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53-466: The current Asian champion is Iran, which won in 2018 on home soil at Hamadan . Of the twenty editions of the open championship, China has won eight times, the Philippines has won six times, India has won three times, and Iran, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan have each won once. The defending champion of the women's tournament is China, which has won eight of the ten women's championships played; Vietnam won

106-611: A domed ceiling, similar to a Median-era structure from Tepe Nush-i Jan , interpreted as a Zoroastrian fire temple . Excavations have revealed a massive defensive wall made of mud-bricks, and dated to the Median period based on a comparison to Tepe Nush-i Jan and Godin Tepe . There are also two column bases from the Achaemenid period, and some mud-brick structures thought to be from the Median or Achaemenid periods. A badly-damaged stone lion sculpture

159-718: A mile above sea level, it was a good place to preserve leather documents. During the Parthian era, Ctesiphon was the capital of the country, and Hamadan was the summer capital and residence of the Parthian rulers. After the Parthians , the Sassanids constructed their summer palaces in this city. In 642 the Battle of Nahavand took place and Hamadan fell into the hands of the Muslim Arabs. During

212-586: A result of a peace treaty between Iran and the Ottomans, it was returned to Iran. Hamadan stands on the Silk Road , and even in recent centuries the city enjoyed strong commerce and trade as a result of its location on the main road network in the western region of Iran. In the late 19th century, American missionaries, including James W. Hawkes and Belle Sherwood Hawke, established schools in Hamadan. During World War I ,

265-458: A temporary museum. With an area of over 600 square meters, a significant amount of the findings from Ecbatana are kept at this museum today, with some others at the National Museum of Iran and Reza Abbasi Museum . The Noushijan fire temple is one of the most important and oldest fire temples in the world, which is near Ecbatana. It is also the oldest adobe temple in the world. In 1967,

318-632: Is in the Azadegan League . Some sport complexes in this city include: Qods Stadium , Shahid Mofatteh Stadium , Takhti Sport Complex and the National Stadium of Hamadan. Before the Persian Constitutional Revolution , education in Hamadan was limited to some Maktab Houses and theological schools. Fakhrie Mozafari School was the first modern school of Hamadan, which was built after that revolution. Alliance and Lazarist were also

371-572: Is of disputed date: it may be Achaemenid or Parthian. Numerous Parthian-era constructions attest to Ecbatana's status as a summer capital for the Parthian rulers. In 2006, excavations in a limited area of Hagmatana hill failed to discover anything older than the Parthian period, but this does not rule out older archaeological layers existing elsewhere within the 35-hectare site. Ecbatana was first excavated in 1913 by Charles Fossey . Fossey discovered fragments of column bases adorned with arabesques and inscriptions, glazed bricks, and faience tiles during

424-421: Is one of the historical capitals of Iran and the present capital of East Azerbaijan province . The city, which was previously called Tauris, was put forward by John-Thomas Minadoi, who cited that his identification of the city was based on data collected from modern and ancient geographers, recent travel accounts, and local informants. This theory was also promoted by other historians, such as Sir William Jones and

477-539: Is secure." Earlier, a lack of significant archaeological remains from the Median and Achaemenid periods had prompted suggestions of other sites for Ecbatana. Assyrian sources never mention Hagmatana/Ecbatana. Some scholars believed the problem can be resolved by identifying the Ecbatana/Hagmatana mentioned in later Greek and Achaemenid sources with the city Sagbita/Sagbat frequently mentioned in Assyrian texts, since

530-509: Is situated in a green mountainous area in the foothills of the 3,574-meter Alvand Mountain, in midwestern Iran. The city is 1,850   meters above sea level . It is located approximately 360 kilometres (220 miles) southwest of Tehran . The old city and its historic sites attract tourists during the summer. The major sights of this city are the Ganj Nameh inscription, the Avicenna monument and

583-418: Is the palace which is about seven stories in circumference, and its magnificence shows the wealth of its founders. During his time, no parts of the woodwork were left exposed. There were silver or gold-plated rafters, compartments in the ceiling, and columns in the porticos and colonnades, and silver tiles were used throughout the structure. In the invasion by Alexander , most precious metals were stripped, while

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636-584: The Alvand despite two centuries of involvement in Median areas of the central Zagros . In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great defeated Astyages and conquered Ecbatana, forming the Achaemenid Empire . Although Ecbatana lost its former importance, it was located on the royal road, where it connected Persepolis to Sardis , and situated at the foot of Mount Alvand . So it was settled by the Achaemenid rulers. The city became

689-460: The Baba Taher monument. The main language in the city is Persian . According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth , "Hamedan is a very old city. It may conceivably, but improbably, be mentioned in cuneiform texts from ca. 1100   BC, the time of Assyrian King Tiglath-pilesar I , but is certainly mentioned by Herodotus who says that the king of Media Diokes built the city of Agbatana or Ekbatana in

742-594: The COVID-19 pandemic , which was won by Australia in the open section and India in the women's section. Hamadan Hamadan ( / ˌ h æ m ə ˈ d æ n / HAM -ə- DAN ; Persian : همدان , pronounced [hæmeˈdɒːn] ) is a city in western Iran . It is located in the Central District of Hamadan County in Hamadan province, serving as the capital of the province, county, and district. As of

795-466: The Indo-Iranian sound /s/ became /h/ in many Iranian languages . The Sagbita mentioned by Assyrian sources was located in the proximity of the cities Kishesim (Kar-Nergal) and Harhar (Kar-Sharrukin). It is now proposed that the absence of any mention of Ecbatana in Assyrian sources can be explained by the possibility that Assyria never became involved as far east as the Alvand mountains, but only in

848-605: The Mongol invasion . Ecbatana was sacked in 1386 by Timur , and the population was slaughtered as a result. The Greeks thought Ecbatana to be the capital of the Median empire and credited its foundation to Deioces (the Daiukku of the cuneiform inscriptions). It is alleged that he surrounded his palace in Ecbatana with seven concentric walls of different colors. There are some indications that

901-549: The Mongol invasions of Georgia before the Battle of Khunan . The city of Hamadan, its fortunes following the rise and fall of regional powers, was completely destroyed during the Timurid invasions , but later thrived during the Safavid era. Thereafter, in the 18th century, Hamadan was surrendered to the Ottomans , but due to the work of Nader Shah , Hamadan was cleared of invaders and, as

954-671: The Seleucid and Sasanian empires. It is believed that Ecbatana is located in the Zagros Mountains , the east of central Mesopotamia , on Hagmatana Hill (Tappe-ye Hagmatāna). Ecbatana's strategic location and resources probably made it a popular site even before the 1st millennium BC. Along with Athens in Greece , Rome in Italy and Susa in Khuzestan , Ecbatana is one of the few ancient cities in

1007-584: The 2016 Iranian census, it had a population of 554,406 people in 174,731 households. Hamadan is believed to be among the oldest Iranian cities. It was referred to in classical sources as Ecbatana ( Old Persian Hamgmatāna ). It is possible that it was occupied by the Assyrians in 1100   BCE; the Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus , states that it was the capital of the Medes , around 700   BCE. Hamadan

1060-605: The 7th century   BC." Hamadan was established by the Medes . It then became one of several capital cities of the Achaemenid Dynasty . Hamadan is mentioned in the biblical book of Ezra ( Ezra 6:2 ) as the place where a scroll was found giving the Jews permission from King Darius to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. Its ancient name of Ecbatana is used in the Ezra text. Because it was

1113-533: The Alusjerd river, which flows from north to south, separates the city into two parts. The summit of the Moṣallā, an 80 m (260 ft)-high rock hill in the southeast sector, contains stone and brick remnants of a rectangular citadel marked by towers. It is believed to be the Median citadel, which dates back no earlier than the Parthian era. The Tell Hagmatana, also called Tepe Hegmataneh (thought to correspond to

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1166-418: The ancient citadel of Ecbatana) has a circumference of 1.4 km (0.87 mi) and an area of about 40 hectares, which corresponds to a report from Polybius , although the ancient Greek and Roman accounts likely exaggerate Ecbatana's wealth, splendor, and extravagance. Relatively few finds thus far can be firmly dated to the Median era. There is a "small, open-sided room with four corner columns supporting

1219-586: The ancient site. In 1969, the Ministry of Culture and Art began buying property on the tell in support of archaeology, though excavation did not begin until 1983. By 2007, 12 seasons of excavation had occurred. In 1974, the Iranian Centre for Archeological Research performed some excavation in the Parthian cemetery located at southeast of Hamedan. The work on the tell is ongoing. Historians and archaeologists now believe "the identification of Ecbatana with Hamadān

1272-419: The bank's central branch in Hamadan experienced a tragic robbery. The event resulted in the loss of life of the bank manager Abdulrahman Nafisi , his family, and a security guard. The bank manager, Abdulrahman Nafisi , displayed extraordinary courage by prioritizing the safety of the bank's funds over his own life. Despite being under torture, he pleaded with the robbers to take his personal belongings instead of

1325-512: The chief French orientalists. Ecbatana is the supposed capital of Astyages ( Istuvegü ), which was taken by the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great in the sixth year of the reign of Nabonidus (550/549 BC). Ecbatana Museum was opened in 1994. The museum is open all days of the week except Monday evening. Located in the east of Ecbatana hill, the museum building used to be a nursery school, but it has been put into changes and repairs to create

1378-577: The city was ruled by Seleucus I . The Battle of Ecbatana was fought in 129 BC between the Seleucids led by Antiochus VII Sidetes and the Parthians led by Phraates II , and marked the final attempt on the part of the Seleucids to regain their power in eastern Iran against the Parthians. After their defeat, the territory of the Seleucids was limited to the area of modern-day Syria . Ecbatana later became

1431-551: The city was the scene of heavy fighting between Russian and Turko-German forces. It was occupied by both armies, and finally by the British, before it was returned to the control of the Iranian government at the end of the war in 1918. A majority of the population speaks the Hamadani dialect of Persian and standard Persian, with a Turkic minority. At the time of the 2006 National Census,

1484-529: The city's population was 473,149 in 127,812 households. The following census in 2011 counted 525,794 people in 156,556 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 554,406 people in 174,731 households. Hamadan has a hot-summer, Mediterranean-influenced continental climate ( Köppen : Dsa , Trewartha : Dc ), in transition with a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk ). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and cold, snowy winters. The temperature may drop below −30 °C (−22 °F) on

1537-522: The classics mention oil seeps and flares, and there is no evidence of exploitation of these resources. In 130 BC, with the intention of restoring the Seleucid power to Iran, Antiochus VII stopped in Ecbatana for a short period of time, just as Tigranes the Great , who stayed there in the following year to attack Mithridates II . Ecbatana remained loyal to the Parthians until AD 226, when Ardashir I defeated Artabanus IV and conquered Ecbatana from

1590-464: The coldest days. Heavy snowfall is common during winter and this can persist for periods of up to two months. During the short summer, the weather is hot, and mostly sunny. Lowest recorded temperature: −34.0 °C (−29 °F) on 7 January 1964 Highest recorded temperature: 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 14 July 1989 PAS Hamedan F.C. were founded on June 9, 2007 after the dissolution of PAS Tehran F.C. The team, along with Alvand Hamedan F.C. ,

1643-400: The country of Ecbatana; the royal residence he seized; silver, gold, other valuables of the country Ecbatana he took as booty and brought to Anšan." In the 2nd Century BC, Polybius writes about Ecbatana. He mentioned that the wealth and magnificence of its buildings make it stand out among all other cities. It has no walls but an artificial citadel with amazing fortifications. Underneath this

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1696-404: The course of the six-week excavation of Mosalla. Based on his chance discoveries, it looks like the 30 m (98 ft)-high mound, Tell Hagmatana, is the site of the Median citadel and the Achaemenid royal construction. The sculptured head of a prince was found during the three months-long excavation of the eastern section. Excavations have been limited due to the modern town covering most of

1749-504: The excavations of this place began under the supervision of David Stronach , which led to the identification of three historical periods in three separate floors. The third floor belongs to the Parthians , the second floor belongs to the Achaemenids , and the first floor belongs to the Medes . This place was the most important fire temple of the Medes from the second half of the 8th century to

1802-458: The first modern schools founded by foreign institutions in Hamadan. Some of the popular universities in Hamadan include: Hamadan celebrities are divided into 3 categories: pre-Islamic, post-Islamic and contemporary people. Among the pre-Islamic celebrities in Hamadan is Mandana, the mother of Cyrus the Great and the daughter of the last king of Media, Ishtovigo. Famous people of Hamadan after Islam are great people such as: In February 1990,

1855-409: The form of seven nested castles. Herodotus says that each of them was in the color of a planet. The royal palace and the treasury were located inside the seventh castle. The outer perimeter of the castle wall was almost the size of the city wall of Athens. The royal palace, which was built in the last inner fort, had hundreds of rooms and people also built their houses outside of these forts, next to

1908-469: The fourth blue, the fifth orange; all these colors with paint. The last two have their battlements coated respectively with silver and gold. All these fortifications Deioces had caused to be raised for himself and his own palace." Herodotus' description is corroborated in part by stone reliefs from the Neo-Assyrian Empire , depicting Median citadels ringed by concentric walls. Other sources attest to

1961-620: The historical importance of Ecbatana based on the terms used by ancient authors to describe it such as Caput Mediae (capital of Media), the Royal Seat, and the Great City. It is said that Alexander the Great deposited the treasures he took from Persepolis and Pasargadae and that one of the last acts of his life was to visit the city. The citadel of Ecbatana is also mentioned in the Bible in Ezra 6 :2, in

2014-453: The north, alongside Atropatene . There is conflicting evidence as to whether Ecbatana was used as the summer capital for Sasanians or not. According to Ibn al-Faqih , buildings were built between Ctesiphon (The Sassanid capital) and Mount Alvand, but not beyond that. After the battle of Nahavand in 642 AD, Ecbatana fell to the Muslims, and around 1220, the city was completely destroyed by

2067-420: The one beyond it by the battlements. The nature of the ground, which is a gentle hill, favors this arrangements in some degree but it is mainly effected by art. The number of the circles is seven, the royal palace and the treasuries standing within the last. The circuit of the outer wall is very nearly the same with that of Athens . On this wall the battlements are white, of the next black, of the third scarlet, of

2120-476: The other two. Each member federation located in FIDE Zones 3.1 to 3.7 is entitled to enter a national team of four players and an optional reserve player into the open or women's tournament. The hosting nation is allowed to field two teams, and may field a third team if it results in an even number of participating teams. Currently, matches in both the open and women's tournament are contested on four boards ;

2173-426: The palace. Some archaeologists have also attributed its construction to Phraortes , the second king of the Medes. Other old legends attribute the origin of Ecbatana to the legendary Semiramis or Jamshid . Ecbatana has also been mentioned by other Greek historians such as Polybius , Ctesias , Justin and Xenophon . The Assyrians do not seem to mention Ecbatana, and it is likely they never penetrated east of

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2226-504: The people's money. Hamadan is twinned with: [REDACTED] Media related to Hamadan at Wikimedia Commons Ecbatana Ecbatana ( / ɛ k ˈ b æ t ən ə / ) was an ancient city, the capital of the Median kingdom , and the first capital in Iranian history . It later became the summer capital of the Achaemenid and Parthian empires. It was also an important city during

2279-584: The program of the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games , and have sometimes been part of the Southeast Asian Games , most recently in 2013 . The 2006 and 2010 Asian Games also featured team chess events, as did the Pan Arab Games from 1999 to 2011. An Asian Cities Chess Championship has been held roughly once every two years since 1979. An Asian Nations Online Chess Cup was held in 2020 during

2332-403: The remainder were stripped during Antigonus ' and Seleucus ' reigns. However, Antiochus found that the columns of the temple of Aene were still gilded and that several silver tiles were piled up around the temple along with some gold bricks (Polybius, 10.27). Topographically, Hamadan is characterized by three hills, Mosalla (place of prayer), Tell Hagmatana (Tappa-ye Hagmatana), Sang-e Sir, and

2385-499: The rule of the Buyid dynasty , the city suffered much damage. However, the city regained its former glory under the rule of the Buyid ruler Fanna Khusraw . The Seljuks launched campaigns to take the city in the 1040s, ultimately taking the final Kakuyid fortress in 1047. The Seljuks later shifted their capital from Baghdad to Hamadan. In 1220, Hamadan was destroyed by the Mongols during

2438-491: The summer capital and a treasury of the Achaemenids. As mentioned in several sources, the city was also used as a royal archive. In ancient times, Ecbatana was renowned for its wealth and splendid architecture. In 330 BC when Darius III faced Alexander , Ecbatana was in ruins, but Darius III ordered the construction of hundreds of hiding places in the middle of the city for treasures and assets. Some weeks before Darius III

2491-501: The summer capital of the Parthians , and their main mint, producing drachms , tetradrachms , and assorted bronze denominations. The wealth and importance of the city during classical antiquity are attributed to its location, a crucial crossroads that made it a staging post on the main east–west highway called High-Road. There was a reputation for horses and wheat in the area (Polybius, 5.44.1). Graphite, gold, platinum, antimony, iron, and various minerals are found there; however,

2544-474: The time of Darius I , as part of the national archives. The Nabonidus Chronicle , an ancient Babylonian text from the 5th century BC, describes how Astyages , the last Median king, was dethroned and how Cyrus conquered Ecbatana. "King Astyages called up his troops and marched against Cyrus , king of Anšan [ i.e., Persis ], in order to meet him in battle. The army of Astyages revolted against him and delivered him in fetters to Cyrus. Cyrus marched against

2597-419: The walls of this complex might be an ancient ziggurat , which was a type of temple tower with multiple stories that were common in the ancient Near East . In the 5th century BC, Herodotus wrote of Ecbatana: "The Medes built the city now called Ecbatana, the walls of which are of great size and strength, rising in circles one within the other. The plan of the place is, that each of the walls should out-top

2650-507: The western Zagros . Sir Henry Rawlinson attempted to prove that there was a second and older Ecbatana in Media Atropatene on the site of the modern Takht-i-Suleiman . However, the cuneiform texts imply that there was only one city of the name, and that Takht-i Suleiman is the Gazaca of classical geography. There is also the claim that Ecbatana used to be the city of Tabriz , which

2703-446: The women's tournament had been contested on three boards from 1995 to 2008. Since 2008, the final standings in the tournament have been determined by the number of match points scored by each team; before 2008, scores were calculated based on board points. Various formats have been used for both the open and women's championships, with a round robin or Swiss-system tournament being the most common. Team chess events are currently part of

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2756-420: The world that is still alive and important, representing the current-day Hamadan . According to Herodotus , Ecbatana was chosen as the Medes ' capital in 678 BC by Deioces , the first ruler of the Medes. Herodotus said that it had seven walls. Deioces' intention was to build a palace worthy of the dignity of a king. After choosing Ecbatana as his capital, Deioces decided to build a huge and strong palace in

2809-580: Was killed in a coup in July 330 BC, Ecbatana was conquered, and Persepolis destroyed by Alexander. These events marked the end of the Achaemenid Empire. In 330 BC, Alexander the Great captured the treasury of Ecbatana, and he looted all the gold and silver decorations of the palace. Ecbatana was the site of the assassination of the Macedonian general Parmenion by Alexander's order. Later, in 305 BC,

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