The Asian American Dance Theatre (AADT) was a dance performance and educational non-profit organization in New York. It featured traditional Asian folk and classical dances along with contemporary pieces that evoke Asian forms and sensibilities. AADT was a pioneer in the development of Asian American dance.
138-592: AADT also created several programs to expose the public to different forms of Asian dance and culture, and created a community school to provide lessons on many dance forms as well as art. AADT was founded by Eleanor S. Yung in 1974. In 1987, AADT became the Asian American Arts Centre (AAAC). In the early 1970s, there were very few Asian American public dance performances in New York City , and few dancers actively performing traditional Asian dance. There
276-439: A cello , but raspier. The above four figures are from an old handbook. Written qin music did not directly tell what notes were played; instead, it was written in a tablature detailing tuning, finger positions, and stroke technique, thus comprising a step by step method and description of how to play a piece. Some tablatures do indicate notes using the gongche system, or indicate rhythm using dots . The earliest example of
414-519: A Gallup survey conducted from June to September 2012, 4.3% of Asian Americans self-identify as LGBT , compared to 3.4% of the general American population. This makes the Asian-American population disproportionately over-represented within the LGBT community. In a Gallup survey conducted in 2017, 4.9 percent of Asian Americans identified as LGBT, representing the second-highest growth of LGBT representation in
552-650: A PBS interview from 2004, a panel of Asian American writers discussed how some groups include people of Middle Eastern descent in the Asian American category. Asian American author Stewart Ikeda has noted, "The definition of 'Asian American' also frequently depends on who's asking, who's defining, in what context, and why... the possible definitions of 'Asian-Pacific American' are many, complex, and shifting... some scholars in Asian American Studies conferences suggest that Russians, Iranians, and Israelis all might fit
690-728: A coalition, recognizing that they shared common problems with racial discrimination and common opposition to American imperialism , particularly in Asia. The movement developed during the 1960s, inspired in part by the Civil Rights Movement and the protests against the Vietnam War . "Drawing influences from the Black Power and antiwar movements, the Asian American movement forged a coalitional politics that united Asians of varying ethnicities and declared solidarity with other Third World people in
828-402: A cultural or ancestral connection to a faith tradition despite their lack of formal religious affiliation. Conversely, Indian, Filipino, and Vietnamese Americans are considerably less likely to be religiously unaffiliated and more likely to express some form of connection to a religious tradition. The percentage of Christians among Asian Americans has sharply declined since the 1990s, chiefly as
966-523: A cultural or familial closeness to Christianity. This means that about 51% of Asian Americans express some connection to the Christian faith. Filipino and Korean Americans display particularly strong affiliations with Christianity. Among Filipino Americans, 74% identify as Christian, and when considering those who feel culturally close to Christianity, this figure rises to 90%. Among Korean Americans, 59% identify as Christians, and 81% express some connection to
1104-771: A dancer on skates, to the Guzheng ,. The first D’Asia vu presentation took place at the Balinese American Dance Theater in New York before moving back to AADT space. The performances included Kuang Yu Fong premiering her original creation, "A Day at the Office", Tomie Hahn first performing "Leaf", Bell Yung performing on the Guqin , the Leela Puppets, and East-West Fusion. In 1974, AADT started offering ballet classes for children in
1242-548: A disproportionately large number as Chief Marketing Officers. Guqin The guqin ( [kùtɕʰǐn] ; Chinese : 古琴 ) is a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument . It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favoured by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement, as highlighted by the quote "a gentleman does not part with his qin or se without good reason," as well as being associated with
1380-498: A few notes, a single character could represent one note , or sometimes as many as nine. This notation form was called jianzi pu ( 減 字譜) (literally "reduced notation") and it was a major advance in qin notation. It was so successful that from the Ming dynasty onwards, a great many qinpu (琴 譜 ) (qin tablature collections) appeared, the most famous and useful being "Shenqi Mipu" (The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature) compiled by Zhu Quan ,
1518-419: A few players who are paid to exclusively play and research the guqin professionally and nothing else. Qin players can also be well-versed in other cultural pursuits, such as the arts. Or they can do independent research on music subjects. Often, players may play other instruments (not necessarily Chinese) and give recitals or talks. During the performance of qin, musicians may use a variety of techniques to reach
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#17330859394171656-529: A fixed rhythm throughout the entire piece. While acoustics dictated the general form and construction of the guqin, its external form could and did take on a huge amount of variation, whether it be from the embellishments or even the basic structure of the instrument. Qin tablatures from the Song era onwards have catalogued a plethora of qin forms. All, however, obey very basic rules of acoustics and symbolism of form. The qin uses strings of silk or metal - nylon and
1794-532: A free string with the fingers of the right hand. The second type, made by plucking a string with the right hand and gently tapping specific note positions on the string with the left hand, will create a crisp sound named fan yin ( 泛音 , lit. "floating sound") or overtone harmonics (the equivalent technique in Western music is the string harmonic or flageolet ). Important scale notes, called hui ( 徽 ), are marked by 13 glossy white dots made of mica or seashell inset in
1932-700: A growth from 26% in 2012. The majority of these individuals describe their religion as "nothing in particular" rather than explicitly identifying as atheist or agnostic. Despite a lack of formal religious affiliation, a significant number of religiously unaffiliated Asian Americans maintain a connection to various religious or philosophical traditions due to cultural or ancestral reasons. In total, only 12% of Asian Americans report having no connection to any religious or philosophical tradition. Among Asian Americans, Chinese and Japanese Americans are more likely to be religiously unaffiliated, with 56% and 47% respectively identifying as such. Both groups are also more likely to feel
2070-571: A half octaves. The style of singing is similar to that used to recite Tang poetry . In order fully to appreciate qin songs, one needs to become accustomed to the eccentric singing style adopted by certain players of the instrument, such as Zha Fuxi. Traditionally, the qin was played in a quiet studio or room by oneself, or with a few friends; or played outdoors in places of outstanding natural beauty. Nowadays, many qin players perform at concerts in large concert halls, almost always, out of necessity, using electronic pickups or microphones to amplify
2208-617: A heterogeneous group of people in the United States who can trace their ancestry to one or more countries in East, South, or Southeast Asia. Because they compose 7.3% of the entire US population, the diversity of the group is often disregarded in media and news discussions of "Asians" or of "Asian Americans". While there are some commonalities across ethnic subgroups, there are significant differences among different Asian ethnicities that are related to each group's history. The Asian American population
2346-432: A leisurely basis. The main purpose of qin societies is to promote and play qin music. They create opportunities to network and learn to play the instrument, to ask questions and to receive answers. Many artists down through the ages have played the instrument, and the instrument was a favourite of scholars. Certain melodies are also associated with famous figures, such as Confucius and Qu Yuan. Some emperors of China also had
2484-581: A liking to the qin, including the Song dynasty emperor, Huizong, as clearly seen in his own painting of himself playing the qin in "Ting Qin Tu". The classical collections such as Qin Shi , Qinshi Bu and Qinshi Xu include biographies of hundreds more players. Contemporary qin players extend from the early twentieth century to the present. More so than in the past, such players tend to have many different pursuits and occupations other than qin playing. There are only
2622-401: A notation system that suited the instruments well). There is a saying that goes "a short piece requires three months [of dapu to complete], and a long piece requires three years". In actual practice, it needn't be that long to dapu a piece, but suggests that the player will have not only memorised the piece off by heart, but also have their fingering, rhythm and timing corrected. And afterwards,
2760-516: A one-string qin, and the Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu contains a picture and description of such an instrument. The modern ichigenkin apparently first appeared in Japan just after that time. However, the honkyoku (standard repertoire) of the ichigenkin today most closely resembles that of the shamisen . The Korean geomungo may also be related, albeit distantly. Korean literati wanted to play an instrument
2898-472: A quarter of all immigrants to the United States. Asians have made up an increasing proportion of the foreign-born Americans: "In 1960, Asians represented 5 percent of the U.S. foreign-born population; by 2014, their share grew to 30 percent of the nation's 42.4 million immigrants." As of 2016, "Asia is the second-largest region of birth (after Latin America) of U.S. immigrants." In 2013, China surpassed Mexico as
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#17330859394173036-490: A result of large-scale immigration from countries in which Christianity is a minority religion (China and India in particular). In 1990, 63% of the Asian Americans identified as Christians, while in 2001 only 43% did. This development has been accompanied by a rise in traditional Asian religions , with the people identifying with them doubling during the same decade. Because Asian Americans or their ancestors immigrated to
3174-789: A strong and loyal fanbase among their fellow Asian Americans. There have been several Asian American-centric television shows in American media, beginning with Mr. T and Tina in 1976, and as recent as the TV series Fresh Off the Boat in 2015. In the Pacific, American beatboxer of Hawaii Chinese descent Jason Tom co-founded the Human Beatbox Academy to perpetuate the art of beatboxing through outreach performances, speaking engagements and workshops in Honolulu ,
3312-406: A third audience. But in fact, there is sound, the sound coming from the fingers sliding on the string. With a really good qin, silk strings, and a perfectly quiet environment, all the tones can be sounded. Since the music is more player-oriented than listener oriented, and the player knows the music, he/she can hear it even if the sound is not there. With silk strings, the sliding sound might be called
3450-437: A very quiet sound. For some players, this plucking isn't necessary. Instead of trying to force a sound out of the strings one should allow the strings to emit the sounds to which they are naturally predisposed. Some players say that the sliding on the string even when the sound has disappeared is a distinctive feature in qin music. It creates a "space" or "void" in a piece, playing without playing, sound without sound. In fact, when
3588-728: Is 22 minutes long. Other famous pieces include "Liu Shui" (Flowing Water), " Yangguan San Die" (Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme), "Meihua San Nong" (Three Variations on the Plum Blossom Theme), "Xiao Xiang Shui Yun" (Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers), and "Pingsha Luo Yan" ( Wild Geese Descending on the Sandbank). The average player will generally have a repertoire of around ten pieces which they will aim to play very well, learning new pieces as and when they feel like it or if
3726-435: Is by country of origin before immigration to the United States, and not necessarily by ethnicity, as for example (nonexclusive), Singaporean Americans may be of Chinese , Indian , or Malay descent. Asian Americans include multiracial or mixed race persons with origins or ancestry in both the above groups and another race, or multiple of the above groups. According to estimates from the 2022 American Community Survey ,
3864-411: Is generally interpreted to mean C D F G A c d, but this should be considered sol la do re mi sol la, since historically the qin was not tuned to absolute pitch. Other tunings are achieved by adjusting the tension of the strings using the tuning pegs at the head end. Thus manjiao diao ("slackened third string") gives 1 2 3 5 6 1 2 and ruibin diao ("raised fifth string") gives 1 2 4 5 7 1 2, which
4002-428: Is greatly urbanized , with nearly three-quarters of them living in metropolitan areas with population greater than 2.5 million. As of July 2015 , California had the largest population of Asian Americans of any state, and Hawaii was the only state where Asian Americans were the majority of the population. The demographics of Asian Americans can further be subdivided into, as listed in alphabetical order: This grouping
4140-431: Is of raw lacquer mixed with powdered deer horn, and the finishing process could take months of curing to complete. The finish develops cracks over time, and these cracks are believed to improve the instrument's sound as the wood and lacquer release tension. An antique guqin's age can be determined by this snake like crack pattern called "duanwen" (斷紋). According to tradition, the qin originally had five strings, representing
4278-511: Is round to represent Heaven and the bottom board flat to represent the earth. The entire length of the qin (in Chinese measurements ) is 3 chi , 6 cun and 5 fen ; representing the 365 days of the year (though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period's measurement standard or the maker's preference). Each part of the qin has meaning, some more obvious, like "dragon pool" and "phoenix pond". Until recently,
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4416-631: Is the US Census Bureau definition, which includes all people with origins in East Asia , South Asia , and Southeast Asia . This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many governmental classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs and measurements. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , "Asian person" in the United States is most often thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, "Asian"
4554-460: Is the second-longest excerpt included on the disc. The reason to select a work played on this specific instrument is because the tonal structure of the instrument, its musical scale, is derived from fundamental physical laws related to vibration and overtones , representing the intellectual capacity of human beings on this subject. In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed as one of the Masterpieces of
4692-466: Is then wrapped around a frame and immersed in a vat of liquid composed of a special mixture of natural glue that binds the strands together. The strings are taken out and left to dry, before being cut into the appropriate length. The top thicker strings (i.e. strings one to four) are further wrapped in a thin silk thread, coiled around the core to make it smoother. According to ancient manuals, there are three distinctive gauges of thickness that one can make
4830-451: Is to the complex ones of the qin. As the qin never gained a following in Korean society, the ritual geum became the fossilised form of it and to all intents and purposes unplayable for a qin player. The Korean scholars never adopted the qin but instead created their own instrument, the geomungo (玄琴), which adopted much of the qin's lore and aesthetics and essentially taking the qin's place as
4968-405: Is transposed to 2 3 5 6 1 2 3. The guqin is nearly always played as a solo instrument since its quietness of tone means that it cannot compete with the sounds of most other instruments or an ensemble . It can, however, be played together with a xiao (end-blown bamboo flute), with other qin, or played while singing. In old times, the se (a long zither with movable bridges and 25 strings)
5106-541: Is tuned in accordance to traditional principles. Ancient guqins were made of little more than wood and strings of twisted silk. Ornaments included inlaid dots of mother-of-pearl or other similar materials. Traditionally, the sound board was made of Chinese parasol wood firmiana simplex , its rounded shape symbolising the heavens. The bottom was made of Chinese Catalpa, Catalpa ovata , its flat shape symbolising earth. Modern instruments are most frequently made of Cunninghamia or other similar timbers. The traditional finish
5244-568: Is usually used to refer to those of East or Southeast Asian descent, with South Asians not included as often. This differs from the US census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, South, or Southeast Asian descent to be "Asian". In the US census , people with origins or ancestry in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia are classified as part of
5382-599: The 2030 census . Some Central Asian , ancestries, including Afghan, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Turkmen, and Uzbek, were previously recognized as "White' but have since been designated as Asian as of 2023. The "Asian" census category includes people who indicate their race(s) on the census as "Asian" or reported entries such as " Chinese , Indian , Bangladeshi , Filipino , Vietnamese , Indonesian , Korean , Japanese , Pakistani , Malaysian , and Other Asian". In 2020, Americans who identified as Asian alone (19,886,049) or in combination with other races (4,114,949) made up 7.2% of
5520-624: The Asian race ; while those with origins or ancestry in West Asia ( Israelis , Turks , Persians , Kurds , Assyrians , Arabs , etc.) and the Caucasus ( Georgians , Armenians , Azerbaijanis , Chechens , Circassians , etc.) are classified under the "Middle Eastern and North African " race, and those with origins from Central Asia ( Kazakhs , Uzbeks , Turkmens , Tajiks , Kyrgyz , Afghans , etc.) are not mentioned in any racial definitions provided by
5658-470: The Chatham Square Public Library. In 1976, AADT moved to its own space at and expanded to creative dance and children art classes. It also offered adult Chinese painting and calligraphy , Chinese dance , Jazz , Alexander technique , Jazzercise , tai chi , and ballroom dancing . Children's classes took place on the weekends while adult classes usually in the evenings. The loft space
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5796-530: The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival . It did a nine-campus tour for the Penn State University system. The tour dancers included Najma Ayasha, Deena Burton , Ananya Chatterjie , Arundhati Chattopadhyaya, Kuang Yu Fong, Chen Guo, Sachiyo Ito , Nancy Latuja, Young Lan Lee, Janaki Patrick, Marlene Pitkow, Carla Scheele, and Kathy Serio. In 1987, AADT became the Asian American Arts Centre (AAAC). In 1990,
5934-897: The Riverside Dance Festival , the Marymount Manhattan Theater, the Pace University Schimmel Center , the Dance Theater Workshop , Open Eye, Clark Center, and Synod House, The ADDT performances received coverage in the New York Times, Village Voice , Dance Magazines, NY Post , Bridge Magazine , by critics such as Jennifer Dunning , Jack Anderson , and Burt Supree. Yung's signature piece “Passage” received acclaim from dance critic Jennifer Dunning . In her piece “Silk road”, Yung collaborated with Zhang Hong-Tu . . Dancers who participated in
6072-727: The Vietnam War . Asian American immigrants have a significant percentage of individuals who have already achieved professional status, a first among immigration groups. The number of Asian immigrants to the United States "grew from 491,000 in 1960 to about 12.8 million in 2014, representing a 2,597 percent increase." Asian Americans were the fastest-growing racial group between 2000 and 2010. By 2012, more immigrants came from Asia than from Latin America. In 2015, Pew Research Center found that from 2010 to 2015 more immigrants came from Asia than from Latin America, and that since 1965; Asians have made up
6210-541: The Warring States period , which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters . Later in the Tang dynasty , Cao Rou and others simplified the notation, using only the important elements of the characters (like string number, plucking technique, hui number and which finger to stop the string) and combined them into one character notation . This meant that instead of having two lines of written text to describe
6348-455: The cello . Sounds are produced by plucking open strings, stopped strings, and harmonics . The use of glissando —sliding tones—gives it a sound reminiscent of a pizzicato cello, fretless double bass or a slide guitar . The qin has 13 "hui", which represent the different position in one string. Pressing different "hui" produces different sound keys. The qin is also capable of many harmonics, of which 91 are most commonly used and indicated by
6486-415: The qi or "life force" of the music. The really empty sounds are the pauses between notes. However, if one cannot create a sound that can be heard when sliding on a string, it is generally acceptable to lightly pluck the string to create a very quiet sound. As a symbol of high culture, the qin continually appears in many forms of Chinese popular culture to varying degrees of accuracy. References are made to
6624-691: The use of the word American in different contexts. Immigration status, citizenship (by birthright and by naturalization), acculturation, and language ability are some variables that are used to define American for various purposes and may vary in formal and everyday usage. For example, restricting American to include only US citizens conflicts with discussions of Asian American businesses, which generally refer both to citizen and non-citizen owners. A 2023 Pew Research Center survey of Asian Americans found that 28% self-identify as "Asian", with 52% preferring to refer to themselves by more specific ethnic groupings and 10% simply self-identifying as "American". In
6762-399: The 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-19th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s–1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States. After immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s–1960s, abolishing national origins quotas , Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of
6900-446: The 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty. In the 1960s, Zha Fuxi discovered more than 130 qinpu that contain well over 3360 pieces of written music. However, many qinpu compiled before the Ming dynasty are now lost, and many pieces have remained unplayed for hundreds of years. Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length, with the longest being "Guangling San", which
7038-441: The 1950s, when silk string production stopped. Traditionally, the strings were wrapped around the goose feet, but a device has been invented, which is a block of wood attached to the goose feet, with pins similar to those used to tune the guzheng protruding out at the sides, so one can string and tune the qin using a tuning wrench . To string a guqin, one traditionally had to tie a fly's head knot ( yingtou jie ) at one end of
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#17330859394177176-451: The 2010 census have shown that, by percentage change, Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial group in the United States. As with other racial and ethnicity -based terms , formal and common usage have changed markedly through the short history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of various Asian ancestries were usually referred to as Yellow , Oriental , Asiatic , Brown , Mongoloid , or Hindoo . Additionally,
7314-526: The 20th century, there had been attempts to try to replace the "jianzi pu" notation, but so far, it has been unsuccessful; since the 20th century, qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature. Because qin tablature is so useful, logical, easy, and the fastest way (once the performer knows how to read the notation) of learning a piece, it is invaluable to the qin player and cannot totally be replaced (just as staff notation cannot be replaced for Western instruments, because they developed
7452-755: The AADT seasons include Marie Alonzo, Annie Bien, Fa ChingChu, Lauren Dong, Tomie Hahn, Sharon Hom, Junko Kikuchi, Young Soon Kim, Julio Leitao, Yen Leung, Lynn Macri, George Mars, Pam Noschese, Nancee Sasaki, Ray Tadio, Nayo Takahashi, Michiyo Tanaka, Helen Tran, Muna Tseng , Yung Yung Tsuai, and Dwight Wigfall.. During the 1980s, the AADT Traditional Repertoire toured Texas , Ohio , North Carolina , New Mexico , Wisconsin , and Massachusetts , and others, performing to large audiences, both outdoor and indoor. AADT performed at Sister Fire in Washington DC, and at
7590-459: The American definition of 'Asian' originally included West Asian ethnic groups, particularly Turkish Americans , Armenian Americans , Assyrian Americans , Iranian Americans , Kurdish Americans , Jewish Americans of Middle Eastern descent, and certain Arab Americans , although in modern times, these groups are now considered Middle Eastern American and grouped under White Americans in
7728-569: The American economy. Asian Americans have been disproportionately successful in the hi-tech sectors of California's Silicon Valley, as evidenced by the Goldsea 100 Compilation of America's Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs. Compared to their population base, Asian Americans today are well represented in the professional sector and tend to earn higher wages. The Goldsea compilation of Notable Asian American Professionals show that many have come to occupy high positions at leading US corporations, including
7866-557: The Asian American population was composed of the following groups: Not including Kazakh or Uzbek (Specified) (No group specified) In 2010, there were 2.8 million people (age 5 and older) who spoke one of the Chinese languages at home; after the Spanish language , it is the third most common language in the United States. Other sizable Asian languages are Hindustani (Hindi/Urdu) , Tagalog , Vietnamese , and Korean , with all four having more than 1 million speakers in
8004-553: The Chinese guqin was selected as an Intangible World Cultural Heritage. In 2006, guqin was listed in the List of National Non-material Cultural Heritage in China. In 2010, a Song period guqin was sold for $ 22 million, making it the most expensive musical instrument ever sold. Legend has it that the qin, the most revered of all Chinese musical instruments, has a history of about 5,000 years, and that
8142-723: The Guangling school). There is a difference between qin schools and qin societies. The former concerns itself with transmission of a style, the latter concerns itself with performance. The qin society will encourage meetings with fellow qin players in order to play music and maybe discuss the nature of the qin. A gathering like this is called a yaji ( 雅集 , literally "elegant gathering"), and takes place once every month or two. Sometimes, societies may go on excursions to places of natural beauty to play qin, or attend conferences. They may also participate in competitions or research. Societies do not need strict structure to adhere to; they can operate on
8280-466: The Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . As with any other musical tradition, there are differences in ideals and interaction between different people. Therefore, there exist different schools and societies which transmit these different ideas and artistic traditions. Many qin schools known as qin pai developed over the centuries. Such schools generally formed around areas where qin activity
8418-624: The Philippines and Vietnam); and 8.3% were from West Asia . Prior to the 1960s, Asian immigrants and their descendants had organized and agitated for social or political purposes according to their particular ethnicity: Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Korean, or Asian Indian. The Asian American movement (a term coined by the Japanese American Yuji Ichioka and the Chinese American Emma Gee ) gathered all those groups into
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#17330859394178556-518: The Red Chamber and various others. The qin is also used in many contemporary Chinese novels, notably the 2016 novel Mo Dao Zu Shi , as well as the 2019 live-action series adaptation, The Untamed , in which the qin is used as a spiritual tool of protagonist Lan Wangji. Behind-the-scenes footage of the production of the series revealed that several actors were given qin lessons prior to filming to prepare them for their roles as characters that played
8694-408: The US population. Chinese, Indian, and Filipino Americans make up the largest share of the Asian American population with 5.5 million, 5.2 million, and 4.6 million people respectively. These numbers equal 23%, 20%, and 18% of the total Asian American population, or 1.5%, 1.2%, and 1.2% of the total US population. Although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since
8832-600: The United States Census Bureau. As such, "Asian" and "African" ancestry are seen as racial categories only for the purpose of the census, with the definition referring to ancestry from parts of the Asian and African continents outside of West Asia, North Africa , and Central Asia . In 1980 and before, census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro . Asian Americans had also been classified as "other". In 1977,
8970-430: The United States and abroad. Segments of the movement struggled for community control of education, provided social services and defended affordable housing in Asian ghettoes, organized exploited workers, protested against US imperialism, and built new multiethnic cultural institutions." William Wei described the movement as "rooted in a past history of oppression and a present struggle for liberation". The movement as such
9108-590: The United States from many different countries, each Asian American population has its own unique immigration history. Filipinos have been in the territories that would become the United States since the 16th century. In 1635, an "East Indian" is listed in Jamestown, Virginia ; preceding wider settlement of Indian immigrants on the East Coast in the 1790s and the West Coast in the 1800s. In 1763, Filipinos established
9246-499: The United States, behind Hispanic Americans . Religious affiliation of Asian Americans in 2023 According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted from July 5, 2022, to January 27, 2023, the religious landscape of Asian Americans is both diverse and evolving. The survey reveals that 32% of Asian Americans are religiously unaffiliated, up from 26% in 2012. Christianity remains the largest faith group among Asian Americans at 34%, although it has seen an 8% decline since 2012. As of
9384-592: The United States, consolidating the prohibition of Asian immigration. President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, resulting in the internment of Japanese Americans , among others. Over 100,000 people of Japanese descent, mostly on the West Coast, were forcibly removed, in an action later considered ineffective and racist. Japanese Americans were kept isolated in military camps just because of their race including children, old person and young generation. 'Issei:The first generation' and 'Children of
9522-714: The United States. In 2012, Alaska , California, Hawaii, Illinois , Massachusetts, Michigan , Nevada , New Jersey, New York, Texas, and Washington were publishing election material in Asian languages in accordance with the Voting Rights Act ; these languages include Tagalog, Mandarin Chinese , Vietnamese , Spanish, Hindi , and Bengali . Election materials were also available in Gujarati , Japanese , Khmer , Korean , and Thai . A 2013 poll found that 48 percent of Asian Americans considered media in their native language as their primary news source. The 2000 census found
9660-402: The ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius . It is sometimes referred to by the Chinese as "the father of Chinese music" or "the instrument of the sages". The guqin is not to be confused with the guzheng , another Chinese long stringed instrument also without frets , but with moveable bridges under each string. Traditionally, the instrument was simply referred to as the " qin " (琴) but by
9798-483: The book Cunjian Guqin Zhifa Puzi Jilan , there are around 1,070 different finger techniques used for the qin. Thus the qin is possibly the instrument with the most playing techniques in both the Chinese and Western instrument families. Most of the qin's techniques are obsolete, but around 50 of them still appear in modern performance. Sometimes, guqin can be played with a violin bow . It has a tone similar to that of
9936-573: The camps' are two great documentaries to represent the situation of Japanese American's during World War II. World War II-era legislation and judicial rulings gradually increased the ability of Asian Americans to immigrate and become naturalized citizens. Immigration rapidly increased following the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 as well as the influx of refugees from conflicts occurring in Southeast Asia such as
10074-516: The census. The term "Asian American" was coined by historian-activists Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee in 1968 during the founding of the Asian American Political Alliance , and they were also credited with popularizing the term, which meant to be used to frame a new "inter-ethnic-pan-Asian American self-defining political group". This effort was part of New Left anti-war and anti-imperialist activism, directly opposing what
10212-455: The changes of dynasty and so today the normal qin is used. In Japan, the qin was never adopted into ritual music, but for a time in the late Edo period the qin was adopted by some scholars and Buddhist monks. The guqin was later adjusted and adopted into general Japanese folk music as the Koto (琴). When the qin is played, a number of aesthetic elements are involved. The first is musicality . In
10350-482: The dance season in New York ended and in 1997, the community school ended. AADT started a lecture demonstration program of traditional Asian dance for the New York Public School System . These events took place at community centers and public libraries. Newsly arrived professional dancers from Asia, became members of the traditional repertoire. The performers, in full costume, spoke about the art form,
10488-426: The diverse peoples of Asia, and for being considered a racial category instead of a non-racial "ethnic" category. This is namely due to the categorization of the racially different South Asians and East Asians as part of the same "race". Furthermore, it has been noted that West Asians (whom are not considered "Asian" under the US census) share some cultural similarities with Indians but very little with East Asians, with
10626-435: The dotted positions. By tradition, the qin originally had five strings, which represent gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu in the ancient Chinese music system, but ancient qin-like instruments with only one string or more strings have been found. The modern form has been stabilized to seven strings. There are more than 3,360 known surviving pieces of guqin music from ancient and imperial periods. On 7 November 2003, UNESCO announced that
10764-465: The emotion must be put into the piece. Therefore, it could be said that it really does require three months or years to finish dapu of a piece in order for them to play it to a very high standard. It has already been discussed that qin music has a rhythm and that it is only vaguely indicated in the tablature. Though there is an amount of guesswork involved, the tablature has clues to indicate rhythm, such as repeating motifs, an indication of phrases or how
10902-464: The emotion or the feeling of the player, and how they interpret the piece. However, some melodies have sections of fixed rhythm which are played the same way generally. The main theme of Meihua Sannong , for example, uses this. Some sections of certain melodies require the player to play faster with force to express the emotion of the piece. Examples include the middle sections of Guangling San and Xiaoxiang Shuiyun . Other pieces, such as Jiu Kuang has
11040-456: The fact that "Asian American" is generally synonymous with people of East Asian descent, thereby excluding people of Southeast Asian and South Asian origin. Some South and Southeast Asian Americans may not identify with the Asian American label, instead describing themselves as "Brown Asians" or simply "Brown", due to the perceived racial and cultural differences between them and East Asian Americans. The demographics of Asian Americans describe
11178-401: The faith. Most Filipino Americans are Catholic (57%), whereas Korean Americans tend to be Protestant, with 34% identifying as evangelical Protestants. Religious disaffiliation among Asian Americans has been steadily increasing. 32% of Asian Americans identify as religiously unaffiliated, which encompasses individuals identifying as atheist, agnostic, or "nothing in particular". This represents
11316-552: The federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on "Asian or Pacific Islander". By the 1990 census, "Asian or Pacific Islander (API)" was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. Beginning with the 2000 census, two separate categories were used: "Asian American" and "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander". The definition of Asian American has variations that derive from
11454-418: The field's subject of study." Jeff Yang , of The Wall Street Journal , writes that the panethnic definition of Asian American is a unique American construct, and as an identity is "in beta ". The majority of Asian Americans feel ambivalence about the term "Asian American" as a term by which to identify themselves . Pyong Gap Min , a sociologist and Professor of Sociology at Queens College , has stated
11592-534: The first Japanese American naturalized US citizen in 1858. Chinese sailors first came to Hawaii in 1789, a few years after Captain James Cook came upon the island. Many settled and married Hawaiian women. Most Chinese, Korean and Japanese immigrants in Hawaii or San Francisco arrived in the 19th century as laborers to work on sugar plantations or construction place. There were thousands of Asians in Hawaii when it
11730-579: The first half of the 19th century, when Chang and Eng Bunker (the original "Siamese Twins") became naturalized citizens. Throughout the 20th century, acting roles in television, film, and theater were relatively few, and many available roles were for narrow, stereotypical characters. Bruce Lee (born in San Francisco, CA) only achieved movie stardom after leaving the United States for Hong Kong. More recently, young Asian American comedians and film-makers have found an outlet on YouTube allowing them to gain
11868-502: The five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. Later, in the Zhou dynasty , Zhou Wen Wang added a sixth string to mourn his son, Boyikao . His successor, Zhou Wu Wang , added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang. The thirteen hui on the surface represent the 13 months of the year (the extra 13th is the 'leap month' in the lunar calendar ). The surface board
12006-448: The front surface of the qin, occur at integer divisions of the string length. The "crystal concordant" (perfectly harmonic) overtones can only be evoked by tapping the strings precisely at these hui . The third type is an yin ( 按音 / 案音 , lit. "pressed sound"), which is sometimes also called shi yin ( 實 音, lit. "full sound") or zou yin ( 走 音, lit. "changing sound"). These comprise the major cadences of most qin pieces. To play an yin ,
12144-436: The full expressing potential of the instrument. There are many special tablatures that had developed over the centuries specifically dedicated to qin for their reference and a repertoire of popular and ancient tunes for their choice. The tones of qin can be categorized as three characteristic "sounds". The first type is san yin ( 散音 ), which literally means "unfettered sound". It's the fundamental frequency produced by plucking
12282-437: The guqin's strings were always made of various thicknesses of twisted silk , but since then most players use modern nylon-flatwound steel strings. This was partly due to the scarcity of high-quality silk strings and partly due to the newer strings' greater durability and louder tone. Silk strings are made by gathering a prescribed number of strands of silk thread, then twisting them tightly together. The twisted cord of strings
12420-493: The indigenous peoples of the continent of Asia, the usage of the term "Asian" by the United States Census Bureau is a race group that only includes people with origins or ancestry from East Asia , South Asia , Southeast Asia , and select parts of Central Asia and excludes people with ethnic origins in certain parts of Asia, including West Asia who will be categorized as Middle Eastern Americans starting from
12558-404: The instrument. The electric guqin was first developed in the late 20th century by adding electric guitar–style magnetic pickups to a regular acoustic guqin, allowing the instrument to be amplified through an instrument amplifier or PA system. The Japanese ichigenkin , a monochord zither, is believed to be derived from the qin. The qin handbook Lixing Yuanya (1618 ) includes some melodies for
12696-609: The islands from Spain following the latter's defeat in the Spanish–American War . Under United States law during this period, particularly the Naturalization Act of 1790 , only "free white persons" were eligible to naturalize as American citizens. Ineligibility for citizenship prevented Asian immigrants from accessing a variety of rights, such as voting. Bhicaji Balsara became the first known Indian-born person to gain naturalized US citizenship. Balsara's naturalization
12834-524: The last two surviving aak melodies from the importation of yayue from the Song dynasty emperor Huizong in 1116, including in the ensemble the seul (se) and geum (금; qin). The Korean geum used in this context has evolved to be slightly different when compared to the normal qin in that there are 14 instead of 13 hui and that they are not placed correctly according to the harmonic positions besides other different construction features. The finger techniques are more closer to gayageum technique than it
12972-647: The latter two groups being classified as "Asian". Scholars have also found it difficult to determine why Asian Americans are considered a "race" while Americans of Hispanic and Latino heritage are a non-racial "ethnic group", given how the category of Asian Americans similarly comprises people with diverse origins. However, it has been argued that South Asians and East Asians can be "justifiably" grouped together because of Buddhism's origins in South Asia. In contrast, leading social sciences and humanities scholars of race and Asian American identity point out that because of
13110-468: The legendary figures of China's pre-history – Fuxi , Shennong and Huang Di, the " Yellow Emperor " – were involved in its creation. Nearly all qin books and tablature collections published prior to the twentieth century state this as the actual origins of the qin, although this is now viewed as mythology. It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years, and examples have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago. The exact origins of
13248-479: The metal-nylon strings, possibly in imitation of Western catgut strings. The sound is similar to the metal-nylon strings but without the metallic tone to them (one of the main reasons why traditionalists do not like the metal-nylon strings). The nylon strings can be tuned to standard pitch without breaking and can sustain their tuning whatever the climate, unlike silk. The strings have various names in China, but they are advertised as sounding like silk strings prior to
13386-519: The mining business and later in the construction of the transcontinental railroad . By 1852, the number of Chinese immigrants in San Francisco had jumped to more than 20,000. A wave of Japanese immigration to the United States began after the Meiji Restoration in 1868. In 1898, all Filipinos in the Philippine Islands became American nationals when the United States took over colonial rule of
13524-521: The modern shorthand tablature survives from around the twelfth century CE. An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript, dated to the seventh century CE, called Jieshi Diao Youlan ( Solitary Orchid in Stone Tablet Mode ). It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu ( 文 字 譜) (literally "written notation"), said to have been created by Yong Menzhou during
13662-469: The more prominent languages of the Asian American community to include the Chinese languages ( Cantonese , Taishanese , and Hokkien ), Tagalog , Vietnamese , Korean , Japanese, Hindi, Urdu , Telugu , and Gujarati . In 2008, the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tagalog, and Vietnamese languages are all used in elections in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington state. According to
13800-531: The most recent Pew Research Center survey, approximately 34% of Asian American adults identify as Christians , a decrease from 42% in 2012. This decline is especially notable among Protestants, who currently constitute 16% of the Asian American population, down from 22% in 2012. Catholics, on the other hand, have maintained a relatively stable presence, making up 17% of the Asian American adult population, nearly unchanged from 19% in 2012. Beyond formal religious identification, an additional 18% of Asian Americans report
13938-482: The music. Northern schools tend to be more vigorous in technique than Southern schools. But in modern terms, the distinction between schools and styles is often blurred because a single player may learn from many different players from different schools and absorb each of their styles. This is especially so for conservatory trained players. People from the same school trained under the same master may have different individual styles (such as Zhang Ziqian and Liu Shaochun of
14076-470: The musician stops a string at a specific pitch on the board surface with the left thumb, middle or ring finger, strikes the string with the right hand, then they may slide the left hand up and down to vary the note. This technique is similar to playing a slide guitar across the player's lap. However, the manipulation of qin is much more multifarious than that of a guitar, which has only around 3 or 4 main techniques. ( Listen to Pei Lan ). According to
14214-400: The natural world. Dapu (打譜) is the transcribing of old tablature into a playable form. Since qin tablature does not indicate note value , tempo or rhythm , the player must work it out for themselves. Normally, qin players will learn the rhythm of a piece through a teacher or master. They sit facing one another, with the student copying the master. The tablature will only be consulted if
14352-467: The notation is arranged. Throughout the history of the qinpu, we see many attempts to indicate this rhythm more explicitly, involving devices like dots to make beats. Probably, one of the major projects to regulate the rhythm to a large scale was the compilers of the Qinxue Congshu tablature collection of the 1910s to 1930s. The construction of the written tablature was divided into two columns. The first
14490-415: The opportunity arises. Players mainly learn popular well-transcribed versions, often using a recording as a reference. In addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well, highly skilled qin players may also compose or improvise , although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to do this successfully. A number of qin melodies are program music depicting
14628-632: The people and culture to students. The AADT also started an 8-week Workshop Program in Indian Dance and in Chinese Dance . The program used study guides written by MeriLobel. In 1985, AADT started the Pointed Brush program, a visual arts workshop, conducted by Nora Shih for public school students. It ran until the late 1980s. In 1986 AADT initiated D'Asia Vu, a showcase of Asian and Asian influenced performances in puppetry , theater, mask dances,
14766-465: The qin in a variety of media including TV episodes and films. Actors often possess limited knowledge on how to play the instrument and instead, they mime it to a pre-recorded piece by a Qin player. Sometimes the music is erroneously mimed to guzheng music, rather than qin music. A more faithful representation of the qin is in the Zhang Yimou film Hero , in which Xu Kuanghua plays an ancient version of
14904-615: The qin in the courtyard scene while Nameless and Long Sky fight at a Xiangqi parlour. It mimed the music played by Liu Li, formerly a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. It is suggested that Xu made the qin himself. The qin was also featured in the 2008 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony in Beijing , played by Chen Leiji (陳雷激). The qin is also used in many classical Chinese novels, such as Cao Xueqin 's Dream of
15042-467: The qin is called The Lore of the Chinese Lute , the guqin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute . Other incorrect classifications, mainly from music compact discs, include " harp " or "table-harp". The guqin is a very quiet instrument, with a range of about four octaves , and its open strings are tuned in the bass register. Its lowest pitch is about two octaves below middle C , or the lowest note on
15180-548: The qin is still a very much continuing subject of debate over the past few decades. In 1977, a recording of "Flowing Water" ( Liu Shui , as performed by Guan Pinghu , one of the best qin players of the 20th century) was chosen to be included in the Voyager Golden Record , a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world, which was sent into outer space by NASA on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft. It
15318-456: The qin, its sound must be mellow and not overwhelm the qin. Thus, the xiao generally used for this purpose is one pitched in the key of F, known as qin xiao 「琴簫」, which is narrower than an ordinary xiao . If one sings to qin songs (which is rare nowadays) then one should not sing in an operatic or folk style as is common in China, but rather in a very low pitched and deep way; and the range in which one should sing should not exceed one and
15456-521: The racial constructions in the United States, including the social attitudes toward race and those of Asian ancestry, Asian Americans have a "shared racial experience". Because of this shared experience, the term Asian American is argued as still being a useful panethnic category because of the similarity of some experiences among Asian Americans, including stereotypes specific to people in this category. Despite this, others have stated that many Americans do not treat all Asian Americans equally, highlighting
15594-418: The removal of restrictive "national origins" quotas in 1965 , the Asian American population has diversified greatly to include more of the peoples with ancestry from various parts of Asia. Today, "Asian American" is the accepted term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research, although it is often shortened to Asian in common usage. The most commonly used definition of Asian American
15732-575: The scholars' instrument. In China, the qin was still in use in ritual ceremonies of the imperial court, such can be seen in the court paintings of imperial sacrifices of the Qing court (e.g. The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifices at the Altar of the God of Agriculture , 1723–35). The qin also have many variations with a different number of strings, such as during Song Taizong 's reign, but these variations never survived
15870-427: The second section of "Pingsha Luoyan", for example, the initial few bars contain a nao vibrato followed by a phase of sliding up and down the string, even when the sound has already become inaudible ( Listen carefully to the sliding sounds of Pingsha Luoyan ). The average person trained in music may question whether this is really " music ". Normally, some players would pluck the string very lightly to create
16008-459: The small settlement of Saint Malo, Louisiana , after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships . Since there were no Filipino women with them, these "Manilamen", as they were known, married Cajun and indigenous women. The first Japanese person to come to the United States, and stay any significant period of time was Nakahama Manjirō who reached the East Coast in 1841, and Joseph Heco became
16146-642: The sound. Many qin players attend yajis , at which a number of qin players, music lovers, or anyone with an interest in Chinese culture can come along to discuss and play the qin. In fact, the yaji originated as a multi-media gathering involving the four arts : qin, Go , calligraphy , and painting . Being an instrument associated with scholars, the guqin was also played in a ritual context, especially in yayue in China, and aak in Korea. The National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts continues to perform Munmyo jeryeak (Confucian ritual music), using
16284-432: The string, and slip the string through the twisted cord ( rongkou ) which goes into holes at the head of the qin and then out the bottom through the tuning pegs ( zhen ). The string is dragged over the bridge ( yueshan 『岳山』), across the surface board, over the nut ( longyin dragon gums) to the back of the qin, where the end is wrapped around one of two legs ( fengzu "phoenix feet" or yanzu "geese feet"). Afterwards,
16422-421: The strings are fine-tuned using the tuning pegs (sometimes, rosin is used on the part of the tuning peg that touches the qin body to stop it from slipping, especially if the qin is tuned to higher pitches). The most common tuning, "zheng diao" 〈正調〉, is pentatonic : 5 6 1 2 3 5 6 (which can be also played as 1 2 4 5 6 1 2) in the traditional Chinese number system or jianpu (i.e. 1=do, 2=re, etc.). Today this
16560-636: The strings. The first is taigu [Great Antiquity] which is the standard gauge, the zhongqing [Middle Clarity] is thinner, whilst the jiazhong [Added Thickness] is thicker. According to the Yugu Zhai Qinpu , zhongqing is the best. The currently used silk string gauge standard was defined by Suzhou silk string maker Pan Guohui (潘國輝). Although most contemporary players use nylon-wrapped metal strings, some argue that nylon-wrapped metal strings cannot replace silk strings for their refinement of tone. Additionally, nylon-wrapped metal strings can cause damage to
16698-411: The teacher is not sure of how to play a certain part. Because of this, traditional qinpu do not indicate them (though near the end of the Qing dynasty, a handful of qinpu had started to employ various rhythm indicating devices, such as dots). If one did not have a teacher, then one had to work out the rhythm by themselves. But it would be a mistake to assume that qin music is devoid of rhythm and melody. By
16836-459: The term is merely political, used by Asian American activists and further reinforced by the government. Beyond that, he feels that South Asians and East Asians do not have commonalities in "culture, physical characteristics, or pre-migrant historical experiences". Scholars have grappled with the accuracy, correctness, and usefulness of the term Asian American. The term "Asian" in Asian American most often comes under fire for only encompassing some of
16974-504: The top single country of origin for immigrants to the US. Asian immigrants "are more likely than the overall foreign-born population to be naturalized citizens"; in 2014, 59% of Asian immigrants had US citizenship, compared to 47% of all immigrants. Postwar Asian immigration to the US has been diverse: in 2014, 31% of Asian immigrants to the US were from East Asia (predominantly China and Korea); 27.7% were from South Asia (predominantly India); 32.6% were from Southeast Asia (predominantly
17112-522: The twentieth century the term had come to be applied to many other musical instruments as well: the yangqin hammered dulcimer, the huqin family of bowed string instruments, and the Western piano ( gangqin (钢琴)) and violin ( xiaotiqin (小提琴)) are examples of this usage. The prefix " gu- " (古; meaning "ancient") was later added for clarification. Thus, the instrument is called " guqin " today. It can also be called qixian-qin (七絃琴; lit. "seven-stringed qin"). Because Robert Hans van Gulik 's book about
17250-412: The viewer looks at the player sliding on the string without sounds, the viewer automatically "fills in the notes" with their minds. This creates a connection between player, instrument and listener. This, of course, cannot happen when listening to a recording, as one cannot see the performer. It can also be seen as impractical in recording, as the player would want to convey sound as much as possible towards
17388-536: The westernmost and southernmost major US city of the 50th US state of Hawaii . When Asian Americans were largely excluded from labor markets in the 19th century, they started their own businesses. They have started convenience and grocery stores, professional offices such as medical and law practices, laundries, restaurants, beauty-related ventures, hi-tech companies, and many other kinds of enterprises, becoming very successful and influential in American society. They have dramatically expanded their involvement across
17526-402: The wood of old qins. Many traditionalists feel that the sound of the fingers of the left hand sliding on the strings to be a distinctive feature of qin music. The modern nylon-wrapped metal strings were very smooth in the past, but are now slightly modified in order to capture these sliding sounds. Around 2007, a new type of strings were produced made of mostly a nylon core coiled with nylon like
17664-629: Was a general misconception and exoticization of traditional Asian dance. In addition, there were few opportunities for choreographers of Asian American contemporary dance In 1974, Yung founded AADT as both a performance venue and a producer of Asian-American works. It began as an outgrowth of the Asian American Dance Workshop of the Basement Workshop . In 1974, AADT started a dance performance season in New York featuring works from Yung and guest choreographers. AADT performed at
17802-503: Was annexed to the United States in 1898. Later, Filipinos also came to work as laborers, attracted by the job opportunities, although they were limited. Ryukyuans would start migrating to Hawaii in 1900. Large-scale migration from Asia to the United States began when Chinese immigrants arrived on the West Coast in the mid-19th century. Forming part of the California gold rush , these early Chinese immigrants participated intensively in
17940-598: Was confirmed as applying regardless of race or ancestry by the Supreme Court in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898). From the 1880s to the 1920s, the United States passed laws inaugurating an era of exclusion of Asian immigrants. Although the exact number of Asian immigrants was small compared to that of immigrants from other regions, much of it was concentrated in the West , and the increase caused some nativist sentiment which
18078-463: Was divided into a dance studio and an art classroom. AADT held annual dance recitals for the children at public school PS 124. Asian Americans Asian Americans are Americans with ancestry from the continent of Asia (including naturalized Americans who are immigrants from specific regions in Asia and descendants of those immigrants). Although this term had historically been used for all
18216-574: Was frequently used in duets with the qin. However, the se has not survived, though duet tablature scores for the instruments are preserved in a few qinpu , and the master qin player Wu Jinglüe was one of only a few in the twentieth century who knew how to play it together with qin in duet. Lately there has been a trend to use other instruments to accompany the qin, such as the xun (ceramic ocarina), pipa (four-stringed pear-shaped lute), dizi (transverse bamboo flute), and others for more experimental purposes. In order for an instrument to accompany
18354-496: Was further divided into about three lines of a grid, each line indicating a varied combination of lyrics, gongche tablature, se tablature, pitch, and/or beats depending on the score used. The second column was devoted to qin tablature. Western composers have noticed that the rhythm in a piece of qin music can change; once they seem to have got a beat, the beats change. This is due to the fact that qin players may use some free rhythm in their playing. Whatever beat they use will depend on
18492-492: Was greatest. Some schools have come and gone, and some have offshoots (such as the Mei'an school, a Zhucheng school offshoot). Often, the school is originated from a single person, such as the Wu school which is named after the late Wu Zhaoji . The style can vary considerably between schools; some are very similar, yet others are very distinct. The differences are often in the interpretation of
18630-470: Was known as the " yellow peril ". Congress passed restrictive legislation which prohibited nearly all Chinese immigration to the United States in the 1880s. Japanese immigration was sharply curtailed by a diplomatic agreement in 1907. The Asiatic Barred Zone Act in 1917 further barred immigration from nearly all of Asia, the "Asiatic Zone". The Immigration Act of 1924 provided that no "alien ineligible for citizenship" could be admitted as an immigrant to
18768-404: Was most active during the 1960s and 1970s. Increasingly Asian American students demanded university-level research and teaching into Asian history and interaction with the United States. They support multiculturalism and support affirmative action but oppose colleges' quota on Asian students viewed as discriminatory. Asian Americans have been involved in the entertainment industry since
18906-474: Was not the norm but an exception; in a pair of cases, Ozawa v. United States (1922) and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923), the Supreme Court upheld the racial qualification for citizenship and ruled that Asians were not "white persons". Second-generation Asian Americans, however, could become US citizens due to the birthright citizenship clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ; this guarantee
19044-445: Was viewed as an unjust Vietnam War . Prior to being included in the "Asian" category in the 1980s, many Americans of South Asian descent usually classified themselves as Caucasian or other . Changing patterns of immigration and an extensive period of exclusion of Asian immigrants have resulted in demographic changes that have in turn affected the formal and common understandings of what defines Asian American. For example, since
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