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59-588: Ashpitel was born in Hackney , London in 1807, the son of architect William Hurst Ashpitel . He was educated at Dr. Burnet's school in Hackney (see Sutton House, London ) and trained as an architect under his father, but two childhood accidents damaged his health, and he did not set up in practice until 1842. One of his first projects was the redevelopment of a site in Houndsditch for Andrew Kennedy Hutchison, on which he built

118-579: A London taxi, is derived from the village name. (Hackney, associated with high-stepping horses and horse-drawn carriages, is the root of the French word haquenée , a term used for a small breed of horse, and the Sardinian achetta horse.) Construction of the railway in the 1850s ended Hackney's rural reputation by connecting it to other parts of the city and stimulating development. London's first Tudor theatres were built at Shoreditch . The Gunpowder Plot

177-592: A Satire and in 1841 a pamphlet. A few Facts on the Corn Laws, defending the agricultural interest . He revised Peter Nicholson 's Carpenter's New Guide and several other professional works for the publisher John Weale . He contributed biographies of architects to the Encyclopædia Britannica , and papers to the Royal Institute of British Architects, and was a regular contributor to Notes and Queries and

236-499: A body of original and elegant literature", with the first issue describing a focus on "essays, fictions, sketches of character" and book reviews "with copious extracts". Its essays, sketches, poetry and engravings were often comic. Under "J. H. H.", a humorous "Round Table" column was introduced, purporting to be a record of meetings of the magazine's inner circle, modeled after Blackwood's Magazine ' s " Noctae Ambrosianae ". This continued occasionally in volumes two and three of

295-996: A center of Hackney's many Orthodox Jewish residents from the 1930s. Alfred Hitchcock made many of his first films in Hoxton at the Gainsborough Studios in Poole Street. The interwar era saw the building of social housing by the LCC and the borough council in the area including the Kingsmead Estate, Morningside Estate, Banister House and Nisbet House. The borough also includes housing projects developed by high-profile postwar architects including The Beckers (1958) by Sir Frederick Gibberd , Granard House (1959) by Colin St John Wilson and Pitcairn House (1962) by Eric Lyons . Following extensive post-war development and immigration since

354-637: A change to the boundaries of these two constituencies were published by the Boundary Commission in July 2023. The borough was formed by the merger of the metropolitan boroughs of Hackney , Shoreditch and Stoke Newington , with the boundaries of these very closely based on the Ancient Parishes of the same name; these areas have been consistently defined for many centuries. Historically, the River Lea formed

413-406: A monthly magazine. The third volume, published 1825, changed publishers to George Wightman, and started to include colour plates. Part way through this volume, the magazine was divided into two parts: "The Literary Magnet" and "The Monthly Journal". A fourth volume, dated 1825, completed the magazine's first series. The editorship changed at least once more to another unknown figure before the end of

472-470: A number of poets at the height of their popularity, including John Clare , Thomas Hood , Felicia Hemans , Mary and William Howitt , Mary Russell Mitford , William Lisle Bowles , Maria Jane Jewsbury , Margaret Hodson , Derwent Conway , Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen , Margaret Cornwell Baron Wilson , and Cornelius Webbe . Others include Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Mary Rolls , and Mary Ann Browne , though bibliographer George Clement Boase notes that from

531-494: A pamphlet entitled Observations on Baths and Wash-houses (1851) They also designed churches, private houses, and the Ophthalmic Hospital and Kent Infirmary at Maidstone. They turned their attention to the improvement of dwellings for the labouring classes, and, for a committee, erected a block of dwellings for artisans at Lambeth. They promoted the idea of living in flats in a publication called Town Dwellings: an essay on

590-531: A publication now in the public domain :  " Ashpitel, Arthur ". Dictionary of National Biography . London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. London Borough of Hackney The London Borough of Hackney ( / ˈ h æ k n i / HAK -nee ) is a London borough in Inner London , England. The historical and administrative heart of Hackney is Mare Street , which lies 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Charing Cross . The borough

649-439: A weak correlation with woodland cover, especially in the early post-Conquest Period. By the time of the earliest reliable maps, in the 18th century, the area covered by the modern borough was an agricultural area characterised by enclosed farmland with small hamlets and very little woodland. There were a number of commons, most of which survived to become the basis of modern parks. Many of the major roads were present by this time,

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708-736: A weakly or partially understood extent and it is not unusual for perceptions of place to overlap or change over time. The area of the former parish and borough of Stoke Newington includes the Woodberry Down area, while the former parish and borough of Shoreditch includes Hoxton and Haggerston . The former parish and borough of Hackney is much larger and includes Hackney Central , Hackney Downs , West Hackney , Dalston , De Beauvoir Town , Shacklewell , Stamford Hill , London Fields , Upper and Lower Clapton , Hackney Wick and Homerton . The London Borough of Hackney covers an area of 19.06 km (7.36 sq mi), rising westward from

767-425: A weekly magazine in 1824 by Egerton Brydges and his son using the pseudonym Tobias Merton, it became a monthly magazine towards the end of 1824. The Magnet went through a number of editors, and was bought first by Alaric Alexander Watts in late 1825, and then William Charlton Wright in 1828. Its primary emphasis shifted from prose to poetry under Watts, who managed to get contributions from several notable poets of

826-421: Is included in the bills of mortality, tho' no where joining to London, it is in some respects to be call'd a part of it. This town is so remarkable for the retreat of wealthy citizens, that there is at this time near a hundred coaches kept in it; tho' I will not join with a certain satyrical author, who said of Hackney, that there were more coaches than Christians in it. The parish church of St John-at-Hackney

885-589: Is named after Hackney , its principal district. Southern and eastern parts of the borough are popularly regarded as being part of east London that spans some of the traditional East End of London with the northwest belonging to north London. Its population is estimated to be 281,120. The London Plan issued by the Greater London Authority assigns whole boroughs to sub-regions for statutory monitoring, engagement and resource allocation purposes. The most recent (2011) iteration of this plan assigns Hackney to

944-498: Is the oldest surviving dwelling in Hackney, originally built in 1535 as Bryck Place for Sir Ralph Sadleir , a diplomat. The village of Hackney flourished from the Tudor to late Georgian periods as a rural retreat. The first documented " hackney coach "—the forerunner of the more generic " hackney carriage "—operated in London in 1621. Current opinion is that the name "hackney", to refer to

1003-470: The Hack element may also derive from: Given the island context, the "hatch" option is unlikely to be correct, so the favoured "Haka's Island" or the "Island on the bend" seem more likely. The place name will have originally referred to just the island or possibly both the island and the manor of the same name based around it. Subsequently, the name Hackney was applied to the whole ancient parish of Hackney. In

1062-681: The Hackney Marshes to straighten a meander of the natural river. In Roman times and for a long time after, the River Lea was an estuary, tidal as far as Hackney Wick . At Hackney Wick the Hackney Brook met the Lea ; the confluence was very wide when flooded. Hackney Brook was fully culverted in 1860 by the Metropolitan Board of Works . The New River was opened in 1613, diverting water from

1121-730: The Owl . Ashpitel died in Westminster , London on 18 January 1869, having left a valuable collection of vases and books to the Society of Antiquaries of London (which still remain part of its Library collection ), and his two drawings of Rome to the nation; they are now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. He left monies for an annual architectural award in his name: the Ashpitel Prize. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

1180-512: The South Hornsey exclaves of Hornsey , with a population about 20,000, with Stoke Newington. While this still created a borough of only about 50,000 inhabitants, and thus "the smallest borough in London, the anomaly would be a gradually diminishing one, because the population in this district was rapidly increasing. When dividing London up into boroughs they could not avoid creating some anomalies as to size." The modern London Borough of Hackney

1239-485: The 'East' sub-region, while the 2008 and 2004 versions assigned the borough to "North" and "East" sub-regions respectively. The modern borough was formed in 1965 by the merger of the Metropolitan Borough of Hackney with the much smaller Metropolitan Boroughs of Stoke Newington and Shoreditch . Hackney is bounded by Islington to the west, Haringey to the north, Waltham Forest to the north-east, Newham to

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1298-564: The Anglo-Saxon period, the River Lea separated the core territories of the East Saxons (on the east side) from the Middle Saxons (on the western, Hackney side) they often controlled. This continuity of this natural boundary from pre-Roman period may be a result of the differing Saxon groups taking control of pre-defined territories. After both areas were brought under the control of Alfred

1357-635: The Great , the river became the boundary between the historic counties of Middlesex (Hackney) and Essex (modern Newham , Waltham Forest and Redbridge ). In the Tudor period , the lands of religious orders were seized by the Crown and put up for sale. Thus Hackney became a retreat for the nobility around Hackney Central and Homerton . Henry VIII 's Palace was by Lea Bridge roundabout , where BSix Sixth Form College stands today. Sutton House , on Homerton High Street,

1416-653: The Hutchison Markets, the Palace Tavern, and between 40 and 50 houses. In 1845 he built the church of St Barnabas at Homerton, a Gothic Revival design in Kentish ragstone , fitted, unusually for the date, with gas lighting . He later added a parsonage, a north aisle and a vestry. In 1850 he entered into partnership with John Whichcord Jr. Together they designed and superintended the erection of baths and washhouses at Swansea, Maidstone, Lambeth, and elsewhere, and published

1475-746: The Iron Age and probably until after the Roman period (as the Romans used tribal territories as administrative sub-divisions), the River Lea was considered to separate the territories of the Catuvellauni to the west of the river from the Trinovantes to the east. The Romans built the Roman road , Ermine Street , which runs through the modern borough under the names Shoreditch High Street and Kingsland Road , among others. In

1534-810: The Lea catchment to create a source of drinking water for London. The New River still passes through the borough, close to Finsbury Park and flows towards Islington . Another man-made feature, the Regents Canal also crosses the borough to the south of De Beauvoir Town in the west, joining the Hertford Union Canal below Victoria Park. Much of Hackney retains an inner-city character, but in such places as Dalston large housing estates have been joined by newly developed gated communities . In South Hackney , near Victoria Park , terraced Georgian , Victorian and Edwardian housing still survives. Light industries in

1593-552: The Lea to reach 30 m (98 ft) above sea level at Clapton Common and Stamford Hill . The area around Victoria Park , in the south of the borough lies about 15 metres (49 feet) above sea level. After the Norman Conquest the area became part of the Forest of Middlesex , which covered much of the county , but this gives rise to misunderstanding, as in this context "Forest" is a legal term referring to royal hunting rights and had

1652-564: The Royal Academy in 1858 and 1859 respectively, and were reproduced as chromolithographs, with an explanatory pamphlet. Ashpitel was a prolific writer who contributed to magazines and to the transactions of learned societies and is known to have been a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London . He first appeared in print at the age of sixteen, with a poem published in The Literary Magnet . In 1836 he published The Reign of Humbug:

1711-519: The area around the River Lea employ over 3,000 people. The Lea and Hackney Marshes are underlain by alluvium soils; and the higher ground between Homerton and Stamford Hill is formed on a widening bed of London Clay . Brickearth deposits are within tongues of clay extending beneath Clapton Common, Stamford Hill and Stoke Newington High Street. The centre and south-western districts lie on river terrace deposits of Taplow Gravel. Victoria Park and Well Street Common lie on flood plain gravel. This data

1770-657: The boundary between the predecessor counties of Middlesex and Essex . Within these parish areas are a large number of sub-districts, some of which have sub-districts of their own. These sub-districts are generally based on former hamlets that expanded and merged as the area urbanised. These sub-districts have never been administrative units so have never had any formal boundaries, however a degree of informal definition has developed. The sub-districts typically take Metropolitan Borough \ Ancient Parish boundaries where available, and can also have informal customary boundaries such as road and railways. Despite this, many areas have only

1829-706: The civic and ceremonial duties previously undertaken by the (non-political) mayor prior to 2002. Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly , the borough forms part of the North East constituency. The constituency returned Sem Moema AM as the directly elected Assembly Member in 2021. The borough comprises two parliamentary constituencies: Hackney North and Stoke Newington (represented by Diane Abbott MP) and Hackney South and Shoreditch (represented by Meg Hillier MP); both are Privy Counsellors and Labour Party Members of Parliament . Final recommendations for

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1888-558: The civil parishes continued to be based on the same ancient parish areas. From 1856 the area was governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works , which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London. In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London . From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised various parish vestries and district boards . Shoreditch

1947-549: The cost of one of his sisters; they were constructed after his death under the supervision of John Whichcord. He also designed the ornament cast on the Westminster Bell, known as " Big Ben " and assisted E. M. Barry in researching his design for the new Charing Cross . Following his Roman studies he exhibited two drawings at the Royal Academy , a Restoration of Ancient Rome , and Rome As It Is . They were exhibited at

2006-567: The day. The Literary Magnet was started as a weekly magazine in 1824 with the full title The Literary Magnet of the Belles Lettres, Science, and the Fine Arts , by co-editors Samuel Egerton Brydges and his son Egerton Anthony Brydges under the joint pseudonym Tobias Merton (perhaps an anagram of their names). Its first series was published by William Charlton Wright, and ran until June 1824. Egerton Anthony Brydges seems to have stopped editing

2065-440: The district of Holy Trinity, Hoxton , at a cost of about £3000. In 1865 he rebuilt the tower and spire of Great Ilford Church and two years later elaborated and enlarged the plain brick church (erected in about 1825), inserting new windows and creating a polygonal chancel and adding a parsonage, all his works there being in a Venetian Gothic style. His last work was a design for twelve almshouses at Clewer , near Windsor, built at

2124-604: The east, Tower Hamlets to the south-east and the City of London to the south-west. Hackney was one of the host boroughs of the London Olympics in 2012 , with several of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park venues falling within its boundaries. In the 13th century the name appears as Hackenaye or Hacquenye , but no certain derivation is advanced. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Place Names (fourth edition) discusses

2183-757: The erection of fireproof houses in flats . Ashpitel was also responsible for design of the "Wellington Testimonial" a clock tower erected at the southern end of London Bridge in 1854, but removed soon after as an obstruction to traffic. Its truncated remains are now at Swanage in Dorset. At Blackheath he built St John the Evangelist's Church (1852). In 1853 he left England in the company of David Roberts , R.A., and lived for some time in Rome. An attack of malaria, suffered in Piedmont further damaged his health. In 1855, he dissolved

2242-526: The first attempt to render the mediaeval style appropriate for such a business". In 1861 he rebuilt St Mary's Church, Ripple, Kent , on its original Norman foundations, in a Romanesque style, in imitation of St. Nicholas, Barfreston . He also restored Sutton Church, about a mile away, adding an apse, its windows once again copied from those at Barfreston. In 1862 he built the church at Aldborough Hatch in Essex. In 1864 he built schools accommodating 700 children for

2301-422: The first series, though the pen-name Tobias Merton was kept throughout this series as the nominal editor, and as a character in its "Round Table" columns. Alaric Alexander Watts bought The Literary Magnet by December 1825, and made an unnamed "very clever young literary friend" the editor of the first volume of its second series, which ran from January to June 1826. This was published by Charles Knight , with

2360-460: The first series. While the first series gave priority to prose, the second series concentrated much more on poetry. The first four volumes of the second series added a "Chit-Chat" column, which may have contributed to Watts' reputation as a gossip. Among its contributors were Letitia Elizabeth Landon , Arthur Ashpitel , and Edward George Ballard . For the first four volumes of the second series (1826–1827), Watts managed to get contributions from

2419-746: The full title changed to The Literary Magnet, or Monthly Journal of the Belles Lettres . Watts became the anonymous editor for volumes two (July to December 1826), three (January to June 1827), and four (July to December 1827). A final fifth volume was published and edited by the original publisher William Charlton Wright under the title Wright's Literary Magnet . It consisted of just three monthly issues (January to March 1828), which were described by Professor Ted Ellis as "poorly written". The Literary Magnet ' s first series title page set out its aims, to publish "1. original satirical essays of permanent interest; 2. sketches of society, humourous and sentimental; 3. original poetry; 4. miscellaneous matters; forming

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2478-452: The late 20th century, population pressure has increased and the area's many Georgian and Victorian terraces are being gentrified, warehouses are being converted to housing, and new flats are being built. In the 1980s and beyond, Hackney was described as the poorest borough in Britain - although it has been questioned whether this may have in fact been Glasgow , at the time. The council used

2537-491: The lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs . In this area the three parishes each became a borough: Hackney , Shoreditch and Stoke Newington . There were some rationalisations to boundaries, notably that Shoreditch absorbed part of the tiny Liberty of Norton Folgate (with the rest going to neighbouring Stepney ). Stoke Newington was smaller than the desired size for the new boroughs, and there were proposals to re-merge Stoke Newington and Hackney, or to detach

2596-402: The magazine near the start of volume two, with no evidence of any contributions from him after the second issue, and his father's contributions seem only to have continued until the eighth issue. An unknown editor using the initials "J. H. H." effectively took over from issue nine. Towards the end of the second series, after the fiftieth sixteen-page weekly issue of the magazine, it was turned into

2655-567: The modern borough broadly corresponds to the three ancient parishes of Hackney , Shoreditch and Stoke Newington , which had all historically been part of the Ossulstone hundred of the county of Middlesex . For some administrative functions, Ossulstone was divided into four divisions. Stoke Newington was part of the Finsbury division . Hackney and Shoreditch were both part of the Tower division , which

2714-473: The northern part of Hackney and join it with Stoke Newington. These proposals were rejected due to the experience of "intolerable and interminable feuds" between the districts when they were previously "forced together". The First Lord of the Treasury , Arthur Balfour recognised that there was "great ill-feeling and mutual ill-will... between the inhabitants of the two districts". It was therefore decided to merge

2773-461: The origin of the name. The first surviving records of the place name are as Hakney (1231) and Hakeneye (1242 and 1294). The "ey" suffix almost certainly refers to an island; the dictionary favours the interpretation that Hackney means "Haka's island", with Haka being a notable local person and the island (or inaccessible place surrounded by marshes) lying close to the River Lea . This was once a much wilder place than today. The dictionary suggests that

2832-595: The partnership with Whichcord, but continued to accept commissions. In 1854 he restored the chapel of a former leper hospital at Great Ilford for the Rev. James Reynolds, with whom he had been to school, adding a porch, and a residence, and in 1858 and wrote a history of the building. In 1861 he designed a Venetian Gothic facade for a public house in Red Cross Street in the City of London, described by Wyatt Papworth as "probably

2891-508: The phrase 'Britain's Poorest Borough' in official materials. It was described in this way as late as 2001 and in Parliament in 2010. This picture has now changed: the 2019 Indices of Multiple Deprivation found that Hackney was the 22nd most deprived borough in England, down from 11th in 2015 and 2nd in 2010, whilst Hackney has also featured prominently in discussions of gentrification . It

2950-557: The road now known as the A10 was Roman, and others, like many in England, may be older. With the obvious exception of the urbanisation of the area, the greatest changes have been to the waterways and wetlands of the area. The River Lea , the area's primary geographic feature, has lost its grazing marshes and seen the River Lee Navigation created in 1770. This is an artificial channel of the river, passing through Hackney Cut and across

3009-481: The turn of the century. This increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards the new towns under the Abercrombie Plan for London (1944). The population is now rising again, and the 2001 census gives Hackney a population of 202,824. The Literary Magnet The Literary Magnet was a British magazine. Started as

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3068-457: Was built in 1792, replacing the nearby former 16th-century parish church dedicated to St Augustine (pulled down in 1798). Notable residents from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries included Robert Aske , William Cecil , Samuel Courtauld , Samuel Hoare , Joseph Priestley and Thomas Sutton . Many grand houses stood in Stoke Newington and Stamford Hill ; the latter neighbourhood became

3127-474: Was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963 . It covered the combined area of the three metropolitan boroughs of Hackney, Shoreditch and Stoke Newington. The local authority is Hackney Council, which meets at Hackney Town Hall and has its main offices in the adjoining Hackney Service Centre. Since 2002 the council has been led by the directly elected Mayor of Hackney . A speaker fulfils

3186-502: Was first exposed nearby in Hoxton . In 1727 Daniel Defoe said of the villages of Hackney All these, except the Wyck-house, are within a few years so encreas'd in buildings, and so fully inhabited, that there is no comparison to be made between their present and past state: Every separate hamlet is encreas'd, and some of them more than treble as big as formerly; Indeed as this whole town

3245-645: Was governed by its vestry , whilst Hackney and Stoke Newington were initially grouped into the Hackney District with a single board covering the two parishes. This proved unpopular, especially in more affluent Stoke Newington. After four unsuccessful attempts, the Hackney District was dissolved in 1894 under the Metropolis Management (Plumstead and Hackney) Act 1893, and its two parishes were then each governed separately by their own vestries. In 1900

3304-423: Was noteworthy in that the men of the area owed military service to the Tower of London . The ancient parishes provided a framework for both civil (administrative) and ecclesiastical (church) functions, but during the 19th century there was a divergence into distinct civil and ecclesiastical parish systems. The ecclesiastical parishes were gradually sub-divided to better serve the needs of a growing population, while

3363-494: Was ranked as inner London's "greenest borough" and London Transport's "best bike borough 2006", with 62 parks and open spaces , covering 815 acres (3.3 km ). Seven Hackney parks have now achieved Green Flag status. One, Abney Park , became scheduled in 2009 as one of Britain's historic parks and garden at risk from neglect and decay. Hackney Marshes play host to the largest collection of football pitches in Europe. Part of it

3422-521: Was taken between 1971 and 2000 at the nearest national weather station in Greenwich ; around 7 miles (11.3 km) south of Hackney Town Hall: In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 14,609. This rose steadily throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 95,000 in the middle of that century. When the railways arrived the rate of population growth increased — reaching nearly 374,000 by

3481-625: Was used as a site for events of the 2012 Summer Olympics . There are 1,300 listed buildings in Hackney , including the Hackney Empire , Tudor Sutton House , and the Grade I medieval St Augustine's Tower , the borough's oldest building. The borough contains 25 conservation areas including Clapton Square and urban open-spaces including Clapton Common and Clissold Park . Conservation areas also protect large areas of Georgian and Victorian housing , and areas of industrial heritage . The area of

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