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54-428: The International Infrastructure Management Manual defines an asset management plan as; "a plan developed for the management of one or more infrastructure assets that combines multi-disciplinary management techniques (including technical and financial) over the life cycle of the asset in the most cost effective manner to provide a specific level of service ." Twofold: justification and optimization Clearly for either of

108-459: A "horses for courses" approach - not a one size fits all, but needs based - taking into account the basic information required. Beyond this, it should be built upon by the local asset manager according to local needs. A fully developed Asset Management approach usually requires a number of iterations of the AMP, and needs to be reviewed more frequently for more complex systems, especially asset systems where

162-526: A U.S.-based transportation consultancy, works to promote the same issues and collaborates with other organizations, such as in the INFRAASSETS2010 conference in Malaysia , in management of public assets. The IIAM approach to infrastructure asset management is based upon the definition of a Standard of Service (SoS) that describes how an asset will perform in objective and measurable terms. The SoS includes

216-454: A balance between the two must be recognized. While each improvement raises an asset's condition curve, each rehabilitation resets an asset's condition curve, and complete replacement returns condition curve to new level or upgraded level. Therefore, strategically timing these interventions will aid in extending an asset's life cycle. A simple working definition of asset management would be: first, assess what you have; then, assess what condition it

270-469: A flexible step-by-step diagnostic methodology with advice, exercises and examples easily accessible to practitioners and decision-makers in local and central governments. Focused on anticipating risks and facing the challenges of the future, the guide applies to traditional infrastructure (roads, water distribution networks, sanitation, buildings for essential services, etc.), publicly owned land and to equipment operation and maintenance. Some chapters also offer

324-448: A higher minimum condition. Example Standards of Service for Flood Risk Management Assets: A. Walls: 5.2m high until chainage 540m where the height drops to 5.1m. The condition of the walls will be maintained to CG3 or better (due to urban area). B. Culverts: under 3 carriageways, total of 120 m length (40 m each) provide conveyance for 30 m³/s without surcharging. The condition of the culverts will be maintained to CG4 or better (under

378-498: A legal obligation to maintain and operate the asset to a certain SoS. Therefore, it is important to understand what function the assets were designed to perform, and what minimum condition is considered acceptable. What condition are the assets currently in? List/inventory and condition of all "assets" within the system, with their unique identifiers. This could include information such as asset owner, age, estimate of remaining life etc. This

432-588: A letter to Queensland Councils in December 2008 which specified the minimum requirements for asset management plans in Queensland. These requirements include: Section 104(6) of the Queensland Local Government Bill 2008 defines a "long-term asset management plan" as a document that - It states that a local government must annually conduct, and report on the results of, a review of the implementation of

486-437: A lower minimum CG (4 or 5). If further refinement is necessary, the minimum condition grade should also take into account the likely failure mechanism - if failure of an asset is likely to occur very slowly and can be monitored, then a minimum condition of 2 or 3 is unlikely to be required - a minimum of CG4 can probably be justified. Conversely an asset that is liable to a fast failure mode with little warning will likely require

540-413: A minimum condition grade (CG). The minimum CG should take account of the potential consequences of failure i.e. a flood defence protecting an urban area that would flood to a depth of 1m should the wall fail under design conditions should have a higher minimum CG (2 or 3). An earth embankment that is only protecting agricultural land, where the consequences of failure are significantly less will likely have

594-421: A municipality (as the service provider) may measure the number of micro-cracks in a pipe or sewer and model its expected lifetime to ensure the quality of the service, but the user's main concern is the availability and reliability of the sewer system, not necessarily the technical aspects of the physical infrastructure. In simple words, as long as the user can flush his/her toilet, he/she may not have any issue with

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648-454: A potential change to the standard of service and is typically managed as a project, complete with some form of appraisal of the additional expenditure, comparing different options and selecting a preferred options based on whatever decision process is appropriate. The development and justification of a change project is outside the scope of an asset management plan. The Queensland Department of Local Government, Sport & Recreation circulated

702-484: A rural road with alternative routings). C. Pump station: provides capacity of 12 m³/s to drain the catchment during periods of tide-lock (usually every high-tide, for a period of 4 hours.) The condition of the pump station will be maintained to CG2 or better (no redundancy). D. Weir: provides a minimum water-level of 3.6 m to the watercourse above. The condition of the weir will be maintained to CG5 or better (minimal consequences of failure). For some assets, there may be

756-485: A situational assessment of climate risks and resource mobilization for a more effective response to public health emergencies. The UN also created a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on Infrastructure Asset Management for Sustainable Development, which provides in-depth instruction and complements knowledge acquired from the Handbook. This course is freely accessible. The Institute of Infrastructure Asset Management (IIAM),

810-528: Is 55 minutes. The municipality learns this information after measuring the LOS for roads and wants improve this LOS to catch up with desired levels of service. Assuming that their desired LOS for roads is an average PCI of 80 and an average travel time of 50 minutes from point A to B, they have to work towards this objective by improving current levels of service. Analysis of LOS includes the following steps: Standard of service Infrastructure asset management

864-418: Is a wide term denoting road and rail, water, power, etc. assets. Road asset management is part of infrastructure asset management including all the physical assets on the road network such as roads, bridges, culverts, and road furniture. The first published use of the term asset management to refer to physical assets is not known for sure. The earliest adopter known for certain is Dr Penny Burns in 1984 (see

918-464: Is important to understand what state the assets are currently in. A short narrative explaining the near-term actions required to bridge the gap between where we are, and where we want to be. In the case where we are already at or above the agreed SoS, this section explains how we will continue to do so for the least cost - enabling an innovative approach to providing the agreed SoS. This is important to understand what actions are planned to bring or keep

972-471: Is important to understand why the assets are there in the first place. How should the above assets be performing and to what condition? Define the Standard of Service (SoS) for the various parts of the asset system or group (a simple performance specification). Describe how the system, as a whole, is intended to perform in a measurable way. Usually consists of two parts, a measurable performance specification, and

1026-498: Is in; and lastly, assess the financial burden to maintain it at a targeted condition. Essential processes and activities for infrastructure asset management include the following: These processes and activities are interrelated and interdependent aspects that usually cross organizational boundaries including finance, engineering, and operations. Hence, asset management is a comprehensive approach in handling an immense portfolio of public and private capital stock. As example, in 2009,

1080-438: Is more service-centric rather than asset-centric. For instance, when measuring the LOS of a road , it could be measured by a physical performance indicator such as Pavement Condition Index (PCI) or by a measure related to customer satisfaction such as the number of complaints per month about that certain road section. Or in the case of traffic level of service , it could be measured by the geometry of road or by travel time of

1134-563: Is possible through the use of GIS. GIS-centric public asset management standardizes data and allows interoperability, providing users the capability to reuse, coordinate, and share information in an efficient and effective manner. Among the GISs in use for infrastructure management in the USA are GE Smallworld and ESRI . An ESRI GIS platform combined with the overall public asset management umbrella of both physical hard assets and soft assets helps remove

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1188-447: Is the integrated, multidisciplinary set of strategies in sustaining public infrastructure assets such as water treatment facilities, sewer lines , roads , utility grids , bridges , and railways . Generally, the process focuses on the later stages of a facility's life cycle , specifically maintenance , rehabilitation , and replacement. Asset management specifically uses software tools to organize and implement these strategies with

1242-431: Is the term that considers the importance that public assets affect other public assets and work activities which are important sources of revenue for municipal governments and has various points of citizen interaction. The versatility and functionality of a GIS system allow for the control and management of all assets and land-focused activities. All public assets are interconnected and share proximity, and this connectivity

1296-444: Is to intervene at strategic points in an asset's normal life cycle to extend the expected service life , and thereby maintain its performance. Typically, a long-life-cycle asset requires multiple intervention points including a combination of repair and maintenance activities and even overall rehabilitation. Costs decrease with planned maintenance rather than unplanned maintenance. Yet, excessive planned maintenance increases costs. Thus,

1350-610: The IBM Maximo software was adopted to manage the maintenance of rolling stock and facilities for three railway systems: the Long Island Rail Road , San Francisco BART system , Washington metrorail . Also, recently, wireless sensors, totaling 663, have been installed on South Korea's Jindo Bridge to detect structural cracks and corrosion. Though in a testing phase among three universities in South Korea, United States, and Japan,

1404-781: The Asset Management History Project AMQI's STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENT – Public infrastructure ). The National Asset Management Manual was published in Australia in October 1994 by the Institute of Municipal Engineering Australia (now IPWEA). The NAMM and the New Zealand Infrastructure Asset Management Manual published in 1996 are an early use of the specific term infrastructure asset management Home - NAMS NZ . The NAMM and IAMM were combined into

1458-983: The Australian Infrastructure Financial Management Manual published in 2009 and updated in 2015 and International Infrastructure Financial Management Manual, 2020. After decades of capital investment in United States's infrastructure such as the Interstate Highway System , local water treatment facilities, electric transmission and utility lines , the need to sustain such infrastructure experiences mounting challenges. The current duress includes tight state and local budgets , deferral of needed maintenance funding, and political pressures to cut public spending . Today, shrinking federal appropriations , progressively aging capital stock, and parochial statuses and interest groups have inhibited flexible procurement strategies. And with

1512-712: The International Infrastructure Management Manual (IIMM) published in 2000. The term "asset management" was first used in a document published in 1983 by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration entitled: Transportation Resource Management Strategies for Elected Officials of Rural Municipalities and Counties. That document consisted of seven chapters of resource management strategies for each of two types of transportation infrastructure - roads & bridges and public transportation. Each of these two parts of

1566-619: The Sustainable Development Goals and their targets hinge upon sound infrastructure asset management, their initiatives seek, among other things, to ensure the accessibility, resilience and sustainability of infrastructure assets, to strengthen public management confidence among the population and to attract new investments. To meet these challenges, the UN published Managing Infrastructure Assets for Sustainable Development: A handbook for local and national governments . The Handbook offers

1620-868: The United States Environmental Protection Agency ’s Capacity, Management, Operation, and Maintenance (CMOM) initiative works to move away from the compliance-mandate enforcement to proactive partnership with public managers to self-audit their infrastructure systems in assessing capacity, management, and operations/maintenance. Still other proponents for proactive management include judicial consent decrees for facility managers to resolve noncompliance with environmental standards set by EPA or state environmental protection departments (i.e., laws against sewer overflows); post- 9/11 security vulnerability analyses; funding legislation that specifies asset management as qualifying condition to receive/keep award; and professional organizations that are moving

1674-428: The above to work, the Standard of Service needs to be defined (in a measurable way) for each asset in an asset system. The first part can be achieved relatively quickly, and is necessary before the decentralization of decision-making around maintenance and replacement can really occur, but the second requires ongoing work in local teams, together with better guidance from the center. An asset management plan should take

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1728-408: The agreed standard of service of the assets in this asset system? Without exception, assets should provide some measure of benefits that can be measured or explained. This will usually involve the translation of the standard of service into a monetary figure. Other benefits may be social or environmental, which may be difficult to quantify in monetary or quantitative terms, but some attempt to record all

1782-476: The asset. What are the short, medium and longer-term costs for the asset system? A forward looking cost-profile for operating, maintaining, refurbishing and replacing to sustain the Standard of Service. Ideally the cost-profile will extend to cover the life of the longest-lived asset in the system, so as to estimate the whole-life cost, and make it possible to determine the average annual costs. This section may need to be revisited and updated annually, and may form

1836-437: The assets above their minimum condition, and able to perform their intended function. As a form of preventative maintenance, a replacement policy tells when to replace the asset. An age replacement policy (ARP) call for replacement of an asset at a particular age. For assets with patterns of intermittent use, a modified age replacement policy (MARP) replaces the asset close to the replacement age, but without disrupting use of

1890-415: The average annual cost required to provide the agreed standard of service is high. An AMP typically covers the following areas: Description of the problem that the asset system aims to reduce. What assets are currently employed to address the problem? Essentially, why do these assets exist? What would occur if these assets didn't exist. Identify dependencies between different parts of the asset system. This

1944-465: The basis for an annual bid for funding. The numbers provided for the in-year (year 0) and the next three years (1 - 3), should be fairly accurate. Beyond that, estimates of costs so as to enable planning for any large expenditure items expected in the medium-term and to allow sufficient time to do a more in depth appraisal for an asset system that may require a change to the Standard of Service. Alternative management regimes should be considered to optimise

1998-400: The cost of providing the SoS. Where assumptions have been made, the basis for these should be provided. This is important to understand what the planned actions are going to cost, as well as the ongoing "management" and overheads directly related to this particular asset system. Also essential from a local perspective, is optimizing the approach to providing the SoS. Why do we want to sustain

2052-620: The current state of an aging infrastructure and fiscal challenges. Recent developments include the Governmental Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 34 that required state and local entities to report in their accounting all infrastructure assets not only the privately financed ones such as water supply and utilities paid by user fees. This helps to determine an agency's overall infrastructure asset inventory, timely assessment of physical condition, and annual projection of financial requirements. Additionally,

2106-444: The definition of a "minimum condition grade", which is established by considering the consequences of a failure of the infrastructure asset. The key components of "Infrastructure Asset Management" are: Public asset management expands the definition of Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) by incorporating the management of all things which are of value to a municipal jurisdiction and its citizen's expectations. Public Asset Management

2160-399: The deterioration of the pipe. Current LOS are the service levels that are currently being provided by the service provider. Desired or expected levels of service are the levels that the provider (and the customer) want to reach or find satisfactory. For example assuming that in a municipality the average Pavement Condition Index of roads is 75 and the average travel time from point A to B

2214-583: The document focused on the following seven categories: Planning, Prioritization, Contracting Out, Innovative Finance, Human Resource Management, Asset Management and Performance Measurement & Reporting. Most local governments in Australia are required to develop an asset management plan for major asset classes and align the forecast outlays with a long tern financial plan to ensure the needed services from infrastructure are provided in an affordable and sustainable manner. Guidelines for alignment financial and non-financial aspects of asset management are available in

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2268-481: The fundamental goal to preserve and extend the service life of long-term infrastructure assets which are vital underlying components in maintaining the quality of life in society and efficiency in the economy. In the 21st century, climate change adaptation has become an important part of infrastructure asset management competence. Infrastructure asset management is a specific term of asset management focusing on physical , rather than financial assets. Sometimes

2322-669: The government apparatus focused more on start-up capital expenses for constructing public assets without focused monies on maintenance. After World War II, with the policies of the Roosevelt Administration , economic boom of the 1950s , and rise in Federalism , public projects became financed through direct government funding. Additionally, the federal government began setting criteria and procedures for architects and engineers to comply on federal construction and related projects. State and local statutes soon followed suit. Over

2376-780: The industry to asset management through education , research , and workshops . Despite the current challenges of the time's financial constraints, one advantage is the growing availability of methodology and technology to employ asset management. But while municipalities have made significant investments and use of software tools in the last 20 years, they are mostly stand-alone systems with limited to no capability for sharing or exchanging information with other tools. Consequently, they operate in isolated silos of information across municipal departments . Data has to be re-interpreted, transformed, and reentered into different software tools several times leading to time-consuming, prone-to-error inefficiencies. Many in academia and industry recognize

2430-612: The majority of municipal assets were built between 1960s to 1970s. The average age of municipal infrastructure has increased since the end of the late 1970s, because investment has been insufficient to replace deteriorating assets. This deficit could be the result a shift in financing policy at the end of 1970s, which made the local governments responsible to fund the municipal assets. Recently, in Ontario municipalities are required to develop an asset management plan to receive provincial fund. The basic premise of infrastructure asset management

2484-461: The need for integrated, multidisciplinary asset management that involves: The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), and United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) are currently working together to encourage governments world-wide to adopt a more systemic and proactive approach in the management of their infrastructure assets. Highlighting that more than 90 per cent of

2538-535: The plan. In Canada, since 2015 the government of Ontario has mandated municipalities to develop asset management plans for their infrastructure. Levels of service Levels of service (LOS) is a term in asset management referring to the quality of a given service. Defining and measuring levels of service is a key activity in developing infrastructure asset management plans . Levels of service may be tied to physical performance of assets or be defined via customer expectation and satisfaction. The latter

2592-484: The relevant benefits is important, and more qualitative means may be employed. Potential improvements to the Standard of Service : The standard of service currently delivered may be improved by acquisition, enhancement or other means. An "improvement" may also include the potential to reduce the standard of service, and potentially even dispose or divest of an asset or assets in an asset system. These improvements represents

2646-656: The rise of design firms , professional societies , licensures , construction and industry associations , and related specialties the management of the infrastructure system has dramatically altered. As a result, the life cycle of a facility, including planning, design, construction, operations, maintenance, upgrading, and replacement has become bifurcated between agencies and firms where design and construction becomes contracted separately from operations and maintenance. The push for more dual-track strategies and not segmented ones such as Design-Build and Build-Operate-Transfer helps in maintaining public facilities. Yet, over time,

2700-582: The term infrastructure management is used to mean the same thing, most notably in the title of The International Infrastructure Management Manual (2000, 6th edition). Where there is no problem of confusion, the term asset management is more widely used, as in the professional societies: the Asset Management Council in Australia and the Institute of Asset Management in the UK. In this context, infrastructure

2754-557: The traditional silos of structured municipal functions which serves the citizens. While the hard assets are the typical physical assets or infrastructure assets, the soft assets of a municipality includes permits , license , code enforcement , right-of-ways and other land-focused work activities. An executive education program in infrastructure asset management (Certificate of Advanced Studies Managing Infrastructure Assets, CASMIA, 16ECTS) has been developed since 2012, launched in 2014 and funded by Swiss federal Agency of Energy (SFOE). It

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2808-442: The use of wireless technology to may lend itself to future, cost-efficient asset management. In 2014 ISO published an international management system standard for asset management. The ISO 55000 series provides terminology, requirements and guidance for implementing, maintaining and improving an effective asset management system. Politically, many legal and governmental initiatives have emphasized proactive asset management given

2862-424: The vehicles, which reflects the quality of traffic flow. So, levels of service can have multiple facets: customer satisfaction, environmental requirements and legal requirements. Levels of service also can be seen as technical or strategic. Technical LOS reflects the service provider's perspective, while strategic LOS represents the customer or user's perspective. For instance in the case of sewer infrastructure,

2916-485: The years, a large bureaucratic machine began administering infrastructure projects through Design-Bid-Build and debt financing methods. This led to hyper-competition of federal, states, and localities over scant federal resources and overall fostered a limited approach in life-cycle attention (namely, no account of operation and maintenance). Asset management attempts to fill in the gaps of such fragmentation for better performance in infrastructure assets. In Canada ,

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