British territories. No other indentured migration has so definitely shaped the future of a nation as the movement of Indian workers to Mauritius, with the result of around half a million Indians settling on the island. Today, up to 1.22 million Mauritians, or 68 percent of the national population, have Indian ancestry, called Indo-Mauritians. This Indian heritage, however, had been extant even before

488-448: A substantial part of the agricultural economy, leading to the growth of rural villages and giving rise to a bourgeoisie that would continue to influence to island's post-colonial politics. Meanwhile, the second-generation Indian immigrants, who were exposed to the cultures of foreign land and were more attuned to British policies, were able to work beyond the agricultural sector. These Western-educated skilled professionals were employed by

549-460: Is a building complex located in Port Louis , Mauritius , the first British colony to receive indentured, or contracted, labour workforce from many countries. From 1849 to 1923, half a million Indian indentured labourers passed through the Immigration Depot, to be transported to plantations throughout the British Empire . The large-scale migration of the labourers left an indelible mark on

610-484: Is a direct Hindi translation of "Immigration Depot". Aapravasi is the Hindi word for "immigrant", while ghat literally means "interface"—factually reflecting the structure's position between the land and sea, and symbolically marking a transition between the old life and the new for the arriving indentured immigrants. Alluding to its function as a pit stop to prospective plantation workers, alternatively called coolies ,

671-403: Is estimated that up to 20 million Indians have emigrated from their homeland, making it the largest diaspora in modern times. Thus, the Immigration Depot is considered to be the site where the modern, large-scale indentured labour diaspora began —the system didn't only sustain the plantation economies of the British Empire, but also resulted in the transplantation of cultures and shaping of

SECTION 10

#1732890853239

732-416: Is in this intersection of migratory experiences that the ghat derives its particularity: it should promote the symbolical values of the indentured, to open it to the profound experience of migrations, which will always be a constant movement of this Earth, whether it be freely accepted or forced. The indentured system also left a sizeable documentary heritage. A comprehensive record was kept of immigrants, from

793-430: Is known for being a place where long-term foreign students, researchers, and tourists live. Assi Ghat is one of the ghats often visited for recreation and during festivals. Most of the people visiting the ghat on usual days are students from the nearby Banaras Hindu University . The ghat accommodates about 22,500 people. During iconic Dev Deepawali festival, more than 600,000 tourists visit the ghat. Hindus believe that it

854-556: Is referred to River Bank which is used for Docking of Boats. The Immigration Depot was built on the east side of the sheltered bay of Trou Fanfaron in Port Louis, the Mauritian capital. The historic complex currently consists of the partial remains of three stone buildings dating back to the 1860s, built on the spot of an earlier depot site. It consists of the entrance gateway and a hospital block, remnants of immigration sheds, and vestiges of

915-503: The British Empire . The large-scale migration of the laborers left an indelible mark on the societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations . In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry . The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius. Aapravasi Ghat Aapravasi Ghat (“The Immigration Depot”)

976-571: The Thirteen Colonies . By the 18th century, it has been estimated that over half of the population of white immigrants in the British colonies of North America may have been indentured servants. However, the scale of the system that was put into operation in Mauritius was unprecedented. It immediately spread throughout the colonies of the British Empire, and was imitated by other European powers, while

1037-452: The 1930s due to the Depression, the mono-crop agricultural industry and the abolition of the indentured labor system have made the Mauritian economy vulnerable, which culminated in labour unrests in 1937. World War II further aggravated the situation. Hence, economic reforms were carried out to diversify agricultural production and develop other industries beginning in 1945. In the mid-1990s,

1098-450: The 1980s was sparked by the visit to the site by the late Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1970. This led to the protection of the complex's remains as a national monument in 1987, through the national heritage legislation. A landscape project over a part of the site and a series of restoration works were initiated in the 1990s. The lack of a formal conservation plan or a methodical archaeological approach have called into question

1159-573: The 20th century. The struggling sugar barons sold portions of their properties to the Indian merchants in what became known as the Great Morcellement Movement. Thus, the Indians, or Indo-Mauritians, became the first non-whites to own lands in the colony. By the 1920s, the properties of Indo-Mauritians had already accounted for 40 percent of Mauritius's arable lands. They eventually took control of

1220-557: The British in the Colonial Service. In the British territories bordering the Indian Ocean, they took up a large share of the clerical positions in the bureaucracy. Slowly making their way up, many had achieved respectable positions by the beginning of the 20th century. Beyond politics, the settlement of Indian migrants on the island resulted in a melting pot of culture, intermixing with African, Chinese, Creole, and European influences. The celebration of Hindu festivals has become part of

1281-483: The Great Experiment was implemented, Indians constituted less than four percent of Mauritius's population. However, the steady trickle of labourers changed the demographic face of the colony so that, by 1860, Indians made up more than 66 percent of the population. The colony received such a high proportion of the Indian diaspora that historians have noted the dramatic way the local demography had been altered over such

SECTION 20

#1732890853239

1342-465: The Immigration Depot came from the northern part of the subcontinent, corresponding to the present states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh . The region was then in turmoil following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Smaller numbers of migrants came from Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu . The Indian migrants that passed through the island have left a distinct mark on the Mauritian society. In 1835, a year after

1403-440: The Immigration Depot has also been known by an older name, the 'Coolie Ghat'. The prominent use of the Hindi language in Mauritian naming conventions is based on social and ethnic demographics; over half the national population is of Indian ancestry, a direct result of the Indian labour diaspora that passed through the Immigration Depot. In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, from where majority of these Indian Labourers where brought,"Ghat"

1464-441: The Immigration Depot seen by arriving migrants, has become part of history. Beyond the stone steps is the building complex, which was centred on a yard. The buildings had characteristic French clay tile roofing, the better to provide insulation and ventilation, and bitumen flooring. Continuous site improvements to accommodate the high number of migrants were carried out, including the installation of planked walls as room dividers by

1525-405: The Immigration Depot throughout its existence. The end of indentured immigration meant that the Immigration Depot had served its purpose. After 1923, the buildings were put to other uses. The structures remained extant until the 1970s, when the construction of a bus station and a corresponding motorway led to the demolition of some of the buildings. A renewed interest on the site's importance in

1586-409: The Indian labor force was also employed beyond the sugarcane fields, in such workplaces as mines and even railways. The global system of indentured labourers was abolished in 1918, although in Mauritius, the Immigration Depot still continued operating until 1923. By then, the Great Experiment had seen the transportation of an estimated two million people throughout the world, with Mauritius welcoming

1647-414: The Mauritian calendar. A religious Hindu ceremony is held annually on the second day of November, a national holiday to commemorate the arrival of indentured laborers at the Immigration Depot to honor the jehaji bhai (Hindi for "ship-mates", or "ship-brother") spirits. The lake of Grand Bassin , also known as Ganga Talao, located in the center of the island has become an object of sacred pilgrimage by

1708-488: The U.S. and impoverished Chinese seeking greener pastures . Even though the ethnicity of the plantation workers had changed, the poor working conditions and low living standards remained. These labourers, in the end, could not withstand the manioc root and subsistence cultivation. At the time, India had been experiencing a depressed economy. This was further aggravated by the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which devastated

1769-556: The West Indies, which were considered exhausted. The long term planning needed in agriculture meant that plantations were generally unable to respond to the sudden market changes. When the sugar beet proved to be a viable and cheaper alternative to the sugar cane , the established sugar plantations throughout the Caribbean became economic liabilities, while thousands of their contracted workers and slaves were left to wallow. In addition,

1830-609: The Yamuna River. Raj Ghat, in particular, was the cremation site for Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and numerous political leaders after him, and the Manikarnika Ghat at Varanasi on the Ganges . "Ghat" and "Ghata" is also a suffix used in several place names across the subcontinent . This is an incomplete list: The word is also used in some places outside the Indian subcontinent. For example, in George Town, Penang , Malaysia ,

1891-484: The agricultural sector only accounted for one-eighth of the country's gross national product , although sugar production still generates one-third of Mauritius's export earnings, and occupies about 80 percent of the total arable land. Mauritius was not the pioneering site for the use of indentured labour. In the 17th century, substantial numbers of indentured servants, of European origin, arrived in America, in what were then

Assi Ghat - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-513: The celestial moments of Subah-e-Banaras for spiritual development. People from all walks of life joined hands together to perpetuate the early hour's effort to feel within existence of Almighty and grandeur of Nature. It is daily session which last for 2 hours and is free of cost. Ghat The origin of the English 'ghat' is Sanskrit : घट्ट , ghaṭṭa and is normally translated as ghaṭ, quay, landing or bathing place, as well as, steps by

2013-409: The context could either refer to a range of stepped-hill such as Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats ; or the series of steps leading down to a body of water or wharf , such bathing or cremation place along the banks of a river or pond, Ghats in Varanasi , Dhoby Ghaut or Aapravasi Ghat. Roads passing through ghats are called Ghat Roads . The name Aapravasi Ghat, which has been in use since 1987,

2074-552: The contracts signed, their photographs, the transportation cost, the accommodation spending and the final destination of labourers. These registers are currently being managed by the Indian Immigration Archives, which is directly administered by the Mahatma Gandhi Institute , an educational institution established in Mauritius, in cooperation with India. UNESCO, the international organization responsible for

2135-419: The empire to supply the necessary agricultural manpower. This was a system whereby the prospective labourers agreed to work for a determined period of time in return for their cost of passage, basic accommodation and a small wage . Mauritius became the focus of the Great Experiment, as its plantation economy was still in a state of expansion, hence with room for agricultural flexibility, in contrast to those of

2196-459: The fragile buildings to their 1860s state. It is one of two World Heritage Sites in Mauritius, along with Le Morne Brabant . The word ghat is explained by numerous Dravidian etymons such as Kannada gatta (mountain range) Tamil kattu (side of a mountain, dam, ridge, causeway) and Telugu katta and gattu (dam, embankment). Ghat , a term used in the Indian subcontinent , depending on

2257-414: The gatekeeper's office and surgery room have survived, while archaeological remains of the kitchen and privies have been found. The remnant of the hospital building received a new roof installation in 2000. The use of modern materials however has been questioned by preservation groups. The migrants also had an immigration shed, where they stayed for up to three days after arrival before being distributed to

2318-546: The indentured system began, with merchants from the subcontinent, together with Chinese counterparts, settling on the island. In 1806, when Mauritius was still under the French administration, official statistics showed that there were already 6,162 Indians living on the island, in the eastern suburb of Port Louis, known as Camp des Malabars. Beginning in the 1840s, the emancipated labourers, or those with concluded contracts, were able to save money and buy their own lands, mostly outside

2379-408: The island's proximity to India was also an advantage. From 1834 to 1849, when the first migrations of indentured labourers began, no fixed depot had been established to accommodate the immigrants arriving in Port Louis. The thousands of migrants arriving annually put a stress on the lack of a specialized facility. In 1849, a building dating back to the French administration in the Trou Fanfaron area

2440-560: The label "Ghaut" is used to identify the extensions of those streets which formerly ended in ghats before the reclamation of the quayside (e.g., Church St Ghaut, in Malay Gat Lebuh Gereja , is the name of the extension of Church St beyond where the street used to descend to the water via a ghat). Both in Penang and Singapore , there are areas named Dhoby Ghaut ( dhobi meaning "launderer" or "laundry", depending on whether it refers to

2501-415: The largest contingent of indentured labourers, reaching nearly half a million Indian immigrants. In total, 1.2 million Indian migrants were handled by emigration depots worldwide, becoming the global working class of the British Empire. On a larger picture, the migration of indentured labourers is but a small portion of the Indian diaspora, which has continued through the 20th century to contemporary times. It

Assi Ghat - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-471: The late 1850s. By 1865, transportation needs led to the construction of a railway, cutting the Immigration Depot into two. Walls were constructed along the track. The still standing stone-arched gateway, also constructed in 1865, greeted the migrants when they entered the complex. Adjoining the structure is a hospital building, consisting of seven rooms that accommodated the staff, including a guard's room, kitchen, surgery room and staff privies. Of these, only

2623-402: The most important sugar-producing British colony, its sugar export accounting for 7.4 percent of the world's total production by the 1850s. Mauritius's dependence on its sugar estates to sustain its economy continued into the early 20th century. The economy prospered during World War I, when supply shortages led to the rise in the market price of sugar. The eventual fall in the price of sugar in

2684-505: The national identity of former colonies. Countries from the Caribbean to southern Africa to the Pacific currently have substantial Indian populations. The Mauritian and French poet Khal Torabully , in exploring the mosaic of cultures brought about by the indentured labourers, coined the term "coolitude," re-defining the migration of laborers not just as part of the historical past, but the entanglement of experiences and mosaic imaginaries: It

2745-406: The northern part of the subcontinent. The hard-working but indigent Indians seemed suited to agricultural labour on the plantations, able to work hard for low wages, providing a potentially massive source of cheap labour. The 'Great Experiment', as the indentured program came to be known, called for these prospective labourers, under a contract labour scheme, to be transported to plantations across

2806-418: The partial remains of the place have survived. From the complex founded in 1849, experts estimate that only about 15% still authentically exists today. However, records of the building plan and photographs, as well as recent archaeological evidence, allow for the precise reconstruction of the complex. Immigrants arriving via the "coolie ships" on the wharf of Trou Fanfaron were led to the Immigration Depot via

2867-499: The partial remains of three stone buildings from the entire complex have survived. These are now protected as a national monument , under the Mauritian national heritage legislation. The Immigration Depot's role in social history was recognized by UNESCO when it was declared a World Heritage Site in 2006. The site is under the management of the Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund. Conservation efforts are underway to restore

2928-808: The patronage of various Maratha rulers such as Ahilyabai Holkar (Queen of the Malwa Kingdom from 1767 to 1795) in the 18th century. In Madhya Pradesh in central India , there are further significant ghats along the Narmada River . People who live on the steps are also called ghats. Ghats such as these are useful for both mundane purposes (such as cleaning) and religious rites (i.e. ritual bathing or ablutions); there are also specific " shmashana " or "cremation" ghats where bodies are cremated waterside, allowing ashes to be washed away by rivers. Notable examples include Nigambodh Ghat and Raj Ghat in Delhi , situated on

2989-442: The preservation and protection the world's cultural and natural heritage , has recognized the 1,640 m site of the Immigration Depot for its outstanding universal importance. It was proclaimed as a World Heritage Site in 2006, citing the buildings as among the earliest explicit manifestations of what was to become a global economic system and one of the greatest migrations in history. The majority of Indian workers arriving at

3050-446: The purpose of service convenience, hygiene and transport, were continuously done. However, the competition from beet sugar caught up with Mauritius's sugar cane estates. The spread of a malaria epidemic in the 1860s further drove shipping away from the colony, leading to a decline of indentured immigration, culminating in 1923, when it had completely ceased. By then, an estimated 450,000 indentured labourers from India had passed through

3111-418: The respective local sugar estates or being transported to other colonies. The quarter includes a kitchen, while the immigrants' privies are located on a separate service quarter, together with the bathing area. A standing stone wall provides the only mute testimony to the existence of the immigrant shed. Mauritius's local sugar plantations, economically devastated by the emancipation of the slaves, were given

SECTION 50

#1732890853239

3172-476: The rise in the production of sugar, which became the most valuable commodity in European trade beginning in the mid-18th century throughout the empire in general, leading to the development of infrastructure for Port Louis as a free port in particular. The abolition of slavery in European colonies in 1834, however, posed a problem for sugar plantations as their operations were highly dependent on slave labour. There

3233-425: The rural sugar estates, permanently settling in Mauritius. The increasing number of these freed labourers preferring to stay in the colony gave rise to a new class of rural Indian peasantry. Their limited skills meant that they engaged in small-scale crop cultivation to earn a living, while others were able to work as traders or hawkers. The class of rural Indians gained in importance as the sugar industry moved into

3294-579: The service quarters. Subsequent land reclamations as a result of urban development have moved the Immigration Depot's location further inland. The Caudan Waterfront , a marina developed as an economic and tourist centre, is situated beyond the site. The area where the building complex is situated, Trou Fanfaron, was the landing point for the French East India Company , which took possession of Mauritius in 1721. Slaves were imported from Africa, India and Madagascar to construct defensive walls and

3355-477: The site's historic authenticity. 2001 was a landmark year for the site. The Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund was established to manage the site directly. Its responsibilities include overseeing the excavations and implementing corrective actions on restorations that were haphazardly done since the 1990s. Among the previous preservation works that are being reversed are the landscape project, the hospital building's roof installation, which unfortunately used modern materials,

3416-425: The societies of many former British colonies, with Indians constituting a substantial proportion of their national populations . In Mauritius alone, 68 percent of the current total population is of Indian ancestry . The Immigration Depot has thus become an important reference point in the history and cultural identity of Mauritius. Unchecked infrastructural development in the mid-20th century means that only

3477-417: The use of native lime mortar technique in the reconstruction and maintenance of the remaining stone walls, and devising an archaeological strategy to document finds and discoveries, as well as to safeguard the existing artifacts. The objective of the conservation efforts is for the site to regain its appearance in the 1860s. The site's name was officially changed to Aapravasi Ghat that same year. The name change

3538-506: Was a demand for cheaper intensive labour, as the now emancipated slaves were negotiating for higher wages and better living conditions. As a result, the British government conceived of a plan to replace the emancipated Africans with labourers from other parts of the world. The first wave of new plantation workers were labourers from the Portuguese island of Madeira , freed African-Americans from

3599-475: Was at Assi Ghat that Tulsidas left for his heavenly abode. After the 2010 Varanasi bombing the city commissioned extra police to the Assi Ghat neighborhood in order to more quickly resolve problems which tourists might have. Subah-e-Banaras , an early morning session before dawn (sunrise) started on 2014 by Minister of State, Uttar Pradesh Government . A committee has been constituted to glorify and propagate

3660-434: Was chosen as the core of a planned structural complex that would become the permanent depot for immigration. The Immigration Depot, as it came to be known, was continuously enlarged in response to the high number of migrants. This lasted until 1857, when all the available land had been occupied. The adequate space allowed the facility to deal with as much as 1,000 prospective laborers at any one time. Further modifications, for

3721-477: Was not without controversy. Although it was meant to reflect the Hindu Indian majority of indentured labourers, the use of the Hindi translation swept away the myriad of other ethnic and religious populations that also passed through the Immigration Depot. The uncontrolled urban development after the abolition of the indentured system and the late initiative to conserve the site in late 20th century meant that only

SECTION 60

#1732890853239
#238761