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70-501: Ashgabat International Airport ( Turkmen : Aşgabat halkara howa menzili ) ( IATA : ASB , ICAO : UTAA ), formerly known as Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy International Airport , is one of five international airports in Turkmenistan . It is located within the city limits of Ashgabat (Ashkhabad). The old airport, with its air traffic control tower and a 3,700-metre-long (12,000 ft) precision approach runway (12L-30R), opened in 1994 and

140-461: A civil aviation school as well as a medical center. The airport has also a second 3,800-meter long runway to serve wide-body , double-deck jet airliners such as the Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8 . Current members of Toldy Construct team also contributed to this project. They helped to realize specialised construction and design elements of the facade and roof. All services of the airport work around

210-621: A different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages: Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy in Ashgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and

280-596: A draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published. In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching

350-524: A gathering earth and mountains crumble. When food is prepared at one table, Exalted is the destiny of the Turkmen Turkmen SSR Since then the borders of the Turkmenia were unchanged. On 22 August 1990, Turkmenia declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. On 27 October 1991, it became independent as Turkmenistan . Geographically, Turkmenia was bordered between Iran , Afghanistan to

420-556: A highly unusual terminal design in the shape of a falcon . The new airport has capacity to serve 14 million passengers per year at a rate of 1,600 passengers per hour. The airport covers 350,000 m and includes a passenger terminal, VIP terminal, cargo terminal with capacity to handle 200,000 tonnes of freight per year, a new air traffic control tower (ATCT), a maintenance hangar for three narrow-body aircraft , new fueling stations, catering, fire brigade , flight simulation , repair and maintenance buildings, parking space for 3,000 cars,

490-516: A kind of unofficial Islam not sanctioned by the state-run Spiritual Directorate. The Soviet regime's policy of indigenization ( korenizatsiia ) involved the promotion of national culture and language and the creation of a native administration for each ethnic group in its own territory. During the 1920s, as happened throughout the Soviet Union, there was forthright support and funding for the creation of native language theatres, publishing houses, newspapers as well as universal public schooling, and this

560-456: A limited influence from classical Chagatai . Turkmen has dental fricatives / θ / and / ð / unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as / s / and / z / . The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Bashkir . However, in Bashkir / θ / and / ð / are two independent phonemes, distinct from / s / and / z / , whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [ð] are

630-744: A minor chapter in the republic's history. In October 1924, when Central Asia was divided into distinct ethno-national political entities, the Transcaspian Oblast of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR) along with the Charjew , Kerki and a part of the Shirabad provinces of the Bukharan People's Republic and the Turkmen ( Daşoguz ) province of Khorezm People's Republic were unified to create

700-646: A similar agreement was signed between the Russians and Afghans. Following annexation to Russia, the area was administered as the Transcaspian Region by corrupt and malfeasant military officers and officials appointed by the Turkestan Governor-Generalship in Tashkent . In the 1880s, a railroad was built from Krasnovodsk to Ashgabat and later extended to Tashkent. Urban areas began to develop along

770-522: Is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is subject–object–verb . Written Turkmen today is based on the Teke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, Ýomud , Änewli , Hasarly, Nerezim, Gökleň , Salyr , Saryk, Ärsary and Çowdur . The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in Afghanistan ) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only

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840-504: Is "on bir" ( lit.   ' ten-one ' ). Two thousand seventeen (2017) is iki müň on ýedi (two-thousand-ten-seven). The following is Magtymguly 's Türkmeniň (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem's Turkish translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while

910-662: Is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia . It has an estimated 4.3 million native speakers in Turkmenistan (where it is the official language), and a further 719,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.5 million people in northwestern Afghanistan , where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia . Turkmen

980-484: Is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Azerbaijani , Crimean Tatar , Gagauz , Qashqai , and Turkish , sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm,

1050-410: Is located near M37 highway and connect to them as a four-lane motorway. Terminal parking, short-term and long-term parking is available at the airport. Passengers driving their own cars can park in multilevel parking garages (mostly underground) along the terminal. There is regular bus service by bus line 1, 18, 22, 58 from the airport to Ashgabat city. Complete list of local services is available at

1120-753: Is the son of a hero – a hero his father, Göroghli his brother, drunken his head, Should they pursue him on mountain or plain, The hunters cannot take him alive, this panther's son is the Turkmen Köňüller, ýürekler bir bolup başlar, Tartsa ýygyn, erär topraklar-daşlar, Bir suprada taýýar kylynsa aşlar, Göteriler ol ykbaly türkmeniň. Gönüller, yürekler bir olup başlar, Tartsa yığın erir topraklar, taşlar, Bir sofrada hazır kılınsa aşlar, Götürülür o ikbali Türkmen'in. Könüllər, ürəklər bir olub başlar, Dartsa yığın əriyər topraqlar, daşlar, Bir süfrədə hazır qılınsa aşlar, Götürülər o iqbalı türkmənin. Hearts, breasts and heads are at one, When he holds

1190-667: Is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: for example, the ablative case of obalar is obalardan "from the villages" but, the ablative case of itler "dogs" is itlerden "from the dogs". Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality. Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens are direct descendants of

1260-687: The Book of Dede Korkut , Zöhre Tahyr, Gorogly , Layla and Majnun , Yusuf Zulaikha and others. There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy , who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature. Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are Döwletmämmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mämmetweli Kemine, Abdylla Şabende , Şeýdaýy , Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy. Note: Numbers are formed identically to other Turkic languages, such as Turkish. So, eleven (11)

1330-580: The Cold War . Much of Turkmenistan infrastructure were built out during the Soviet period, such as new cities, institutions , buildings , roads , power stations , hospitals , schools , and factories . When the Soviets came to power in 1920s, People had to add a Russian suffix to their names. The ending ev/ov was added to male names and eva/ova to female names. In Russian , these endings mean "belonging to", which

1400-527: The Ersary variety. The Turkmen language, unlike other languages of the Oghuz branch, preserved most of the unique and archaic features of the language spoken by the early Oghuz Turks , including phonemic vowel length . Iraqi and Syrian "Turkmen" speak dialects that form a continuum between Turkish and Azerbaijani , in both cases heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian . These varieties are not Turkmen in

1470-577: The Khiva Khanate in 1873. Because Turkmen tribes, most notably the Yomud, were in the military service of the Khivan khan, Russian forces undertook punitive raids against Khorazm , in the process slaughtering hundreds of Turkmen and destroying their settlements. In 1881 the Russians under General Mikhail Skobelev besieged and captured Geok Tepe , one of the last Turkmen strongholds, northwest of Ashgabat . With

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1540-631: The Mejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet. Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, obalardan "from the villages" can be analysed as oba "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); alýaryn "I am taking" as al "take", -ýar (present continuous tense), -yn (1st person singular). Another characteristic of Turkmen

1610-763: The Oghuz Turks , who were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family . The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks. Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and Persian (by Seljuks in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey . These works include, but are not limited to

1680-589: The Tupolev ANT-9 aircraft had twelve seats. With this replenishment of the Turkmen SSR air fleet, in 1932 an air division was formed at Chardzhou Airport that directly served the Chardzhou - Tashauz route, without stops in other settlements. The first airport building in Ashkhabad was built in 1932, and at the end of 1934 two air units were formed there: one was equipped with Po-2 aircraft (for agricultural use), and

1750-412: The 1920s and early 1930s involved promoting the use of the Turkmen language for administration in all areas of the state, party, and economy (along with the longer-lasting system of preferential quotas and advancement for ethnic Turkmen in government, party, and industrial jobs with the aim of achieving a majority Turkmen bureaucracy) and attempts at requiring non-Turkmen to learn the Turkmen language. From

1820-490: The 1930s onward, the nationality policy favoured use of the Turkmen language in areas of government "closest to the people": education, health, etc., paired with an acceptance that knowledge of the Russian language would be required for most government work as well as advancement in many careers: the government would no longer work to make knowledge of Russian superfluous to advancement and would cease active efforts to have Turkmen be

1890-671: The 1950s, Tu-104 , Tu-114 , Il-18 , and An-24 aircraft appeared in the Turkmen SSR’s fleet. Powerful airliners made it possible to connect Ashkhabad by air lines with the largest cities of the USSR, the capitals of the union republics. In 1935, was opened Ashkhabad - Tashauz airline route. In the 1980s, the civil aviation of the Turkmen SSR had the Tu-154 , Yak-40 , Yak-42 , An-24 , An-26 aircraft. Ashkhabad Airport has modern radio and radar equipment that allows it to receive aircraft at any time of

1960-556: The Ashgabat passenger motor transport enterprise website. There are Awtomobil Ulag Hyzmaty company offering services at Ashgabat Airport. The Ashgabat International Airport depicted on the 1 Turkmen manat note. [REDACTED] Media related to Ashgabat Airport at Wikimedia Commons Turkmen language Turkmen ( türkmençe , түркменче , تۆرکمنچه ‎ , [tʏɾkmøntʃø] or türkmen dili , түркмен дили , تۆرکمن ديلی ‎ , [tʏɾkmøn dɪlɪ] )

2030-815: The Jeyhun and the Khazar sea, Over the desert blows the breeze of the Turkmen. Its rose-bud is the pupil of my black eye From the dark mountain descends the river of the Turkmen. Hak sylamyş bardyr onuň saýasy, Çyrpynşar çölünde neri, maýasy, Reňbe-reň gül açar ýaşyl ýaýlasy, Gark bolmuş reýhana çöli türkmeniň. Hak sıylamış vardır onun sayesi, Çırpınışır çölünde eri, dişisi. Rengarenk gül açar yeşil yaylası, Gark olmuş reyhana çölü Türkmen'in. Haqq saya salmış vardır onun sayəsi, Çırpınışar çölündə əri, dişisi. Rəngbərəng gül açar yaşıl yaylası, Qərq olmuş reyhana çölü türkmənin. The Lord has exalted him and placed him under His protection. His camels, his flocks range over

2100-664: The Oghuz dialect of Uzbek spoken mainly in Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border. Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran. The standardized form of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the Teke dialect, while Iranian Turkmen use mostly the Yomud dialect, and Afghan Turkmen use

2170-462: The Soviet Union and the establishment of the Republic of Turkmenistan on 27 October 1991. Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. There were two active space facilities in Turkmenistan, in the cities of Turkmenabat and Seydi , both equipped for launch. The Soviet Space Programme had manufactured Proton, Mir and Soyuz rockets and crew bomber missiles during

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2240-525: The Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages: Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries. During this period, the Arabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been a rich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the literacy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing

2310-614: The Turkmen SSR. At the end of the 1930s, the process of the Cyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper "Sowet Türkmenistany" published a letter from teachers in Ashgabat and the Ashgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up

2380-479: The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR), a full-fledged constituent republic of the Soviet Union where Turkmen made up roughly 80% of the population. During the forced collectivization and settlement of nomadic and semi-nomadic groups along with other socioeconomic changes of the first decades of Soviet rule, pastoral nomadism ceased to be an economic alternative in Turkmenistan, and by

2450-528: The Turkmen defeat (which is now marked by the Turkmen as a national day of mourning and a symbol of national pride), the annexation of what is present-day Turkmenistan took the Russian Empire repeated attempts after failing the first time. Later the same year, the Russians signed the Treaty of Akhal with Qajar Iran and established what essentially remains the current border between Turkmenistan and Iran. In 1897

2520-546: The Turkmen language. During the first years after the establishment of the Soviet power , the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the USSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with diacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language. The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script. In January 1925, on

2590-478: The airport was used exclusively for domestic flights. As part of Saparmurat Niyazov 's aspiration to transform Turkmenistan into 'the new Kuwait ', he sought to construct a distinctive airport. This zeal resulted in the control tower being constructed on the wrong side of the runway. The 'gaudy new terminal' blocked the view of air traffic controllers as they guided pilots. The builders warned him of this, however he responded: "It looks better this way." The building

2660-461: The clock. The airport includes passenger waiting rooms, immigration, customs, border control, a 24-hour reference service, VIP and CIP rooms, a business club, a ticket office for Turkmenistan Airlines , shops, bars, fast-food outlets, currency exchange, a new baggage handling conveyor system, international telephone, a mother and child room, and office of Turkish Airlines . Aşgabat International Airport now has two artificial runways, equipped with

2730-434: The day and under adverse weather conditions. In Soviet times, the airport was used exclusively for servicing flights within the USSR . Currently, in addition to the aircraft of the local airline fleet, the airport serves the planes of several foreign airlines of the world, performing both passenger and cargo flights. The first modern airport terminal opened in 1994 with a capacity of 1,600 passengers per hour. In Soviet times,

2800-610: The desert, Flowers of many hues open on his green summer pastures, Drenched in the scent of basil the desert of the Turkmen. Al-ýaşyl bürenip çykar perisi, Kükeýip bark urar anbaryň ysy, Beg, töre, aksakal ýurduň eýesi, Küren tutar gözel ili türkmeniň. Al yeşil bürünüp çıkar perisi Kükeyip bark vurup amberin isi, Bey, töre, aksakal yurdun iyesi, Küren tutar güzel ili Türkmen'in. Al-yaşıl bürünüb çıxar pərisi Qoxub bərq vurar ənbərin iy(is)i, Bəy, turə, ağsaqqal yurdun yiyəsi, Kürən tutar gözəl eli türkmənin. His fairy-maids go forth clad in red and green, From them wafts

2870-540: The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence that followed in 1991. When other constituent republics of the Soviet Union advanced claims to sovereignty in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenia's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies as exploitative and detrimental to the well-being and pride of the Turkmen. By a unanimous vote of its Supreme Soviet, Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty in August 1990. In March 1990, Turkmenistan participated in

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2940-463: The import section and 4 in the export section, as well as a distribution center for Turkmenistan’s national postal service Turkmenpochta . For the crew and transit passengers, the Lachin Hotel is a special hotel located in the transit zone of Ashgabat International Airport. The following airlines offer year-round and seasonal scheduled flights to and from Ashgabat as of November 2024: The airport

3010-562: The internationally observed referendum on the future of the Soviet Union , where 98% percent of participants voted in support of the preservation of the Soviet Union. After the August 1991 coup in Moscow, Turkmenia's communist leader Saparmurat Niyazov called for a popular referendum on independence. The official result of the referendum was 94 percent in favor of independence. The republic's Supreme Soviet then declared Turkmenistan's independence from

3080-460: The language of administration, and from 1938 onwards non-Russian students throughout the Soviet Union would be required to become fluent in Russian in order to advance through secondary and tertiary education. Non-Turkmen cadre both in Moscow and Turkmenia closely supervised the national cadre of government officials and bureaucrats; generally, the Turkmen leadership staunchly supported Soviet policies. Moscow initiated nearly all political activity in

3150-517: The last one is the English translation. Jeýhun bilen bahry-Hazar arasy, Çöl üstünden öwser ýeli türkmeniň; Gül-gunçasy – gara gözüm garasy, Gara dagdan iner sili türkmeniň. Ceyhun ile Bahr-ı Hazar arası, Çöl üstünden eser yeli Türkmen'in. Gül goncası kara gözüm karası, Kara dağdan iner seli Türkmen'in. Ceyhun ilə Bəhri-Xəzər arası, Çöl üstündən əsər yeli türkmənin. Gül qönçəsi qara gözüm qarası, Qara dağdan enər seli türkmənin. Between

3220-589: The late 1930s, the majority of Turkmen had become sedentary. Efforts by the Soviet state to undermine the traditional Turkmen way of life resulted in significant changes in familial and political relationships, religious and cultural observances, and intellectual developments. Significant numbers of Russians and other Europeans, as well as groups from various nationalities mainly from the Caucasus, migrated to urban areas. Modest industrial capabilities were developed, and limited exploitation of Turkmenistan's natural resources

3290-608: The most part, the Muslim Board functioned as an instrument of propaganda whose activities did little to enhance the Muslim cause. Atheist indoctrination stifled religious development and contributed to the isolation of the Turkmen from the international Muslim community. Some religious customs, such as Muslim burial and male circumcision , continued to be practiced throughout the Soviet period, but most religious belief, knowledge, and customs were preserved only in rural areas in "folk form" as

3360-600: The new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , in January 1993, a meeting was held at the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993,

3430-502: The other consisted of TB-3 aircraft (for cargo transportation) . In 1935, was opened Ashkhabad - Tashauz airline route. In 1944, Turkmen SSR air fleet was replenished with the Li-2 aircraft, which transported passengers and mail from Ashkhabad to Moscow via Baku , Astrakhan and Volgograd . Since 1946, Soviet aircraft Ilyushin Il-12 , Il-14 , An-2 , Yak-12 began to be used on airlines. In

3500-716: The pages of the republican newspaper Türkmenistan , the question of switching to a new, Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of

3570-440: The principle of "One Nation, Two States". Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close semantics . Here are some words from

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3640-472: The railway. Although the Transcaspian Region essentially was a colony of Russia, it remained a backwater, except for Russian concerns with British colonialist intentions in the region and with possible uprisings by the Turkmen. Because the Turkmen generally were indifferent to the advent of Soviet rule in 1917 , little revolutionary activity occurred in the region in the years that followed. However,

3710-465: The republic, and, except for a corruption scandal in the mid-1980s that ousted longtime First Secretary Muhammetnazar Gapurow , Turkmenistan remained a quiet Soviet republic. Mikhail Gorbachev 's policies of glasnost and perestroika did not have a significant impact on Turkmenistan, as many people there were self-dependent, and settlers of the territory and the Soviet Union's ministers rarely intertwined. The republic found itself rather unprepared for

3780-583: The scent of ambergris, Bek, prince and the elder are the lords of the country, Together they uphold the beautiful land of the Turkmen. Ol merdiň ogludyr, mertdir pederi, Görogly gardaşy, serhoşdyr seri, Dagda, düzde kowsa, saýýatlar, diri Ala bilmez, ýolbars ogly türkmeniň. O merdin oğludur, merttir pederi, Köroğlu kardeşi, sarhoştur seri, Dağda, düzde kovsa avcılar diri Alamaz arslan oğlu Türkmen'in. O mərdin oğludur, mərddir pedəri, Koroğlu qardaşı, sərxoşdur səri, Dağda, düzdə qovsa səyyadlar (ovçular) diri Ala bilməz arslan oğlu türkmənin. He

3850-608: The second category ILS and platform, enabling them to take aircraft of all types. Their length is 3800 meters. The cargo terminal at Ashgabat International Airport, spanning 17,174 m², can handle up to 200 tons of cargo annually. It has export and import zones, cold storage, specialized rooms for animals and plants, and a medical room. Equipped with an automated Elevating Transfer Vehicles (ETV) system, it supports efficient cargo handling, including loading and unloading. Storage areas are available for perishable goods, valuable items, and dangerous goods. The terminal includes 4 loading docks in

3920-520: The sense of this article. Turkmen is a member of the East Oghuz branch of the Turkic family of languages; its closest relatives being Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility . However, the closest language to Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan. Turkmen has vowel harmony ,

3990-652: The south, Caspian Sea to the west, the Kazakh SSR to the north and the Uzbek SSR to the east. Russian attempts to encroach upon Turkmen territory began in earnest in the latter part of the nineteenth century. In 1869 the Russian Empire established a foothold in present-day Turkmenistan with the foundation of the Caspian Sea port of Krasnovodsk (now Türkmenbaşy ). From there and other points, they marched on and subdued

4060-516: The terminal was used for domestic routes and charter flights. Currently used as a cargo storage facility. The Turkmen government let an international tender in 2012 for reconstruction of the airport in Ashgabat , to be named " Oguz Han ". Polimeks, a Turkish construction company active in Turkmenistan since the late-1990s, was declared winner of the tender. The new airport was opened on 17 September 2016 by President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow . The project cost $ 2.3 billion (€1.7 billion) and features

4130-740: The two main realizations of the common Turkic / s / and / z / . In other words, there are no / s / and / z / phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has / s / , / z / , / θ / and / ð / . The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as "mən" in Azerbaijani , whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: "bunun>munun//mının, muna//mına, munu//munı, munda//mında, mundan//mından" . In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: "munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan" . Here are some words with

4200-605: The year air communications began between Chardzhou and Tashauz , flying through the settlements of Turtkul and Novo-Urgench (both in the Uzbek SSR ). For this route, four-passenger Junkers F.13 aircraft were purchased in Germany , as well as Soviet four-passenger Kalinin K-4 aircraft. Eight aircraft served this airline. Later, in 1932, newer Soviet aircraft were purchased for the transport of passengers. The Kalinin K-5 aircraft seated six, and

4270-467: The years immediately preceding the revolution had been marked by sporadic Turkmen uprisings against Russian rule, most prominently the anti-tsarist revolt of 1916 that swept through the whole of Turkestan. Their armed resistance to Soviet rule was part of the larger Basmachi Revolt throughout Central Asia from the 1920s into the early 1930s. Opposition was fierce and resulted in the death of large numbers of Turkmen. Soviet sources describe this struggle as

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4340-436: Was a unicameral legislature of the republic headed by a chairman, with its superiority to both the executive and judicial branches and its members meet in Ashkhabad . 98% of Turkmenistan was Muslim, but atheism was the state religion. In the early 1920s, the Soviet government effectively banned Islam in Soviet Central Asia, including Turkmenistan, every mosque was destroyed, books written in Arabic script were burned, in

4410-414: Was dismantled in 2013. On 26 March 2014, a small passenger Terminal was opened. The terminal is located on the site of a pre-existing Turkmen SSR airport (behind the bus station) on 2013 Street (Cosmonaut Boulevard). For the period of construction of the main passenger terminal the temporary terminal served passengers departing from and arriving to Ashgabat. After commissioning of the main terminal in 2016,

4480-441: Was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914. The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate Arabic sounds that were not in

4550-474: Was followed by centralised decision-making around the creation of a particular national standard, the simplification of the Arabo-Persian alphabet, and the eventual transition to the Cyrillic alphabet. Beginning in the 1930s, Moscow kept the republic under firm control. The nationalities policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) fostered the development of a Turkmen political elite and promoted Russification . The previous nationality policies of

4620-420: Was initiated. Under Soviet rule, all religious beliefs were attacked by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past". Most religious schooling and religious observance were banned, and the vast majority of mosques were closed. An official Muslim Board of Central Asia with a headquarters in Tashkent was established during World War II to supervise the Islamic faith in Central Asia. For

4690-427: Was named after the country's first president, Saparmyrat Niyazov . The new airport terminal opened in September 2016, after being completely redesigned and rebuilt and after the south runway was moved and lengthened to parallel the north runway. Citizens of all countries have the right to visa-free transit through the international transit area of Ashgabat International Airport. Turkmen civil aviation began in 1927,

4760-423: Was not literate and those that were tended to use the Chaghtai or Persian languages for writing, though in the late 19th and early 20th century there was growing interest in the use of Ottoman Turkish register for writing as it is an Oghuz language and closer linguistically). Rigorous debate in the national press and in various literary and educational journals over Teke, Yomut, and other regional and tribal dialects

4830-428: Was part of the effort to promote the idea of a unified Soviet people . As with the other Soviet republics, Turkmenistan had followed the Marxist–Leninist ideology governed by the republic's sole party, Communist Party of Turkmenistan , a republican branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The politics of Turkmenistan took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic . The Supreme Soviet

4900-400: Was the case for the Turkmen minorities during Soviet administration of Turkmen/Transcaspian province of the Turkestan ASSR and the Bukharan People's Republic and the Khorezm (Kivan) People's Republic and continued after the creation of the majority-Turkmen national republic. In the 1920s the Turkmen SSR standardised the Turkmen language (as prior to this, the vast majority of the population

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