The Comunidades of Goa are a form of land association developed in Goa, India , where land-ownership is collectively held, but controlled by the male descendants of those who claimed to be the founders of the village, who in turn mostly belonged to upper caste groups. Documented by the Portuguese as of 1526, it was the predominant form of landholding in Goa prior to 1961. In form, it is similar to many other rural agricultural peoples' form of landholding, such as that of pre-Spanish Bolivia and the Puebloan peoples now in the Southwestern United States , identified by Karl Marx as the dualism of rural communities: the existence of collective land ownership together with private production on the land.
19-556: Assagao is a village in Bardez , Goa , India located about 4 kilometres west of Mapusa . Assagao is known as the Land of Flowers as well as several other nicknames – “Goa’s South Extension”, ‘Artist’s village’, “The Beverly Hills of Goa”, “Goa’s Tuscany”. The village is surrounded by hills. From Mapusa town, the road u-turns uphill and, while descending the pass in the small plateau, splits into two parallel roads: one which proceeds straight along
38-470: A new set of socio-economic relationships at the village level, especially the comunidades and the ghar-bhaatt, the two principal forms of land tenure that came to characterise Portuguese Goa. The working of the comunidades is now tightly controlled by the Goa state government, which supporters of the comunidade movement say leaves little scope for them to act as self-governing units. The sole official function of
57-418: A whole. Thus at present most of comunidade land is in the hills, which is either uncultivated or given over to cashew plantations, to tenants. Uncultivated comunidade land draws squatters who develop shanty towns. In the populous and well-developed central coastal parts of the state, almost all the land that once belonged to the comunidades has been allotted to tenants or taken over for industrial purpose by
76-715: Is delimited on the north by the Chapora River , on the south by the Mandovi River , on the east by the Mapusa River , which originates in Bardez itself near the capital city of Mapusa , and on the west by the Arabian Sea . A native of Bardez is called a Bardeskar or Bardescar ( IPA : /'baːɾdeːskaːɾ/ ) in the Konkani language . Bardez is the site of the legislature of Goa, in
95-478: Is followed by the majority of the population of Bardez Taluka. Christians form a significant minority. According to the 2011 Census of India, 66.71% of the population in Bardez Taluka follow Hinduism, 25.60% Christianity, 6.96% Islam and 0.73% follow other religions or did not state religion. List of towns in Bardez taluka: List of villages in Bardez taluk: The Indian Netflix original show, Typewriter ,
114-447: Is located at 15°35′51″N 73°46′38″E / 15.59750°N 73.77722°E / 15.59750; 73.77722 at an elevation of 8 metres (26 ft) above MSL. This article related to a location in the Indian state of Goa is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bardez Bardez or Bardes ( IPA : /'baːɾdeːs/ ) is a taluka of
133-435: Is set in Bardez. This article related to a location in the Indian state of Goa is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Comunidades of Goa Comunidades are a variant of the system of gaunkari system called gramasanstha (ग्रामसंस्था)). Some scholars argue that the term gaunkari is derived from the name for those who compose it, that is the gaunkar ; i.e. those who make ( kar )
152-674: The North Goa district in the Indian state of Goa . The name is credited to the Saraswat Brahmin immigrants who emigrated to the Konkan via Magadha plains in northern India. Bardez, or more properly bara (twelve) desh (country), means "twelve countries" (or territories). The form 'country' probably refers to clan territorial limits, or to the Brahmin comunidades , of which the twelve are: Bardez
171-597: The St. Cajetan Church , Assagao Union High School to Anjuna and the other, which passes by Pallottine Seminary and Panchayat Office straight to Badem. The popular beaches of Anjuna and Vagator are to the west of Assagao. Like all of Goa, Assagao was long held by the Portuguese. The early inhabitants of Assagao were Saraswat Brahmins of the Atri gotra. There must have been others too. But all were invariably Hindu with Ravalnath being
190-535: The gaun or village. This institution pre-existed the arrival of the Portuguese, but was codified by them. The first of these codifications was contained in the Foral of Afonso Mexia in 1526. The term gram in gramasanstha refers to the village. Comunidades is the Portuguese word for "communities". The khazan system of managed wetlands in Goa is an offshoot of the gaunkari system, but now quite distinct from
209-471: The comunidades, currently, is to parcel out their land at government-approved rates. However, supporters of the comunidade movement, have been waging a determined, if small, campaign to safeguard what they see as their rights, and continue to fight against the erosion of the comunidade system in Goa, by, for example, bringing land ownership lawsuits. In 2004, the Goa Su-Ray Party issued a polemic supporting
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#1732876817465228-488: The comunidades. Members of the comunidades are called gaonkars , or zonnkars (in Portuguese, jonoeiros ). The former are the members of the village, the latter were entitled to zonn , or jono , which is a dividend paid by the comunidade to gaunkars and accionistas , the holders of acções (sing. acção ), or shares. The system applies equally to agricultural land and to village housing. Over time and subject to conflicting land ownership and administration systems,
247-401: The comunidades. The Goa Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy Act, 1964, passed in the 1964 by the then Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party government, extended the tenancy rights of the tenants to lands from the comunidade, for the payment of a quit-rent called the comunidade foro. This has resulted in most field property of the comunidades passing into private hands, and erosion of the comunidades as
266-404: The most prominent. Goa's Indian Institute of Hotel Management (IIHM) and St Xavier's College, Mapusa are located in Bardez. The village and comunidade of Anjuna was a prime hippie destination. Bardes is famous as the birthplace of Rev Fr Agnelo de Souza , who is expected be recognised for sainthood in the near future. He is one of the two most prominent religious Goan Christians ,
285-450: The old institutions lost their original characteristics and comunidades are now mere societies of rights-holders who are members by birth. After Portuguese rule ended in Goa in 1961, the village development activities, which were once the preserve of the comunidades or more specifically the gaunkaris , became entrusted to the gram panchayat , rendering the gaunkaris non-functional. The emergence of private property in land created
304-401: The other being St Joseph De Vaz , the "Apostle of Ceylon ". As per the 2011 Census of India, Bardez Taluka has a population of 237,440. The sex-ratio of Bardez Taluka is around 980 compared to state average of 973. The literacy rate of Bardez Taluka is 82.55% out of which 84.91% males are literate and 80.15% females are literate. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.50% and 0.70% of
323-499: The population respectively. 68.70% of the population lives in urban areas. The total area of Bardez is 263.98 sq.km with population density of 899 per sq.km. Languages of Bardez Taluka (2011) Majority of the population of Bardez Taluka speak Konkani as their mother tongue. According to the 2011 Census of India, 68.60% of the population of Bardez Taluka spoke Konkani , 9.95% Marathi , 7.88% Hindi , 3.57% Kannada , 2.04% English and 1.78% Urdu as their first language. Hinduism
342-420: The presiding deity. Assagao is home to educational institutions including Agnel Institute of Technology and Design Engineering College , DMC College , Assagao Union High School and Government Primary Schools. Football and cricket are popular sports in the village. During Monsoon people play football, and an inter-ward football tournament is organised every year. Cricket is played during summer. Assagao
361-561: The southern parish village of Penha de França (Britona), in Serula. Other famous sites are the Fort Aguada , the beaches of Candolim , Sinquerim , Calangute , Baga , Anjuna , and Vagator villages, the hilltop monastery and boarding school of Monte Guirim, which was restored by Padre Luna after Pombal's devastation, the village communities of Salvador do Mundo, Penha da França, Siolim, Moira, Porvorim, Colvale, Saligao, and Sangolda, to name but
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