The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking , i.e., film production companies , film studios , cinematography , animation , film production , screenwriting , pre-production , post-production , film festivals , distribution , and actors. Though the expense involved in making film almost immediately led film production to concentrate under the auspices of standing production companies, advances in affordable filmmaking equipment, as well as an expansion of opportunities to acquire investment capital from outside the film industry itself, have allowed independent film production to evolve.
176-458: Asian cinema refers to the film industries and films produced in the continent of Asia . However, in countries like the United States , it is often used to refer only to the cinema of East Asia , Southeast Asia and South Asia . West Asian cinema is sometimes classified as part of Middle Eastern cinema, along with the cinema of Egypt . The cinema of Central Asia is often grouped with
352-466: A 'Golden Age' in the late 1940s. In 1946, Cai Chusheng returned to Shanghai to revive the Lianhua name as the "Lianhua Film Society." This in turn became Kunlun Studios which would go on to become one of the most important Chinese studios of the era, putting out the classics, Myriads of Lights (1948), The Spring River Flows East (1947), and Crows and Sparrows (1949). Wenhua's romantic drama Spring in
528-500: A Corpse ), both from 1898. The first Indian short film was also produced in 1898, The Flower of Persia , directed by Hiralal Sen . In the early 1900s, Israeli silent movies were screened in sheds, cafes and other temporary structures. In 1905, Cafe Lorenz opened on Jaffa Road in the Jewish neighborhood of Neve Tzedek . From 1909, the Lorenz family began screening movies at the cafe. In 1925,
704-498: A Small Town (1948), Raj Kapoor 's Awaara (1951), Mikio Naruse 's Floating Clouds (1955), Mehboob Khan 's Mother India (1957), and Ritwik Ghatak 's Subarnarekha (1962). During Japanese cinema 's 'Golden Age' of the 1950s and 1960s, successful films included Rashomon (1950), Seven Samurai (1954) and The Hidden Fortress (1958) by Akira Kurosawa , as well as Yasujirō Ozu 's Tokyo Story (1953) and Ishirō Honda 's Godzilla (1954). These films have had
880-480: A Small Town (1948), a film by director Fei Mu shortly prior to the revolution, is often regarded by Chinese film critics as one of the most important films in the history of Chinese cinema, with it being named by the Hong Kong Film Awards in 2004 as the greatest Chinese-language film ever made. The cinema of Malaysia also had its 'Golden Age' in the post-war period of the 1950s and 1960s. The period saw
1056-572: A benign and competent leader by Nikita Khrushchev two years later. This latter event gave filmmakers the margin of comfort they needed to move away from the narrow stories of socialist realism, expand its boundaries, and begin work on a wider range of entertaining and artistic Soviet films. Notable films include: The 1960s and 1970s saw the creation of many films, many of which molded Soviet and post-Soviet culture. They include: Since films were publicly funded by Goskino, Soviet directors were not preoccupied with commercial pressures. This contributed to
1232-694: A changing tide in the attitude of filmmakers. The 1960s was the "golden age" of Cambodian cinema . Several production companies were started and more movie theaters were built throughout the country. More than 300 movies were made in Cambodia during the era. A number of Khmer language films were well received in neighbouring countries at the time. Among the classic films from Cambodia during this period were Lea Haey Duong Dara ( Goodbye Duong Dara ) and Pos Keng Kang ( The Snake King's Wife ) by Tea Lim Kun and Sabbseth, and An Euil Srey An ( Khmer After Angkor ) by Ly Bun Yim. In 1966, 2.6 million Israelis went to
1408-620: A contradicting viewpoint in Druzhba Narodov [ ru ] in 1986, saying that everyone in the city of Tbilisi was crazy about the film. According to him, everywhere he went people were talking about the film and whistling the songs. Of the two accounts, film historians generally consider Okudzhava's more reliable than the one presented by Kultura i zhizn . Films such as His Butler's Sister , The Thief of Bagdad , Waterloo Bridge and Sun Valley Serenade , although not technically trophies as they had been purchased legally during
1584-698: A decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR established a commemorative " Soviet Cinema Day [ ru ] ". It was then celebrated in the USSR each year on August 27, the day on which Vladimir Lenin signed a decree to nationalise the country's cinematic and photographic industries. The policies of perestroika and glasnost saw a loosening of the censorship of earlier eras. A genre known as chernukha [ ru ] (roughly "black stuff"), including films such as Little Vera , portrayed
1760-518: A degree of Western success through DVD sales rather than cinema releases. In the modern era, Israeli cinema has seen a wave of success in the 21st century, with several Israeli films winning awards in film festivals around the world. Prominent films of this period include Late Marriage ( Dover Koshashvili ), Broken Wings , Walk on Water and Yossi & Jagger ( Eytan Fox ), Nina's Tragedies , Campfire and Beaufort ( Joseph Cedar ), Or (My Treasure) ( Keren Yedaya ), Turn Left at
1936-560: A film style that would be legible to a broad audience, thus avoiding a possible split between the avant-garde and mainstream cinema that was evident in the late 1920s. The director of Soyuzkino and, later, GUKF , Boris Shumyatsky (1886–1938), served as chief executive of the Soviet film industry from 1931 to 1938, and was a harsh critic of the montage aesthetic. He championed a "cinema for the millions" , which would use clear, linear narration. Although American movies were no longer being imported in
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#17329047423852112-425: A folk song and directed by Vladimir Romashkov . Among the notable Russian filmmakers of the era were Aleksandr Khanzhonkov and Ivan Mozzhukhin , who made Defence of Sevastopol in 1912. Yakov Protazanov made Departure of a Grand Old Man (1912), a biographical film about Lev Tolstoy . Animation pioneer Ladislas Starevich made the first Russian animated film (and the first stop motion puppet film with
2288-471: A form of "sound counterpoint" by exploiting tensions and ironic dissonances between sound elements and the image track. And in Alexander Nevsky , Eisenstein collaborated with the composer Sergei Prokofiev on an "operatic" film style that elegantly coordinated the musical score and the image track. As Soviet cinema made the transition to sound and central planning in the early 1930s, it was also put under
2464-451: A freer hand to film what they believed audiences wanted to see in their film's characters and stories. The industry remained a part of the government and any material that was found politically offensive or undesirable, was either removed, edited, reshot, or shelved. The definition of "socialist realism" was liberalized to allow development of more human characters, but communism still had to remain uncriticized in its fundamentals. Additionally,
2640-541: A humble servant girl who rises through the ranks of the Soviet industrial leadership after developing clever labour-saving work methods. Audiences could enjoy the film's comic turn on the Cinderella story while also learning about the value of efficiency in the workplace. Immediately after the end of the Second World War, color movies such as The Stone Flower (1946), Ballad of Siberia (1947), and Cossacks of
2816-413: A long, torturous process under this bureaucratic system, with various committees reviewing drafts and calling for cuts or revisions. In the 1930s censorship became more exacting with each passing year. Feature film projects would drag out for months or years and might be terminated at any point. Alexander Dovzhenko drew from Ukrainian folk culture in such films as Earth (1930) along the way because of
2992-440: A mandate to adopt a uniform film style, commonly identified as "socialist realism". In 1932 the party leadership ordered the literary community to abandon the avant-garde practices of the 1920s and to embrace socialist realism, a literary style that, in practice, was actually close to 19th-century realism. The other arts, including cinema, were subsequently instructed to develop the aesthetic equivalent. For cinema, this meant adopting
3168-583: A movie based on a popular musical play, was the first movie made and shown by Filipino filmmaker José Nepomuceno . Dubbed the "Father of Philippine Cinema," his work marked the start of cinema as an art form in the Philippines. The cinema of Bangladesh is the Bengali language film industry based in Dhaka , Bangladesh . The industry often has been a significant film industry since the early 1970s. The word "Dhollywood"
3344-473: A period of relative low visibility, the cinema of Hong Kong entered a dramatic renaissance of its own, largely a side effect of the development of the wuxia blending of action, history, and spiritual concerns. Several major figures emerged in Hong Kong at this time, including King Hu , whose 1966 Come Drink With Me was a key influence upon many subsequent Hong Kong cinematic developments. Shortly thereafter,
3520-502: A precursor to the neorealism genre. Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara , the first Indian talking film, on March 14, 1931. Following the inception of 'talkies' in India some film stars were highly sought after and earned comfortable incomes through acting. As sound technology advanced the 1930s saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani marking
3696-583: A profound influence on world cinema. In particular, Kurosawa's Seven Samurai has been remade several times as Western films , such as The Magnificent Seven (1960) and Battle Beyond the Stars (1980), and has also inspired several Bollywood films, such as Sholay (1975) and China Gate (1998). Rashomon was also remade as The Outrage (1964), and inspired films with " Rashomon effect " storytelling methods, such as Andha Naal (1954), The Usual Suspects (1995) and Hero (2002). The Hidden Fortress
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#17329047423853872-659: A revival of the Pakistan Film Industry in the early 2010s. Karachi , now the biggest production center of the Film Industry in Pakistan produces Urdu, English, and Sindhi language Pakistani movies. Lahore is the second big film producer now (mostly Punjabi movies) followed by Peshawar where mostly Pashto films are produced. Films are also being produced on a very small scale from Islamabad (Urdu and English movies) and Quetta (Balochi movies). Pakistani films are gaining market in
4048-465: A separate list of permitted German musical films, which were mainly German and Italian film adaptations of famous operas. Most of the trophy films were released in 1948–49, but somewhat strangely, compiled lists of the released films include ones not previously mentioned in the official minutes of the Central Committee. The public release of these trophy films seems contradictory in the context of
4224-409: A series of crowd-pleasing musicals. Their pastoral comedy Volga-Volga (1938) was surpassed only by Chapaev in terms of box-office success. The fantasy element of their films, with lively musical numbers reviving the montage aesthetic, sometimes stretched the boundaries of socialist realism, but the genre could also allude to contemporary affairs. In Aleksandrov's 1940 musical Tanya , Orlova plays
4400-548: A significant film industry for over a century. While film production reached an all-time high in 1936, the "golden age" of British cinema is usually thought to have occurred in the 1940s, during which the directors David Lean , Michael Powell , (with Emeric Pressburger ) and Carol Reed produced their most highly acclaimed work. Many British actors have achieved worldwide fame and critical success, such as Maggie Smith , Roger Moore , Michael Caine , Sean Connery , Daniel Day-Lewis , Gary Oldman , and Kate Winslet . Some of
4576-447: A story) in 1910 – Lucanus Cervus . His other stop-motion shorts The Beautiful Leukanida (1912) and The Cameraman's Revenge (1912), produced for Aleksandr Khanzhonkov, are also among the first animated films. In the following years, Starevich made shorts based on fables such as The Grasshopper and the Ant (1913), as well as World War I propaganda films. . The United Kingdom has had
4752-420: Is Mita's 'Lathial' (The striker), were the best movies of the year of 1975. 'Lathial' got first National Award as the best film, and mita got first National Award as best director. In the cinema of India , the 1970s saw a decline in ' Parallel Cinema ' and the rise of commercial Hindi cinema in the form of enduring masala films , a genre largely pioneered by screenwriter duo Salim–Javed , with films such as
4928-480: Is a Singapore -based company (close to Batam Island) which is owned by a consortium with 90 percent of it held by Indonesian businessman and film producer, Mike Wiluan. In 2010–2011, due to the substantial increase in value-added tax applied to foreign films, cinemas no longer had access to many foreign films, including Oscar-winning films. Foreign films include major box offices from the West and other major film producers of
5104-462: Is a portmanteau of the words Dhaka and Hollywood . The dominant style of Bangladeshi cinema is Melodramatic cinema , which developed from 1947 to 1990 and characterizes most films to this day. Cinema was introduced in Bangladesh in 1898 by Bradford Bioscope Company, credited with having arranged the first film release in Bangladesh. Between 1913 and 1914, the first production company named Picture House
5280-537: Is almost as long as the history of cinematography , and it has universally recognized achievements, even though Polish films tend to be less commercially available than films from several other European nations. After World War II , the communist government built an auteur -based national cinema, trained hundreds of new directors, and empowered them to make films. Filmmakers like Roman Polański , Krzysztof Kieślowski , Agnieszka Holland , Andrzej Wajda , Andrzej Żuławski , Andrzej Munk , and Jerzy Skolimowski impacted
5456-501: Is also considered the Golden Age of Hong Kong action cinema . Jackie Chan reinvented the martial arts film genre with a new emphasis on elaborate and dangerous stunts and slapstick humour, beginning with Project A (1983). John Woo began the " heroic bloodshed " genre based on triads , beginning with A Better Tomorrow (1986). The Hong Kong New Wave also occurred during this period, led by filmmakers such as Tsui Hark . With
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5632-473: Is considered to be one of the best films of the 1950s (it also became the foundation of the bard movement ). In the 1980s there was a diversification of subject matter. Touchy issues could now be discussed openly. The results were films like Repentance , which dealt with repression in Georgia , and the allegorical science fiction movie Kin-dza-dza! . After the death of Stalin , Soviet filmmakers were given
5808-856: Is headquartered in Culver City, California, its parent company, the Sony Corporation , is headquartered in Tokyo , Japan. Most shooting now takes place in California , New York , Louisiana , Georgia and North Carolina . New Mexico , especially in the Albuquerque and Santa Fe areas, had been an increasingly popular state for filming; the television show Breaking Bad was set there, and movies such as No Country for Old Men and Rust were shot there. Between 2009 and 2015, Hollywood consistently grossed $ 10 billion (or more) annually. Hollywood's award ceremony,
5984-611: Is largely due to the commercial strength of domestic productions, which accounted for 44,5% of admissions in 2014 (35.5% in 2015; and 35.3% in 2016). In the mid-2000s, the French film industry was described as being "closer to being entirely self-sufficient than any other country in Europe, recovering around 80–90% of their budget in revenues generated from the domestic market". In 2018, French films had an international box office of €237m with 40 million admissions (down 52% from 2017), with Italy being
6160-548: Is mostly concentrated in Mumbai (Bombay), and it is commonly referred to as Bollywood , a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood. Telugu cinema is primarily concentrated in Hyderabad and is commonly referred to as Tollywood . The Tamil film industry i.e. Kollywood is mostly concentrated in Chennai . Besides the mainstream commercial movies, India also offers a different approach to cinema:
6336-544: Is mostly themed on romance, family drama, and action while Pashto cinema revolves around action and tribal feuds. Major Film Awards include Lux Style Awards , ARY Film Awards, Nigar Awards and National Film Awards. The cinema of Malaysia consists of feature films produced in Malaysia, shot in the languages English , Tamil , Malay , Mandarin and Cantonese . Cinema of the Soviet Union The cinema of
6512-551: Is one of three distinct historical threads of Chinese-language cinema together with the cinema of Hong Kong and the cinema of Taiwan . Cinema was introduced in China in 1896 and the first Chinese film, Dingjun Mountain , was made in 1905, with the film industry being centered on Shanghai in the first decades. China is the home of one of the largest film studios in the world, the Hengdian World Studios , and in 2010 it had
6688-483: Is the Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema , founded in 1995. Film industry In 2019, the global box office was worth $ 42.2 billion . When including box office and home entertainment revenue, the global film industry was worth $ 136 billion in 2018. Hollywood is the world's oldest national film industry, and largest in terms of box-office gross revenue. Indian cinema
6864-492: Is the largest national film industry in terms of the number of films produced, with 2,446 feature films produced annually as of 2019 . The worldwide theatrical market had a box office of US$ 42.2 billion in 2019. The top three continents/regions by box-office gross were Asia-Pacific with US$ 17.8 billion , the U.S. and Canada with US$ 11.4 billion , and Europe, the Middle East and North Africa with US$ 10.3 billion . As of 2019 ,
7040-399: Is the largest producer of films in the world and the second-oldest film industry in the world. The country is home to some of the most important cities in the global film industry: Mumbai (previously Bombay), Hyderabad and Chennai (Madras). In 2009, India produced a total of 2,961 films on celluloid; this figure includes 1,288 feature films. Besides being the largest producer of films in
7216-754: Is the main annual national film award in Russia. The first films seen in the Russian Empire were brought in by the Lumière brothers , who exhibited films in Moscow and St. Petersburg in May 1896. That same month, Lumière cameraman Camille Cerf made the first film in Russia, recording the coronation of Nicholas II at the Kremlin . Aleksandr Drankov produced the first Russian narrative film Stenka Razin (1908), based on events told in
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7392-456: Is typified by Arab cinema , Iranian cinema , Israeli cinema (which may overlap with Jewish cinema ), and Turkish cinema . A 5,200-year-old earthen bowl found in Shahr-i Sokhta , Iran , has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This is believed to be an example of early animation . Mo-Ti , a Chinese philosopher circa 500 BC, pondered the phenomenon of inverted light from
7568-480: Is typified by the cinema of the Philippines – one of the pioneers in Asian cinema, Thailand , Indonesia , and other Southeast Asian countries. South Asian cinema is typified by the cinema of India , the cinema of Pakistan , the cinema of Bangladesh , and the cinema of Nepal . The cinema of Central Asia and the southern Caucasus is typified by Iranian cinema and the cinema of Tajikistan . West Asian cinema
7744-603: The Academy Awards , officially known as The Oscars, is held by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) every year and as of 2019, more than 3,000 Oscars have been awarded. On 27 October 1911, Nestor Film Company established Hollywood's first permanent film studio. The California weather allowed for year-round filming. In 1912, Universal Studios was formed, merging Nestor and several other motion picture companies, including Independent Moving Pictures (IMP). India
7920-509: The COVID-19 pandemic , in 2020 China overtook North America as world's biggest box office, being the first country to achieve this status. China retained this status in 2021. However, in 2022, North America once again overtook China as the global box office's biggest market. The cinema of the United States , often generally referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across
8096-673: The Egyptian Arabic dialect. Since 1976, Cairo has held the annual Cairo International Film Festival (CIFF), which is accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers Association. In 1996, the Egyptian Media Production City (EMPC) was inaugurated in 6th of October City south of Cairo, although by 2001, only one of the 29 planned studios was operational. Censorship, formerly an obstacle to freedom of expression, has decreased remarkably by 2012, when
8272-620: The Mumbai underworld crime drama Deewaar (1975) and the " Curry Western " film Sholay (1975), which solidified Amitabh Bachchan 's position as a lead actor. Commercial cinema further grew throughout the 1980s and the 1990s with the release of films such as Mr. India (1987), Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988), Tezaab (1988), Chandni (1989), Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), Baazigar (1993), Darr (1993), Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994) and Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995). By this time,
8448-467: The Three Gorges region, sharply contrasts with the works of Fifth Generation Chinese directors like Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige who were at the time producing House of Flying Daggers (2004) and The Promise (2005). It featured no star of international renown and was acted mostly by non-professionals. In 2012 the country became the second-largest market in the world by box office receipts. In 2014,
8624-515: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics did not officially come into existence until December 30, 1922), what had formerly been the Russian Empire began quickly to come under the domination of a Soviet reorganization of all its institutions. From the outset, the leaders of this new state held that film would be the most ideal propaganda tool for the Soviet Union because of its widespread popularity among
8800-629: The greatest foreign-language film of all time in BBC 's 2018 poll of 209 critics in 43 countries. Japan has won the Academy Award for the Best Foreign Language Film four times ( Rashomon , Gate of Hell , Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto , and Departures ), more than any other Asian country. . A limited number of silent films were made in Egypt beginning in 1896; 1927's Laila was notable as
8976-456: The parallel cinema . The parallel cinema movement originated in West Bengal around the 1950s. The movement was initially led by Bengali cinema . It later gained prominence in other film industries in India. Parallel cinema is a blanket term designated to a certain type of films that stray away from the conventions of popular mainstream cinema. Parallel cinema has assumed various forms throughout
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#17329047423859152-520: The visual effects supervisor , have worked on the films The Dark Knight (2008) and Gravity (2013), with new techniques involved in Gravity taking three years to complete. France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its significant contributions to the art form and the film-making process itself. Several important cinematic movements, including the Nouvelle Vague , began in
9328-449: The " Zionist " ideas from Jud Suss , an anti-Semitic, Nazi propaganda film. The censors also had trouble with a film adaptation of Of Mice and Men because of the representation of the poor as a detriment to society. There is very little direct evidence of how Soviet audiences received the trophy films. Soviet magazines or newspapers never reviewed the films, there were no audience surveys, and no records exist of how many people viewed
9504-652: The "youthful coming-of-age dramas that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy". Subrata Mitra 's cinematographic technique of bounce lighting also originates from The Apu Trilogy . Satyajit Ray's success led to the establishment of the Parallel Cinema movement, which was at its peak during the 1950s and 1960s. Other famous Indian filmmakers from this period include Guru Dutt , Ritwik Ghatak , Mrinal Sen , Bimal Roy , K. Asif and Mehboob Khan . The cinema of China experienced
9680-413: The 1920s, the newborn Soviet cinema was the most radically innovative. There, the craft of editing, especially, surged forward, going beyond its previous role in advancing a story. Sergei Eisenstein perfected the technique of so-called dialectical or intellectual montage , which strove to make non-linear , often violently clashing, images express ideas and provoke emotional and intellectual reactions in
9856-487: The 1930s, the Hollywood model of continuity editing was readily available, and it had a successful track record with Soviet movie audiences. Soviet socialist realism was built on this style, which assured tidy storytelling. Various other strictures were then added to the doctrine: positive heroes to act as role models for viewers; lessons in good citizenship for spectators to embrace; and support for reigning policy decisions of
10032-406: The 1940s Soviet Union. The Soviet government allowed the exhibition of foreign films which contained far more subversive ideas than any a Soviet director would have ever attempted putting in a film at a time when Soviet artists found themselves unemployed because of censorship laws. Historians hypothesize many possible reasons why the Soviet government showed such seemingly inexplicable leniency toward
10208-749: The 1950s and 1960s, it was producing 200 films annually, while Indian independent films gained greater recognition through international film festivals . One of the most famous was The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959) from critically acclaimed Bengali film director Satyajit Ray , whose films had a profound influence on world cinema, with directors such as Akira Kurosawa , Martin Scorsese , James Ivory , Abbas Kiarostami , Elia Kazan , François Truffaut , Steven Spielberg , Carlos Saura , Jean-Luc Godard , Isao Takahata , Gregory Nava , Ira Sachs , Wes Anderson and Danny Boyle being influenced by his cinematic style. According to Michael Sragow of The Atlantic Monthly ,
10384-430: The 1980s, Japanese cinema – aided by the rise of independent filmmaking and the spectacular success of anime – began to make something of an international comeback. Simultaneously, a new post- Mao Zedong generation of Chinese filmmakers began to gain global attention. Another group of filmmakers, centered around Edward Yang and Hou Hsiao-hsien , launched what has become known as the "Taiwanese New Wave". The 1980s
10560-739: The American-born Bruce Lee became a global icon in the 1970s. From 1969 onwards, the Iranian New Wave led to the growth of Iranian cinema , which would later go on to achieve international acclaim in the 1980s and 1990s. The most notable figures of the Iranian New Wave are Abbas Kiarostami , Jafar Panahi , Majid Majidi , Bahram Beizai , Darius Mehrjui , Mohsen Makhmalbaf , Masoud Kimiay , Sohrab Shahid-Saless , Parviz Kimiavi , Samira Makhmalbaf , Amir Naderi , and Abolfazl Jalili . Features of New Wave Iranian film, in particular
10736-588: The Bluest of Seas by Boris Barnet focus on the psychology of the common person, enthusiasm for work and intolerance for remnants of the past. Many films focused on national heroes, including Alexander Nevsky by Sergei Eisenstein , Minin and Pozharsky by Vsevolod Pudovkin , and Bogdan Khmelnitsky by Igor Savchenko . There were adaptations of literary classics, particularly Mark Donskoy 's trilogy of films about Maxim Gorky : The Childhood of Maxim Gorky , My Apprenticeship , and My Universities . During
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#173290474238510912-466: The Communist Party. Such aesthetic policies, enforced by the rigorous censorship apparatus of the USSR, resulted in a number of formulaic films. Apparently, they did succeed in sustaining a true "cinema of the masses". The 1930s witnessed some stellar examples of popular cinema. The single most successful film of the decade, in terms of both official praise and genuine affection from the mass audience,
11088-464: The Egyptian cinema had begun to tackle boldly issues ranging from sexual issues to heavy government criticism. The 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s are generally considered the golden age of Egyptian cinema. As in the West, films responded to the popular imagination, with most falling into predictable genres (happy endings being the norm), and many actors making careers out of playing strongly typed parts. In
11264-721: The End of the World ( Avi Nesher ), The Band's Visit ( Eran Kolirin ) Waltz With Bashir ( Ari Folman ), and Ajami . In 2011, Strangers No More won the Oscar for best Short Documentary. In 2020, the South Korean film Parasite become the first non-English language film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 92nd Academy Awards . One of the most famous Asian film festivals in Europe
11440-472: The Kessem Cinema was housed there for a short time. The first East Asian feature film was Japan's The Life Story of Tasuke Shiobara (1912). It was followed by India's first feature-length silent film, the period piece drama Raja Harishchandra (1913), by Dadasaheb Phalke , considered the father of Indian cinema . By the next decade, the output of Indian cinema was an average of 27 films per year. In
11616-570: The Kuban (1949) were released. Other notable films from the 1940s include the black and white films, Alexander Nevsky , Ivan the Terrible and Encounter at the Elbe . The Soviet film industry suffered during the period after World War II. On top of dealing with the severe physical and monetary losses of the war, Stalin's regime tightened social control and censorship to manage the effects recent exposure to
11792-447: The Middle East .: The Turkish film market stands out in the pan-European landscape as the only market where national films regularly outperform US films. In 2013, it had 1.2 million number of admissions and 87 feature films were released. Between 2004 and 2014, the estimated 12.9 million admissions generated on non-national European markets only accounted for 7% of total admissions to Turkish films in Europe (including Turkey). This
11968-530: The Middle East or, in the past, the cinema of the Soviet Union during the Soviet Central Asia era. North Asia is dominated by Siberian Russian cinema , and is thus considered part of European cinema . East Asian cinema is typified by the cinema of Japan , China , Hong Kong , Taiwan and South Korea , including the Japanese anime industry and action films of Hong Kong . Southeast Asian cinema
12144-693: The Oscars' for the best documentary film, these are, Saving Face (2012) and A Girl in the River (2016). Pakistani movies especially Urdu movies revolve around family drama, romance, love stories, comedy, thriller, social matters, and political issues. In the contemporary era some Pakistani films have gained international acclaim, these include, Khuda Kay Liye (In the name of God), Bol , Verna, Zinda Bhaag, Load-Wedding, Wrong No. , Cake, Teefa in Trouble , Lal Kabootar, Mah-e-Meer, Moor, The Legend of Maula Jatt . Punjabi cinema
12320-865: The Revolution and Civil War. Revolutionary history was developed in films such as Golden Mountains by Sergei Yutkevich , Outskirts by Boris Barnet , and the Maxim trilogy by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg : The Youth of Maxim , The Return of Maxim , and The Vyborg Side . Also notable were biographical films about Vladimir Lenin such as Mikhail Romm 's Lenin in October and Lenin in 1918 . The life of Russian society and everyday people were depicted in films such as Seven Brave Men and Komsomolsk by Sergei Gerasimov . The comedies of Grigori Aleksandrov such as Circus , Volga-Volga , and Tanya as well as The Rich Bride by Ivan Pyryev and By
12496-409: The Rings movie, plus the Tim Burton version of Alice in Wonderland (2010), and more than half of the top twenty most financially successful films had a substantial British dimension. British influence can also be seen with the 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films, which include Alice in Wonderland (1951), Peter Pan (1953), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), The Sword in
12672-642: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, extracting rent from all privately owned cinemas and subject them to censorship. Joseph Stalin later also regarded cinema as of the prime importance. However, between World War I and the Russian Revolution , the Russian film industry and the infrastructure needed to support it (e.g., electrical power) had deteriorated to the point of unworkability. The majority of cinemas had been in
12848-606: The Russian language. The popular term Mollywood is a portmanteau of " Moscow " and " Hollywood ". It began in the Russian Empire , widely developed in the Soviet Union , and the years following its dissolution . The Russian film industry would remain internationally recognized. In the 21st century, Russian cinema has become known internationally with films such as Hardcore Henry (2015), Leviathan (2014), Night Watch (2004) and Brother (1997). The Moscow International Film Festival began in Moscow during 1935. The Nika Award
13024-545: The Sixth Generation gained international exposure, many subsequent films were joint ventures and projects with international backers but remained quite resolutely low-key and low-budget . Jia's Platform (2000) was funded in part by Takeshi Kitano 's production house, while his Still Life was shot on HD video. Still Life was a surprise addition and Golden Lion winner of the 2006 Venice International Film Festival. Still Life , which concerns provincial workers around
13200-535: The Soviet Union includes films produced by the constituent republics of the Soviet Union reflecting elements of their pre-Soviet culture, language and history, albeit they were all regulated by the central government in Moscow. Most prolific in their republican films, after the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , were Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Ukraine , and, to a lesser degree, Lithuania , Belarus and Moldavia . At
13376-557: The Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967). Disney first became interested in live-action films as a means of using financial reserves which had built up in Britain, and could not be repatriated owing to exchange controls, by making two films from Scottish and English sources. These were Treasure Island (1950) and The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), which were both successes at
13552-437: The USSR cut off its film contacts with the West. It stopped importing films after 1931 out of concern that foreign films exposed audiences to capitalist ideology. The industry also freed itself from dependency on foreign technologies. During its industrialization effort of the early 1930s, the USSR finally built an array of factories to supply the film industry with the nation's own technical resources. To secure independence from
13728-409: The USSR did not complete the transition to sound until 1935. Nevertheless, several directors made innovative use of sound once the technology became available. In Enthusiasm: The Symphony of Donbass (1930), his documentary on coal mining and heavy industry, Dziga Vertov based his soundtrack on an elegantly orchestrated array of industrial noises. In The Deserter (1933) Pudovkin experimented with
13904-624: The West had on the people. The postwar period was marked by an end of almost all autonomy in the Soviet Union. The Catalogue of Soviet Films recorded remarkably low numbers of films being produced from 1945 to 1953, with as few as nine films produced in 1951 and a maximum of twenty-three produced in 1952. These numbers do not, however, include many of the works which are not generally considered to be "film" in an elitist sense, such as filmed versions of theatrical works and operas, feature-length event documentaries and travelogues, short films for children, and experimental stereoscopic films . But compared to
14080-509: The West, industry leaders mandated that the USSR develop its own sound technologies, rather than taking licenses on Western sound systems. Two Soviet scientists, Alexander Shorin in Leningrad (present-day St. Petersburg) and Pavel Tager in Moscow, conducted research through the late 1920s on complementary sound systems, which were ready for use by 1930. The implementation process, including the cost of refitting movie theaters, proved daunting, and
14256-428: The beginning of song-and-dance in India's films. Studios emerged across major cities such as Chennai , Kolkata and Mumbai as filmmaking became an established craft by 1935, exemplified by the success of Devdas , which had managed to enthrall audiences nationwide. Following the end of World War II by the mid-1940s, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is considered the 'Golden Age' of Asian cinema. Many of
14432-444: The best known of these, lasted from 1922 to 1925 and had a propagandistic bent; Vertov used the series to promote socialist realism but also to experiment with cinema. Still, in 1921, there was not one functioning cinema in Moscow until late in the year. Its rapid success, using old Russian and imported feature films, jumpstarted the industry significantly, especially insofar as the government did not heavily or directly regulate what
14608-628: The box office with just over EUR 200 million as Europe's eight largest box office market ahead of Sweden and Switzerland with a clear gap to the top 6 markets all of which registered GBO between EUR 504 million (Spain) up to over EUR 1 billion in France, the UK , Germany and the Russian Federation . Cinema going is comparatively cheap in Turkey. In 2013 a cinema ticket cost an average of EUR 4.0 in Turkey, and this
14784-561: The box office. The studio continued to draw on British source material for its animated films after Walt Disney died in 1967, with the cartoon feature films Robin Hood (1973), The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and The Rescuers (both 1977), one of many Disney to draw on A. A. Milne 's characters. In the 1970s and 1980s, British studios established a reputation for great special effects in films such as Superman (1978), Alien (1979), and Batman (1989). Some of this reputation
14960-525: The capricious decision of one or another censoring committee. This redundant oversight slowed down production and inhibited creativity. Although central planning was supposed to increase the film industry's productivity, production levels declined steadily through the 1930s. The industry was releasing over one-hundred features annually at the end of the NEP period, but that figure fell to seventy by 1932 and to forty-five by 1934. It never again reached triple digits during
15136-399: The cinema over 50 million times. From 1968, when television broadcasting began, theaters began to close down, first in the periphery, then in major cities. 330 standalone theaters were torn down or redesigned as multiplex theaters. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, Japanese cinema had begun to become seriously affected by the collapse of the studio system. As Japanese cinema slipped into
15312-521: The complexity of Polish history during World War II and German occupation. Among the most important topics were the generation of former Home Army soldiers and their role in post-war Poland and the national tragedies like the German concentration camps and the Warsaw Uprising . The political changes allowed the group to speak more openly about the recent history of Poland. However, the rule of censorship
15488-479: The corridor between Moscow and Saint Petersburg , and most were out of commission. Additionally, many of the performers, producers, directors and other artists of pre-Soviet Russia had fled the country or were moving ahead of Red Army forces as they pushed further and further south into what remained of the Russian Empire. Furthermore, the new government did not have the funds to spare for an extensive reworking of
15664-873: The country by the Red Army after the occupation of Germany and Eastern Europe in World War II. In the top secret minutes for the CPSU Committee Meeting on August 31, 1948, the committee permitted the Minister of the Film Industry to release fifty of these films in the Soviet Union. Of these fifty, Bolshakov was only allowed to release twenty-four for screening to the general public, mainly films made in Germany, Austria, Italy, and France. The other twenty-six films, consisting almost entirely of American films, were only allowed to be shown in private screenings. The minutes also include
15840-571: The country. It is noted for having a particularly strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the French government . French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland ( Roman Polanski , Krzysztof Kieślowski , and Andrzej Żuławski ), Argentina ( Gaspar Noé and Edgardo Cozarinsky ), Russia ( Alexandre Alexeieff , Anatole Litvak ), Austria ( Michael Haneke ), and Georgia ( Géla Babluani , Otar Iosseliani ) are prominent in
16016-486: The creation of philosophical and poetic films. Scripts had to be approved by a Goskino committee before the director would receive funding, and the production could be greenlighted, but in most cases, this did not amount to brazen censorship. As such, the directors Andrei Tarkovsky , Sergei Parajanov and Nikita Mikhalkov became known for the 'poetic' quality of their films. In keeping with Russian culture, tragi-comedies were very popular. These decades were also prominent in
16192-467: The degree of relative artistic liberality was changed from administration to administration. Examples created by censorship include: On August 27, 1919, Vladimir Lenin nationalized the film industry and created post-imperial Soviet films "when all control over film production and exhibition was ceded to the People’s Commissariat of Education." The work of the nationalized motion-picture studios
16368-483: The development of Polish film-making. In more recent years, the industry has been producer-led with finance being the key to a film being made, and with many independent filmmakers of all genres, Polish productions tend to be more inspired by American film . The Polish Film School was under the heavy influence of Italian neorealists . It took advantage of the liberal changes in Poland after 1956 Polish October to portray
16544-570: The development of Russian and world cinematography. Other important films of the 1920s were Esfir Shub 's historical-revolutionary films such as The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty which used montage editing techniques to repurpose old Imperial documentaries into a revolutionary theme. In 1924, filmmakers Sergei Eisenstein and Lev Kuleshov created the first association of Soviet filmmakers, the Association of Revolutionary Cinematography (ARK), to "meet
16720-451: The domestic market but also in the international markets, with Dangal having an overseas gross revenue of $ 260 million, Secret Superstar and Bajrangi Bhaijaan making a gross revenue of $ 80.4 million, and Baahubali: The Beginning and Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (a blockbuster duology from Telugu cinema ) grossing over $ 370 million globally. In India, they have over 400 production houses with 32 corporate houses; also supporting
16896-429: The end of World War II , color movies such as The Stone Flower (1946), Ballad of Siberia (1947), and Cossacks of the Kuban (1949) were released. Other notable films from the 1940s include Alexander Nevsky and Ivan the Terrible . In the late 1950s and early 1960s Soviet cinema produced Ballad of a Soldier , which won the 1961 BAFTA Award for Best Film , and The Cranes Are Flying . The Height
17072-426: The entire nature of film, a position which would result in several well-known creative efforts but would also result in an unforeseen counter-reaction by the increasingly solidifying administrators of the government-controlled society. In 1924 Nikolai Lebedev [ ru ] wrote a book on the history of film he says is "the first Soviet attempt at systematization of the meager available sources [on cinema] for
17248-504: The established citizenry of the new land. Vladimir Lenin viewed film as the most important medium for educating the masses in the ways, means and successes of communism . As a consequence Lenin issued the "Directives on the Film Business" on January 17, 1922, which instructed the People's Commissariat for Education to systemise the film business, registering and numbering all films shown in
17424-426: The extremely profitable works of comedian Mohamed Saad , battle to hold audiences either drawn to Western films or, increasingly, wary of the perceived immorality of film. The term cinema of Korea (or Korean cinema) encompasses the motion picture industries of North and South Korea . As with all aspects of Korean life during the past century, the film industry has often been at the mercy of political events, from
17600-634: The feature films shot in Pakistan are in Urdu , the national language, but may also include films in English, the official language, and regional languages such as Punjabi , Pashto , Balochi , and Sindhi . Lahore has been described as the epicenter of Pakistani cinema, giving rise to the term " Lollywood " as a portmanteau of Lahore and Hollywood. Before the separation of Bangladesh, Pakistan had three main film production centers: Lahore , Karachi and Dhaka . The regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq , VCRs , film piracy ,
17776-585: The films are to bring in a net income of at least 750 million roubles to the State coffers over the course of a year from public and private screenings, and 250 million roubles of this were supposed to come from rentals to the trade union camera network. In addition to releasing the films, the committee also charged Bolshakov and the Agitation and Propaganda Department of the CPSU Central Committee "with making
17952-586: The films with the largest-ever box-office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the third- and fourth- highest-grossing film series ( Harry Potter and James Bond ). The first moving picture was shot in Leeds by Louis Le Prince in 1888, and the first moving pictures developed on celluloid film were made in Hyde Park, London , in 1889 by British inventor William Friese Greene , who patented
18128-713: The films. Instead, the council insisted that every film produced must be a masterpiece for promoting communist ideas and the Soviet system. Often, Stalin had the ultimate decision on whether a newly produced film was appropriate for public viewing. In private screenings after meetings of the Politburo , the Minister of the Film Industry Ivan Bolshakov privately screened films for Stalin and top members of Soviet government. The strict limitations on content and complex, centralized process for approval drove many screenwriters away, and studios had much difficulty producing any of
18304-479: The films. To judge the reception and popularity of these foreign films, historians have mainly relied on anecdotal evidence. The German musical comedy The Woman of My Dreams received mixed reviews according to this evidence. Kultura i zhizn published a supposed survey compiled of readers' letters to the editor in March 1947 which criticize the film for being idealess, low brow, and even harmful. Bulat Okudzhava wrote
18480-622: The first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments , in Paris. Paris also boasts the Cité du cinéma, a major studio north of the city, and Disney Studio, a theme park devoted to the cinema and the third theme park near the city behind Disneyland and Parc Asterix. In 2015, France saw a record-breaking 300 feature-length films produced. US and UK films only represented 44.9% of total admissions in 2014. This
18656-581: The first moving pictures to the country on August 31, 1897, at the Salón de Pertierra in Manila . The following year, local scenes were shot on film for the first time by a Spaniard, Antonio Ramos, using the Lumiere Cinematograph . While most early filmmakers and producers in the country were mostly wealthy enterprising foreigners and expatriates , on September 12, 1919, Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) ,
18832-497: The first being Munshi Dil's Azra in 1962, Zahir Rehan's Sangam (first full-length coloured film) in 1964, and Mala (first coloured cinemascope film). In 1961, the political film Bombay Wala was released, based on the city of Bombay in neighbouring India, in the wake of the growing tension between the nations. In 1962, Shaheed ( Martyr ) pronounced the Palestine issue on the silver screen and became an instant hit, leading to
19008-454: The first foreign cameramen arrived. In a Sight & Sound list of the best films produced in Asia , Japanese works made up eight of the top 12, with Tokyo Story (1953) ranked number one. Tokyo Story also topped the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll of The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time , dethroning Citizen Kane , while Akira Kurosawa 's Seven Samurai (1954) was voted
19184-592: The first full-length feature. Cairo 's film industry became a regional force with the coming of sound. Between 1930 and 1936, various small studios produced at least 44 feature films. In 1936, Studio Misr , financed by industrialist Talaat Harb , emerged as the leading Egyptian equivalent to Hollywood's major studios, a role the company retained for three decades. Of the more than 4,000 short and feature-length films made in MENA region since 1908, more than three-quarters were Egyptian films. Egyptian films are typically spoken in
19360-669: The first half of the 1990s were the golden years for Bangladeshi films as the industry produced many successful films. The Face and the Mask , the first Bengali language full-length feature film was produced in 1956. Matir Moina , a 2002 film by Tarek Masud , became the first Bangladeshi film to be honored at Cannes Film Festival The biggest film studios in Southeast Asia has been soft opened on 5 November 2011 on 10 hectares of land in Nongsa, Batam Island , Indonesia . Infinite Frameworks (IFW)
19536-404: The foreign films. The government may have granted cinemas the right to show the films so they could stay in business after the domestic film industry had declined. A second hypothesis speculates that the government saw the films as an easy source of money to help rebuild the nation after the war. The minutes of the CPSU Central Committee meeting seem to support the latter idea with instructions that
19712-492: The four hundred to five hundred films produced every year by Hollywood, the Soviet film industry was practically dead. Even as the economy of the Soviet Union strengthened, film production continued to decrease. A resolution passed by the Council of Ministers in 1948 further crippled the film industry. The resolution criticized the work of the industry, saying that an emphasis placed on quantity over quality had ideologically weakened
19888-452: The general reader". Along with other articles written by Lebedev and published by Pravda , Izvestia and Kino . In the book he draws attention to the funding challenges that follow nationalization of Soviet cinema. In 1925 all film organizations merged to form Sovkino . Under Sovkino the film industry was given a tax-free benefit and held a monopoly on all film-related exports and imports. Sergei Eisenstein 's Battleship Potemkin
20064-463: The gross box office in China was ¥ 29.6 billion ( US$ 4.82 billion), with domestic films having a share of 55%. China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios. In 2018, China's gross box office was US$ 8.9 Billion In 2013, China's gross box office was ¥21.8 billion (US$ 3.6 billion), the second-largest film market in the world by box office receipts It increased to $ 4.8 Billion in 2014 box office grosser in film industry. Due to
20240-450: The ideological and artistic needs of the proletariat". Although state controlled, "the organization was characterized by a pluralism of political and artistic views until the late 1920s". One of the most iconic developments in film during this period that is still used in films today was editing and montage to create meaning. This style of film making came to be known as the Kuleshov effect and
20416-423: The industry, as they were the ones who could most reliably and convincingly turn out films that would satisfy government censors. New talent joined the experienced remainder, and an artistic community assembled with the goal of defining "Soviet film" as something distinct and better from the output of "decadent capitalism ". The leaders of this community viewed it essential to this goal to be free to experiment with
20592-442: The intersection of art and economics; so it was destined to be thoroughly reorganized in this episode of economic and cultural transformation. To implement central planning in cinema, the new entity Soyuzkino was created in 1930. All the hitherto autonomous studios and distribution networks that had grown up under NEP's market would now be coordinated in their activities by this planning agency. Soyuzkino's authority also extended to
20768-574: The introduction of entertainment taxes, strict laws based upon ultra-conservative jurisprudence, was an obstacle to the industry's growth. Once thriving, the cinema in Pakistan had a sudden collapse in the 1980s and by the 2000s "an industry that once produced an average of 80 films annually was now struggling to even churn out few movies." However, the boom in the Television Industry in Karachi which gave rise to bigger privately owned media houses led to
20944-496: The introduction of the studio system of filmmaking in Malaysia and influx of influences from Hollywood , the emerging cinema of Hong Kong , and particularly the Indian and Japanese film industries which were themselves experiencing a Golden Age. The late 1950s and 1960s was also a 'Golden Age' for Philippine cinema , with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in
21120-401: The largest markets by box office were, in decreasing order, the United States, China , Japan , South Korea , the United Kingdom , France , and India . As of 2019 , the countries with the largest number of film productions were India , and the United States. In Europe, significant centers of movie production are France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The cinema of China
21296-569: The late Joseon dynasty to the Korean War to domestic governmental interference. While both countries have relatively robust film industries today , only South Korean films have achieved wide international acclaim. North Korean films tend to portray their communist or revolutionary themes. South Korean films enjoyed a "Golden age" during the late 1950s and 1960s. By 2005 South Korea had become one of few nations to watch more domestic than imported films in theaters due largely to laws placing limits on
21472-498: The late 1920s and early 1930s the Stalin wing of the Communist Party consolidated its authority and set about transforming the Soviet Union on both the economic and cultural fronts. The economy moved from the market-based New Economic Policy (NEP) to a system of central planning. The new leadership declared a "cultural revolution" in which the party would exercise control over cultural affairs, including artistic expression. Cinema existed at
21648-586: The livelihood of more than 6 million people. The other largest film industries are Malayalam cinema , Kannada cinema , Bengali cinema ( cinema of West Bengal ) and Marathi cinema , primarily located in Kochi , Bengaluru , Kolkata , and Mumbai , respectively. The remaining majority portion are spread across northern, eastern, western, and southern India (with Gujarati , Punjabi , Odia , Bhojpuri , Assamese Cinema ). However, there are several smaller centers of Indian film industries in regional languages centered in
21824-406: The local circuit and international markets like Gulf countries, UK-Europe, US-North America, and Far-East. Many Pakistani movies made their ways to Oscars' foreign language film category i.e. The Day Shall Dawn (1959), The Veil (Ghoonghat) (1963), Zinda Bhaag (2013), Dukhtar (2014), Moor (2015), Mah-e-Mir (2016), Saawan (2017), Cake (2018), Lal Kabootar (2019). Two Pakistani documentary films won
22000-479: The local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. The premiere Philippine directors of the era included Gerardo de Leon , Gregorio Fernandez , Eddie Romero , Lamberto Avellana , and Cirio Santiago . The cinema of South Korea also experienced a 'Golden Age' in the late 1950s and 1960s, beginning with director Lee Kyu-hwan's tremendously successful remake of Chunhyang-jon (1955). That year also saw
22176-626: The most critically acclaimed Asian films of all time were produced during this period, including Yasujirō Ozu 's Late Spring (1949) and Tokyo Story (1953); Akira Kurosawa 's Rashomon (1950), Ikiru (1952), Seven Samurai (1954) and Throne of Blood (1957); Kenji Mizoguchi 's The Life of Oharu (1952), Sansho the Bailiff (1954) and Ugetsu (1954); Satyajit Ray 's The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959), The Music Room (1958) and Charulata (1964); Guru Dutt 's Pyaasa (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959); and Fei Mu 's Spring in
22352-459: The movement tend to underline the role of the individual as opposed to collectivity. There were two trends within the movement: young directors such as Andrzej Wajda generally studied the idea of heroism, while another group (the most notable being Andrzej Munk ) analyzed the Polish character via irony, humor, and dissection of national myths. Cinema of the Philippines began with the introduction of
22528-477: The necessary editorial corrections to the films and with providing an introductory text and carefully edited subtitles for each film." In general, the captured Nazi films were considered apolitical enough to be shown to the general populace. Still the Propaganda and Agitation Section of the Central Committee ran into trouble with the censoring of two films slated for release. The censors found it impossible to remove
22704-461: The new order. These short (often one small reel) films were often simple visual aids and accompaniments to live lectures and speeches, and were carried from city to city, town to town, village to village (along with the lecturers) to educate the entire countryside, even reaching areas where film had not been previously seen. Newsreels, as documentaries, were the other major form of earliest Soviet cinema. Dziga Vertov 's newsreel series Kino-Pravda ,
22880-424: The number of foreign films able to be shown per theater per year. In the theaters, Korean films must be played for 73 days per year since 2006. On cable TV 25% domestic film quota will be reduced to 20% after KOR-US FTA. The cinema of South Korea had a total box office gross in the country in 2015 of ₩ 884 billion and had 113,000,000 admissions, 52% of the total admissions. The history of Cinema of Poland
23056-584: The outside world beaming through a small hole in the opposite wall in a darkened room. Shadow plays first appeared during the Han dynasty and later gain popularity across Asia . Around 180 AD, Ting Huan ( 丁緩 ) created an elementary zoetrope in China. The first short films from Asia were produced during the 1890s. The first short films produced in Japan were Bake Jizo ( Jizo the Spook ) and Shinin no Sosei ( Resurrection of
23232-468: The post-1980 rise in popularity of East Asian cinema in the West, Western audiences are again becoming familiar with many of the industry's filmmakers and stars. A number of these key players, such as Chow Yun-fat and Zhang Ziyi , have "crossed over", working in Western films. Others have gained exposure through the international success of their films, though many more retain more of a " cult " appeal, finding
23408-410: The primary source of the most commercially successful movies in the world , including movies such as The Sound of Music (1965), Star Wars (1977), Titanic (1997), and Avatar (2009). American film studios today collectively generate several hundred films every year, making the United States one of the most prolific producers of films in the world. And while Sony Pictures Entertainment
23584-636: The process in 1890. Two of the top eight- highest-grossing films worldwide of all time have some British historical, cultural or creative dimensions: Titanic (1997), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2005). Adding four more Harry Potter films and one more Lord of
23760-424: The production of Kim Ki-young's The Housemaid and Yu Hyun-mok 's Aimless Bullet , both of which have been listed among the best Korean films ever made. The 1960s is often cited as being the 'golden age' of Pakistani cinema . Many A-stars were introduced in this period in time and became legends on the silver screen . As black-and-white became obsolete, Pakistan saw the introduction of its first colour films,
23936-460: The production of the Eastern or Red Western. Animation was a respected genre, with many directors experimenting with animation techniques. Tale of Tales (1979) by Yuri Norstein was twice given the title of "Best Animated Film of All Eras and Nations" by animation professionals from around the world, in 1984 and 2002. In the year of the 60th anniversary of the Soviet cinema (1979), on April 25,
24112-558: The quality films mandated by the 1948 resolution. Movie theaters in the postwar period faced the problem of satisfying the growing appetites of Soviet audiences for films while dealing with the shortage of newly produced works from studios. In response, cinemas played the same films for months at a time, many of them the works of the late 1930s. Anything new drew millions of people to the box office, and many theaters screened foreign films to attract larger audiences. Most of these foreign films were "trophy films", two thousand films brought into
24288-562: The ranks of French cinema. Conversely, some French directors have had careers in other countries, such as Luc Besson , Jacques Tourneur , or Francis Veber in the United States . Another element supporting this fact is that Paris has the highest density of cinemas in the world, measured by the number of movie theaters per inhabitant, and that in most "downtown Paris" movie theaters, foreign movies which would be secluded to "art houses" cinemas in other places are shown alongside "mainstream" works. Philippe Binant realized, on 2 February 2000,
24464-551: The release of Yangsan Province by the renowned director, Kim Ki-young , marking the beginning of his productive career. Both the quality and quantity of filmmaking had increased rapidly by the end of the 1950s. South Korean films, such as Lee Byeong-il's 1956 comedy Sijibganeun nal (The Wedding Day) , had begun winning international awards. In contrast to the beginning of the 1950s, when only 5 movies were made per year, 111 films were produced in South Korea in 1959. The year 1960 saw
24640-630: The remainder of the Stalin era. Veteran directors experienced precipitous career declines under this system of control; whereas Eisenstein was able to make four features between 1924 and 1929, he completed only one film, Alexander Nevsky (1938) during the entire decade of the 1930s. His planned adaptation of the Ivan Turgenev story Bezhin Meadow (1935–37) was halted during production in 1937 and officially banned, one of many promising film projects that fell victim to an exacting censorship system. Meanwhile,
24816-561: The rest of the regional film industries constitute 21% of Indian cinema. By 2021, Telugu Cinema (Tollywood) has overtaken both Hindi cinema (Bollywood) and Tamil cinema (Kollywood), emerged as the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office. In 2023, Bollywood again emerged as the largest film industry in India. The cinema of Russia, popularly known as Mollywood , refers to the film industry in Russia , engaged in producing motion pictures in
24992-428: The revolutionary epic in the film October . Also noteworthy was Vsevolod Pudovkin 's adaptation of Maxim Gorky 's Mother to the screen in 1926. Pudovkin developed themes of revolutionary history in the film The End of St. Petersburg (1927). Other noteworthy silent films were films dealing with contemporary life such as Boris Barnet 's The House on Trubnaya . The films of Yakov Protazanov were devoted to
25168-449: The revolutionary struggle and the shaping of a new way of life, such as Don Diego and Pelagia (1928). Ukrainian director Alexander Dovzhenko was noteworthy for the historical-revolutionary epic Zvenigora , Arsenal and the poetic film Earth . In the early 1930s, Russian filmmakers applied socialist realism to their work. Among the most outstanding films was Chapaev , a film about Russian revolutionaries and society during
25344-466: The same time, the nation's film industry, which was fully nationalized throughout most of the country's history, was guided by philosophies and laws propounded by the monopoly Soviet Communist Party which introduced a new view on the cinema, socialist realism , which was different from the one before or after the existence of the Soviet Union. Upon the establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on November 7, 1917 (although
25520-681: The states where those languages are spoken. Indian cinema encloses several several artforms like Indian classical music, folk music of different regions throughout the country, Indian classical dance, folk dance, and much more. Bollywood, Kollywood and Tollywood forms the largest portion of the Indian film industry and is viewed all over the Indian Subcontinent , and is increasingly popular in Australia, UK, United States, New Zealand, Southeast Asia , Africa , Gulf countries , European countries , East Asia and China. The largest film studio complex in
25696-453: The studios of the national republics such as VUFKU , which had enjoyed more independence during the 1920s. Soyuzkino consisted of an extended bureaucracy of economic planners and policy specialists who were charged to formulate annual production plans for the studios and then to monitor the distribution and exhibition of finished films. With central planning came more centralized authority over creative decision making. Script development became
25872-533: The system of filmmaking. Thus, they initially opted for project approval and censorship guidelines while leaving what remained of the industry in private hands. As this amounted mostly to cinema houses, the first Soviet films consisted of recycled films of the Russian Empire and its imports, to the extent that these were not determined to be offensive to the new Soviet ideology . Ironically, the first new film released in Soviet Russia did not exactly fit this mold: this
26048-671: The term " Bollywood " was coined to refer to the Hindi -language Bombay (now Mumbai) film industry. By the early 2020s, S. S. Rajamouli 's epic duology Baahubali , and alternate history film RRR received the American Saturn Award nominations in various categories, the only Indian films to have garnered the honors. Rajamouli's success played a role in the broader growth of the South Indian film industries , which now are on par with Bollywood films in terms of box office revenue. During
26224-521: The third largest film industry by number of feature films produced annually. For the next decade, the production companies were mainly foreign-owned, and the domestic film industry was centered on Shanghai, a thriving entrepot and the largest city in the Far East . In 1913, the first independent Chinese screenplay , The Difficult Couple , was filmed in Shanghai by Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhang Shichuan . As
26400-460: The top foreign market. The cinema of Iran ( Persian : سینمای ایران ) or cinema of Persia refers to the cinema and film industries in Iran which produce a variety of commercial films annually. Iranian art films have garnered international fame and now enjoy a global following. Along with China, Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s. Some critics now rank Iran as
26576-472: The trophy films, it is clear to see they had quite an impact on Soviet society. With the start of the Cold War , writers, still considered the primary auteurs , were all the more reluctant to take up script writing, and the early 1950s saw only a handful of feature films completed during any year. The death of Stalin was a relief to some people, and all the more so was the official trashing of his public image as
26752-408: The various fronts. In the 1920s, the documentary film group headed by Dziga Vertov blazed the trail from the conventional newsreel to the "image centered publicistic film", which became the basis of the Soviet film documentary. Typical of the 1920s were the topical news serial Kino-Pravda and the film Forward, Soviet! by Vertov, whose experiments and achievements in documentary films influenced
26928-536: The viewer. Sound films began being produced in Asia from the 1930s. Notable early talkies from the cinema of Japan included Kenji Mizoguchi's Sisters of the Gion ( Gion no shimai , 1936), Osaka Elegy (1936) and The Story of the Last Chrysanthemums (1939), along with Sadao Yamanaka 's Humanity and Paper Balloons (1937) and Mikio Naruse 's Wife, Be Like A Rose! ( Tsuma Yo Bara No Yoni , 1935), which
27104-464: The viewing public: spectators reported seeing the film multiple times during its first run in 1934, and Chapaev was periodically re-released for subsequent generations of audiences. A genre that emerged in the 1930s to consistent popular acclaim was the musical comedy, and a master of that form was Grigori Aleksandrov (1903–1984). He effected a creative partnership with his wife, the brilliant comic actress and chanteuse Lyubov Orlova (1902–1975), in
27280-415: The wartime alliance with America, were highly popular with Soviet audiences. In Vechernyaya Moskva (October 4, 1946), M. Chistiakov reprimanded theaters and the Soviet film industry for the fact that over a six-month timespan, sixty of the films shown had been tasteless Western films rather than Soviet ones. Even in criticism of the films and the crusading efforts of the anti-cosmopolitan campaign against
27456-469: The words of one critic, "If an Egyptian film intended for popular audiences lacked any of these prerequisites, it constituted a betrayal of the unwritten contract with the spectator, the results of which would manifest themselves in the box office." Since the 1990s, Egypt's cinema has gone in separate directions. Smaller art films attract some international attention but sparse attendance at home. Popular films, often broad comedies such as What A Lie! , and
27632-528: The works of Kiarostami, have been classified by some as postmodern . The 1970s also saw the establishment of Bangladeshi cinema following the country's independence in 1971. One of the first films produced in Bangladesh after independence was Titash Ekti Nadir Naam ( A River Called Titas ) in 1973 by acclaimed director Ritwik Ghatak , whose stature in Bengali cinema is comparable to that of Satyajit Ray and Mrinal Sen . Another great film of Bangladesh
27808-490: The world is Ramoji Film City located at Hyderabad , India, which opened in 1996 and measures 674 ha (1,666 acres). Comprising 47 sound stages, it has permanent sets ranging from railway stations to temples. By 1986, India's annual film output had increased from 741 films produced annually to 833 films, making India the world's largest film producer. As of 2014 , Bollywood represents 45% of Indian net box office revenue, while Tamil and Telugu cinemas together represent 36%, and
27984-637: The world since the early 20th century. The United States cinema (Hollywood) is the oldest film industry in the world and also the largest film industry in terms of revenue. Hollywood is the primary nexus of the U.S. film industry with established film study facilities such as the American Film Institute , LA Film School , and NYFA being established in the area. However, four of the six major film studios are owned by East Coast companies. The major film studios of Hollywood including Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , 20th Century Fox , and Paramount Pictures are
28160-448: The world's most important national cinema, artistically, with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades. German filmmaker Werner Herzog has praised Iranian cinema as one of the world's most important artistic cinemas. It is notable, that Iran has won 2 Academy Awards and has been nominated 3 times, which is ranked 11th in the world cinema, second in Asia after Japan, and first in
28336-570: The world, India also has the largest number of admissions. Indian film industry is multi-lingual and the largest in the world in terms of ticket sales but 3rd-largest in terms of revenue, mainly due to having among the lowest ticket prices in the world. The industry is viewed mainly by a vast film-going Indian public. Indian film industry is also the dominant source of films and entertainment in its neighboring countries of South Asia . The three largest film industries in India are Hindi cinema , Telugu cinema and Tamil cinema . The Hindi film industry
28512-490: The world. This caused a massive ripple effect on the country's economy. It is assumed that this increased the purchase of unlicensed DVDs. However, even copyright-violating DVDs took longer to obtain. The minimum cost to view a foreign film not screened locally was 1 million Rupiah. This was equivalent to US$ 100, as it includes a plane ticket to Singapore. The cinema of Pakistan , or simply Pakistani cinema ( Urdu : پاکستانی سنیما ), refers to Pakistan 's film industry. Most of
28688-616: The years. Filmmakers associated with parallel cinema are Satyajit Ray , Mrinal Sen , Ritwik Ghatak . Parallel films are characterized by their rejection of popular forms like the songs and fight sequences, their affinity for rural settings, their use of method actors, and toned-down color palettes. The best examples of parallel cinema are the most famous films of Ray – Pather Panchali (1955), Aparajito (1956), and The World of Apu (1959) – which formed The Apu Trilogy . Some other examples of such movies are Raincoat , Dhobi Ghat , Mithya . Indian films have garnered popularity not only in
28864-460: Was Chapaev (1934), directed by the Vasilyev brothers . Based on the life of a martyred Red Army commander, the film was touted as a model of socialist realism, in that Chapayev and his followers battled heroically for the revolutionary cause. The film also humanized the title character, giving him personal foibles, an ironic sense of humour, and a rough peasant charm. These qualities endeared him to
29040-480: Was Father Sergius , a religious film completed during the last weeks of the Russian Empire but not yet exhibited. It appeared on Soviet screens in 1918. Beyond this, the government was principally able to fund only short, educational films, the most famous of which were the agitki – educational films intended to agitate, or energize and enthuse, the masses to participate fully in approved Soviet activities, and deal effectively with those who remained in opposition to
29216-653: Was administered by the All-Russian Photography and Motion Picture Department, which was reorganized in 1923 into Goskino , which in 1926 became Sovkino. The world's first state-filmmaking school, the First State School of Cinematography , was established in Moscow in 1919. During the Russian Civil War , agitation trains and ships visited soldiers, workers, and peasants. Lectures, reports, and political meetings were accompanied by newsreels about events at
29392-494: Was also the inspiration behind George Lucas ' Star Wars (1977). The Japanese New Wave began in the late 1950s and continued into the 1960s. Other famous Japanese filmmakers from this period include Kenji Mizoguchi , Mikio Naruse , Hiroshi Inagaki and Nagisa Oshima . Japanese cinema later became one of the main inspirations behind the New Hollywood movement of the 1960s to 1980s. During Indian cinema 's 'Golden Age' of
29568-518: Was employed to conserve film stock due to shortages during that period. The film Hydropeat by Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky marked the beginning of popular science films. Feature-length agitation films in 1918–21 were important in the development of the film industry. Innovation in Russian filmmaking was expressed particularly in the work of Eisenstein. Battleship Potemkin was noteworthy for its innovative montage and metaphorical quality of its film language. It won world acclaim. Eisenstein developed concepts of
29744-479: Was estimated to be the lowest average ticket price – measured in Euro – in Europe, marginally cheaper than in several Central and Eastern Europe markets like Croatia, Romania, Lithuania or Bulgaria (subject to exchange rates). Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world; as of 2010, it was the fourth largest by number of feature films produced. Movies have been produced in Japan since 1897, when
29920-560: Was founded on the core of talent brought together for the filming of 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) who subsequently worked together on series and feature films for Gerry Anderson . The Bristol-based Aardman Animations is known for its stop-motion animation. In late 1998, Channel 4 launched their free-to-air film channel Film4 – a channel specifically designed to show films. It broadcasts from 11:00 am BST and competes with pay television film network Sky Cinema . The London-based visual effects company Framestore , with Tim Webber
30096-511: Was one of the first Japanese films to gain a theatrical release in the U.S. However, with increasing censorship, the left-leaning tendency films of directors such as Daisuke Ito also began to come under attack. A few Japanese sound shorts were made in the 1920s and 1930s, but Japan's first feature-length talkie was Fujiwara Yoshie no furusato (1930), which used the 'Mina Talkie System'. In 1935, Yasujirō Ozu also directed An Inn in Tokyo , considered
30272-456: Was opened. A short silent film titled Sukumari ( The Good Girl ) was the first produced film in the region in 1928. The first full-length film The Last Kiss , was released in 1931. Since the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, Dhaka has been the center of the Bangladeshi film industry and generated the majority share of revenue, production, and audiences. The 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and
30448-428: Was released to wide acclaim in 1925; the film was heavily fictionalized and also propagandistic, giving the party line about the virtues of the proletariat . The kinokomitet or "Film Committee" established that same year published translations of important books about film theory by Béla Balázs , Rudolf Harms and Léon Moussinac . One of the most popular films released in the 1930s was Circus . Immediately after
30624-445: Was shown, and by 1923 an additional 89 cinemas had opened. Despite extremely high taxation of ticket sales and film rentals, there was an incentive for individuals to begin making feature film product again – there were places to show the films – albeit they now had to conform their subject matter to a Soviet world view. In this context, the directors and writers who were in support of the objectives of communism assumed quick dominance in
30800-435: Was still strong when it came to history after 1945 and there were very few films on contemporary events. This marked the major difference between the members of the Polish Film School and Italian neorealists. The Polish Film School was the first to underline the national character of Poles and one of the first artistic movements in Central Europe to openly oppose the official guidelines of Socialist realism . The members of
30976-401: Was the third lowest share among the 30 European markets for which such data are available and clearly illustrates the strong dependence of Turkish films on the domestic market, a feature which is shared by Polish and Russian films. In 2014, Kış Uykusu ( Winter's Sleep ) won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Film. In 2013, Turkey still ranked behind the Netherlands in terms of
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