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63-685: Most of the OCN's on- reserve population lives near the Town of The Pas on the OCN 21E reserve, but the band also has many other reserves stretching from Goose Lake in the north to Mountain Cabin, Saskatchewan , in the south. OCN is accessible by rail, road, water, and air travel. Peoples of the OCN are Swampy Cree , and their dominant language is from the Swampy Cree n -dialect . The Opaskwayak people first negotiated and entered into Treaty 5 in 1876. The First Nation hosts

126-565: A colony in 1858, also worked to establish many reserves on the mainland during his tenure, though most of these were overturned by successor colonial governments and later royal commissions once the province joined Confederation in 1871. In 1867, legislative jurisdiction over "Indians and Lands reserved for the Indians" was assigned to the Parliament of Canada through the Constitution Act, 1867 ,

189-420: A fact which has led many to be abandoned, or used only seasonally (as a trapping territory , for example). Statistics Canada counts only those reserves which are populated (or potentially populated) as "subdivisions" for the purpose of the national census . For the 2011 census, of the more than 3,100 Indian reserves across Canada, there were only 961 Indian reserves classified as census subdivisions (including

252-633: A major part of Canada's Constitution (originally known as the British North America Act ), which acknowledged that First Nations had special status. Separate powers covered "status and civil rights on the one hand and Indian lands on the other." In 1870, the newly formed Dominion government acquired Rupert's Land , a vast territory in British North America consisting mostly of the Hudson Bay drainage basin that had been controlled by

315-531: A new bicycle-pedestrian bridge to connect McFadyen Park with Fort Rouge Park over the Assiniboine River. The bridge would be partly financed by a grant from the Winnipeg Foundation. There are three designs vying for final approval. The Forks is a 99-acre (40 ha) national historic, recreational, cultural, and entertainment area site in downtown Winnipeg, deriving its name from being located where

378-461: A number of different streets, back lanes, and across properties. Generally speaking, the western boundaries are rarely much further west of Balmoral and Isabel Streets. In 2016, Canadian Geographic produced a map that generalize Winnipeg's downtown boundaries. Neighbourhoods in the downtown area include the Exchange District , Central Park , The Forks , and Chinatown . The downtown area

441-405: A single government is responsible for more than one reserve. In 2003, 60 percent of status Indians lived on reserves. Of the 637,660 First Nations people who reported being Registered Indians, nearly one-half (49.3%) lived on an Indian reserve. This proportion varies across the country. Many reserves have no resident population; typically they are small, remote, non-contiguous pieces of land,

504-527: A three-storey, 67-room boutique hotel on what is now a gravel parking lot, along with a new casual-dining restaurant in the one-storey brick former Harbourmaster's building. The plans also involve construction of a public plaza area at the south end of the property. The design of the Waterfront District also led to a new road system that included Winnipeg’s first roundabout , at the corner of Bannatyne Avenue and Waterfront Drive. Central Park

567-426: A trust agreement with CMHC, and lenders can receive loans to build or repair houses. In other programs, loans to residents of reserves are guaranteed by the federal government. Provinces and municipalities may expropriate reserve land if specifically authorized by a provincial or federal law. Few reserves have any economic advantages, such as resource revenues. The revenues of those reserves that do are held in trust by

630-845: A very important role in public policy stakeholder consultations, particularly when reserves are located in areas that have valuable natural resources with potential for economic development. Beginning in the 1970s, First Nations gained "recognition of their constitutionally protected rights." First Nations' rights are protected by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 . By 2002, (Valiente) First Nations had already "finalised 14 comprehensive land claims and self-government agreements, with numerous others, primarily in northern Canada and British Columbia, at different stages of negotiations." Land claims and self-government agreements are "modern treaties" and therefore hold constitutional status. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), "places aboriginal participation on par with federal ministers and

693-509: A year. These are "public water systems managed by the federal government". There were also 18 communities that had "water issues for between two and 12 months." According to statistics gathered by Health Canada and the First Nations Health Authority , in 2015, there were "162 drinking water advisories in 118 First Nation communities". In October 2015, Neskantaga First Nation reported that its "20-year boil-water advisory"

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756-470: Is a National Historic Site of Canada . Just one block north is one of Canada's most famous intersections, Portage and Main , the Exchange District comprises 20 city blocks and approximately 150 heritage buildings , and it is known for its intact turn-of-the-century collection of warehouses, financial institutions, and early terracotta -clad skyscrapers. Winnipeg's theatre district is located on

819-906: Is an example of a reserve created in modern times. Another multi-band reserve of the Sto:lo peoples is Grass Indian Reserve No. 15 , which is located in the City of Chilliwack and is shared by nine bands. After the Royal Proclamation of 1763 but before Confederation in 1867, the Upper Canada Treaties (1764–1862 Ontario) and the Douglas Treaties (1850–1854 British Columbia) were signed. "Some of these pre-confederation and post-confederation treaties addressed reserve lands, hunting, fishing, trapping rights, annuities and other benefits." Governor James Douglas of British Columbia, which formally became

882-859: Is defined by the Indian Act as a "tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty , that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band ." Reserves are areas set aside for First Nations , one of the major groupings of Indigenous peoples in Canada , after a contract with the Canadian state (" the Crown "), and are not to be confused with Indigenous peoples' claims to ancestral lands under Aboriginal title . A single "band" (First Nations government) may control one reserve or several, while other reserves are shared between multiple bands. In 2003,

945-614: Is home to the Winnipeg Jets . The area also has the Norquay Building, the Law Courts, Cityplace mall , and VJ's Drive Inn . There are numerous office buildings and hotels in this area, including some of Winnipeg's tallest buildings . A 42-storey apartment building, 300 Main , is currently being built by Artis REIT , owners of 360 Main St. and Winnipeg Square . When completed, it will be

1008-745: Is named after the late Gordon Lathlin, who served as the Opaskwayak's chief from 1967 to 1974. In 2012, a second hockey tenant began play at the GLMC when OCN Storm joined the Keystone Junior Hockey League . In terms of education on-reserve, OCN houses the Hilda Young Child Care Centre, Joe A. Ross School, and Oscar Lathlin Collegiate. The band government also supports post-secondary students at various institutions throughout Canada and

1071-458: Is one of Winnipeg's most densely-populated neighbourhoods with 13,755 people per square km according to the 2001 Census . Seventy per cent of all refugees coming to Winnipeg live downtown, in and around the Central Park area. Central Park includes many different ethnicities including Arabs, Vietnamese, Chinese, Ojibway, Filipinos, and African (more than half being African). With the increase in

1134-708: Is roughly 3 square kilometres (740 acres). Winnipeg Square , Canada Life Centre , Portage Place , and the flagship store of The Bay (closed 30 November 2020) are all located on the downtown section of Portage Avenue . On Main Street are Winnipeg's City Hall , Union Station , and the Manitoba Centennial Centre , which includes the Manitoba Museum , the Planetarium , the Centennial Concert Hall , and

1197-687: Is the oldest urban area in Winnipeg, and is home to the city's commercial core, city hall, the seat of Manitoba's provincial government , and a number of major attractions and institutions. The City of Winnipeg's official downtown boundaries are: the Canadian Pacific Railway mainline on the north, Gomez Street and the Red River on the east, and the Assiniboine River on the south; the western boundaries of downtown are irregular, following along

1260-520: The 2016 Census . The most common transportation method of the people in South Portage is walking, with 42.4%, more than five times higher than the overall 4.9% for Winnipeg. The average employment income for the area is just $ 52,267, which is lower than Winnipeg's average employment income of $ 61,164. South Portage is the location of the main branch of the Winnipeg Public Library system,

1323-656: The Anishinaabe and the Swampy Cree tribes. Treaty 1 First Nations comprise the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation , Fort Alexander ( Sagkeeng First Nation ), Long Plain First Nation , Peguis First Nation , Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation , Sandy Bay First Nation and Swan Lake First Nation . The rights and freedoms of Canada's First Nations people have been governed by the Indian Act since its enactment in 1876 by

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1386-455: The Assiniboine and Red Rivers meet. The Forks was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1974 due to its status as a cultural landscape that had borne witness to six thousand years of human activity. South Portage is the group of city blocks located between Portage Avenue , Main Street , Broadway , and Memorial Boulevard. The population of South Portage was 1,865 as of

1449-518: The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation . The Band is governed by the Chief and eight Councillors, who are elected according to its own election code which was adopted by its members in 2012, for a three-year term. The reserve consists of 24 parcels of land varying in size from 10 to 5200 acres and totaling about 45,000 acres. The most populated settlements are located in and around The Pas . Most of

1512-672: The Department of Indian and Northern Affairs stated there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising 28,000 km (11,000 sq mi). According to Statistics Canada in 2011, there are more than 600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada and 3,100 Indian reserves/First Nations reserves across Canada. Examples include the Driftpile First Nation , which like many bands, has only one reserve, Driftpile River 150 . The Bear River First Nation , who govern Bear River 6 , Bear River 6A and Bear River 6B , are one of many examples where

1575-544: The Hudson's Bay Company under its Charter with the British Crown from 1670 to 1870. Numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The Dominion of Canada promised Britain to honour the provisions of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 to "negotiate with its Amerindians for the extinguishment of their title and the setting aside of reserves for their exclusive use." This promise led to

1638-674: The Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and the Manitoba Electronic Music Exhibition . Renovations to Old Market Square completed in 2012 added "The Cube", a $ 1.5 million stage, with a skin made up of 20,000 aluminum links. The stage contains a built-in lighting system, green room and two performance levels. The district is home to Red River College 's Roblin Centre and

1701-516: The Kashechewan First Nation reserve's drinking water and chlorine levels had to be increased to 'shock' levels, causing skin problems and eventually resulting in an evacuation of hundreds of people from the reserve and costing approximately $ 16 million." Downtown Winnipeg Downtown Winnipeg is an area of Winnipeg located near the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. It

1764-652: The Millennium Library . The area also has the Winnipeg Convention Centre with 160,000 sq ft (15,000 m ) of meeting, exhibition and banquet space. Lakeview Square , the largest mixed-use development downtown in the 1970s, was constructed at the same time as the Convention Centre and completed in 1974. Opened in 2004, the Bell MTS Place is located just south of Portage Avenue and

1827-538: The Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations the right to "determine whether any purpose for which lands in a reserve are used is for the use and benefit of the band." Title to land within the reserve may be transferred to only the band or to individual band members. Reserve lands may not be seized legally, nor is the personal property of a band or a band member living on a reserve subject to "charge, pledge, mortgage, attachment, levy, seizure distress or execution in favour or at

1890-693: The Numbered Treaties . Between 1871 and 1921, through Numbered Treaties with First Nations, the Canadian government gained large areas of land for settlers and for industry in Northwestern Ontario , Northern Canada and in the Prairies . The treaties were also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties. Treaty 1 is an agreement established August 3, 1871, between the Crown and various First Nations in southeastern Manitoba , including

1953-571: The Paterson GlobalFoods Institute. Broadway-Assiniboine lies in the southern part of downtown on the north bank of the Assiniboine River . The neighbourhood is one of the more densely-populated in Winnipeg, with 15,452.2 people per square kilometre. It features many notable landmarks such as the historic Upper Fort Garry , Hotel Fort Garry , and the Manitoba Legislative Building . Broadway-Assiniboine features

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2016-504: The University of Winnipeg 's Axworthy Health & RecPlex. Built by Paragon Design Build and Bockstael Construction, the apartment's construction is expected to take 18 months and be done by summer 2024. The combined funding will equal a $ 17.4 million investment, with contributions from Opaskwayak, the Government of Manitoba through Efficiency Manitoba , and the Government of Canada through

2079-543: The Winnipeg Railway Museum . Although over 60,000 people work downtown , only 17,190 people live in the area covered by the Downtown Zoning By-Law. There are several residential projects under construction on Waterfront Drive and in the Exchange District, and the residential population of the area is projected to increase substantially in the next few years. The Downtown Winnipeg Zoning By-Law defines

2142-456: The "Assiniboine Riverwalk" and is home to many notable restaurants. The population of Broadway-Assiniboine was 5,270 as of the 2016 Census . The most common transportation method of the people in South Portage is walking, with 31.8%, more than 6.5 times higher than the overall 4.9% for Winnipeg. The average employment income for the area is just $ 47,268, which is lower than Winnipeg's average employment income of $ 61,164. Current plans are for

2205-584: The African population, Central Park has been transforming in recent years. It is now the home to the 'Central Market', with more markets planned to come. Many of the markets will sell handmade fashion and imported African crafts. During warm Saturday nights, live entertainment fills the air, residents enjoy free Sunday movie screenings to enjoy an evening outdoors. The Knox Centre at Knox United Church presents international films in various languages - with English subtitles - every Thursday evening. The Exchange District

2268-477: The Chinese visible minority group. 40.5% of the area's residents speak neither English nor French (as compared to 1% of Winnipeg as a whole), while 71.1% of residents speak some variant of Chinese (including Cantonese , Mandarin and Chinese not otherwise specified). Downtown Winnipeg has four bridges that directly connect to other Winnipeg neighbourhoods or suburbs across the Red and Assiniboine Rivers . They are

2331-638: The Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42 near Muncey, Ontario , which was formerly shared between them and the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation as a single parcel of land. Some reserves are shared by multiple bands, whether as fishing camps or educational facilities such as Pekw'Xe:yles , a reserve on the Fraser River used by 21 Indian bands that was formerly St. Mary's Indian Residential School and

2394-620: The Main Street Bridge, Midtown Bridge, Osborne Street Bridge, and the Provencher Bridge . One of the first bridges in Winnipeg was the Main-Norwood Bridge. It carries traffic between St. Boniface , St. Vital , and points east from Marion Street. Originally a toll bridge, it carried Winnipeg's first horse-drawn streetcars between downtown and River Avenue in the early 1880s. Osborne Street Bridge connects Osborne Village to

2457-598: The NHL's Winnipeg Jets and Manitoba Moose have played since 2004; and Blue Cross Park , where the American Association 's Winnipeg Goldeyes baseball team have played since 1999. The Winnipeg Walkway system, popularly known as the Winnipeg Skywalk, is a network of pedestrian skyways and tunnels connecting a significant portion of the city centre. Several media organizations have broadcasting studio located in

2520-584: The Opaskwayak Indigenous Days annually each August. When the Opaskwayak people signed Treaty 5 on in 1876, the federal government agreed to give timber rights. In 1904, the band opened a sawmill on Mission Island on the Saskatchewan River . Soon after, the band surrendered their land on the south side of the river, and in 1908, moved its sawmill to the north side. The sawmill operated intermittently until 1930, and provided wood for most of

2583-478: The Parliament of Canada. The provisions of Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 , provided Canada's federal government exclusive authority to legislate in relation to "Indians and Lands Reserved for Indians". Wikwemikong Unceded Reserve on Manitoulin Island is subject to the Indian Act provisions governing reserves even though its lands were never ceded to the Crown by treaty. The Indian Act gives

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2646-465: The United States. In January 2023, Opaskwayak, along with the federal and provincial governments, announced the construction of a new apartment block in downtown Winnipeg which will be owned and operated by OCN. OCN intends to lease several of the units to First Nations students, though the apartment will be open to other applicants as well. The building will be 7-stories tall and is located next to

2709-496: The boundaries of the Downtown planning area, and several sectors within it. The downtown census area is slightly smaller, omitting a three-block extension at the north edge. There is also a significantly larger Downtown community area, used for Community Social Data Strategy for Winnipeg. The Waterfront District is a newly emerging mixed-use development located in the northeast corner of downtown Winnipeg. The district runs along

2772-539: The downtown area, including television stations CTV , Global , Citytv , and Canadian specialty channel APTN ; and radio stations QX-104 , and 93.7 Nostalgia FM. The television broadcast antennas for CBC Manitoba and ICI Radio-Canada Manitoba are located on the Richardson Building , while Global TV Winnipeg is located on top of 201 Portage Avenue . Border Crossings , an internationally known arts magazine featuring Canadian art, publishes from offices in

2835-514: The downtown core. The first iteration was built in the late 1880s. In the 2010s the bridge was upgraded with a lit wall using LED technology. The Midtown Bridge carries traffic to and from south Winnipeg. It was first opened in September 1955. The Bridge sees upwards of 59,300 vehicles average weekdays. The Provencher Bridge is the third one built. The first version, called the Broadway Bridge,

2898-767: The east side of the Exchange District, home to the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre , and Centennial Concert Hall which houses the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra , the Royal Winnipeg Ballet , and the Manitoba Opera . The west side of the Exchange is home to Cinematheque, a small movie theatre located in the Artspace building on Albert Street. The Exchange District's Old Market Square annually hosts

2961-404: The homes built in the first few decades of the 20th century. According to oral tradition, Cree peoples have occupied the landscape of north-central Manitoba since time immemorial; this claim has been supported by archaeology. The earliest archeological evidence of the people occupying the area has been carbon dated 2,600–4,000 years ago. The current townsite of Opaskwayak, reserve parcel 21E,

3024-411: The instance of any person other than an Indian or a band". While the act was intended to protect the Indian holdings, the limitations make it difficult for the reserves and their residents to obtain financing for development and construction, or renovation. To answer this need, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has created an on-reserve housing loan program. Members of bands may enter into

3087-489: The minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada . Reserve lands and the personal property of bands and resident band members are exempt from all forms of taxation except local taxation. Corporations owned by members of First Nations are not exempt, however. This exemption has allowed band members operating in proprietorships or partnerships to sell heavily taxed goods, such as cigarettes, on their reserves at prices considerably lower than those at stores off

3150-473: The provinces in the National Advisory Committee." Among other things, CEPA clarified the term "aboriginal land" in 3 (1): "The definitions in this subsection apply in this Act. "aboriginal land" means (a) reserves, surrendered lands and any other lands that are set apart for the use and benefit of a band and that are subject to the Indian Act ." Under sections 46–50 of the CEPA, Environment and Climate Change Canada 's National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)

3213-428: The reserve's borders are with the Rural Municipality of Kelsey and The Pas. The balance is with the unorganized portion of Census Division No. 21 . 53°48′58″N 101°15′07″W  /  53.816°N 101.252°W  / 53.816; -101.252 Indian reserve In Canada, an Indian reserve ( French : réserve indienne ) or First Nations reserve ( French : réserve des premières nations )

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3276-470: The reserves. Most reserves are self-governed, within the limits already described, under guidelines established by the Indian Act . Due to treaty settlements, some Indian reserves are now incorporated as villages, such as Gitlaxt'aamiks , British Columbia, which like other Nisga'a reserves was relieved of that status by the Nisga'a Treaty . Similarly, the Indian reserves of the Sechelt Indian Band are now Indian government districts. Indian reserves play

3339-417: The same name operated at Dauphin from 1955 to 1980. The former school site is now used for community events. Gordon Lathlin Memorial Centre is a 1,100-seat arena, built in 1985. Since 1996 it has been home to the OCN Blizzard , who play in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League . During a four-month off-season for hockey each year, the centre is used for social gatherings, concerts, and weddings. The arena

3402-402: The site for a new Indian Residential School . 20 acres (8.1 ha) of forest were cleared and a building was constructed between the fall of 1912 and June 1914. Opening for classes in October 1914, the school was named the MacKay Indian Residential School in commemoration of Anglican archdeacon John Alexander Mackay of Saskatchewan. In its first year, the school had 81 pupils. As the land

3465-574: The six reserves added for 2011). Some reserves that were originally rural were gradually surrounded by urban development. Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary are examples of cities with urban Indian reserves . One band Chief and Council commonly administer more than one reserve, such as the Beaver Lake Cree Nation with two reserves or the Lenape people (in Canada incorporated as the Munsee-Delaware Nation ), who occupy Munsee-Delaware Nation Indian Reserve No. 1. This consists of three non-contiguous parcels of land totalling 1,054 ha (2,600 acres) within

3528-436: The tallest apartment block in the city. Winnipeg's public transit hub is located on the Graham Avenue Transit Mall , as many bus routes converge there. Formed in 1909, the area is home to many shops and restaurants including Asian grocery stores and an herbal products store. Winnipeg's Chinatown covers 0.1 square kilometres (0.039 sq mi) northwest of City Hall and is home to about 600 people, of whom 90% are in

3591-446: The west bank of the Red River along Waterfront Drive and features Stephen Juba Park . The Waterfront District has seen a number of residential construction projects since 2005. Moreover, there have been plans to extend Waterfront Drive further north, to connect it with the Disraeli Fwy . Developer Leon A. Brown has offered up to 12 properties for redevelopment in the area. Sunstone Boutique Hotels had an $ 11-million plan to build

3654-407: Was "the longest running drinking water advisory in Canada." Shoal Lake 40 First Nation was under an 18-year boil water advisory. By 2006, nearly 100 Indian reserves had boil-water advisories and many others had substandard water. Ḵwiḵwa̱sut'inux̱w Ha̱xwa'mis First Nation , on Vancouver Island , had a boil-water advisory beginning in 1997. In October 2005, "high E. coli levels were found in

3717-418: Was a historical gathering place where people travelled for spiritual healing. The area Cree would meet here every summer to fish, harvest, and cultivate the land. Also during this time, it was an opportunity for creating social ties and practicing the ceremonial way of life known as the Midewiwin , or Grand Medicine Society. The language of the Opaskwayak people is from the Swampy Cree n -dialect . There

3780-419: Was a number of local bands who shared the same defined territory which, in turn, composed of a number of interrelated families who came together periodically through the year for various social, cultural activities and ceremonies. In 1912, an area located about 11 km (7 mi) northwest of The Pas, bordering on the Opaskwayak Cree Nation, was chosen by a representative of the federal Indian Department as

3843-507: Was initiated. NPRI is the inventory of "pollutants released, disposed of and sent for recycling by facilities across the country". The NPRI is used by First Nation administrations on reserves, along with other research tools, to monitor pollution. For example, NPRI data showed the Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia, Ontario, was "ground zero for Ontario's heaviest load of air pollution." By December 21, 2017, there were 67 long-term boil-water advisories that had been in effect for longer than

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3906-463: Was largely unsuitable for farming, the school only had a vegetable garden to grow food for students. The school was administered by the Bishop and Diocese of Saskatchewan until January 1922, when it was transferred to the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada . It was destroyed by fire on March 19, 1933, and was not rebuilt. Many of the displaced students were sent to the Elkhorn and Lake La Ronge schools. Another residential school of

3969-518: Was not engineered correctly and fell into the Red River four days after opening due to ice jams colliding with it. The second version outlived its usefulness and was replaced in the 2000s. The new Provencher Bridge opened to vehicular traffic in December 2003. Located adjacent to the Provencher Bridge is the cable-stayed pedestrian and cycling bridge, Esplanade Riel , opened in 2004. It features space for an indoor restaurant. There are two major sports venues located downtown, Canada Life Centre where

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