89-523: The Asejire Reservoir is in Oyo State in the south west of Nigeria on the Osun River , about 30 kilometers east of Ibadan . The reservoir was built in the late 1960s. Farming is totally banned in the catchment area, and trees have been planted on the banks, so erosion and silting are not issues. With plentiful water supply, the reservoir remains full throughout the year. The reservoir provides raw water to
178-539: A central part of the pack's social unit. The young have the privilege of feeding first on carcasses. The African wild dog has been revered in several hunter-gatherer societies, particularly those of the San people and Prehistoric Egypt . The English language has several names for the African wild dog, including African hunting dog, Cape hunting dog, painted hunting dog, painted dog, painted wolf, and painted lycaon. Though
267-471: A convergence zone of two biodiversity hotspots . This area largely consists of community lands inhabited by pastoralists. With the help of local people, a pilot study was launched confirming the presence of a population of wild dogs largely unknown to conservationists. Over the next 16 years, local ecological knowledge revealed this area to be a significant refuge for African wild dogs and an important wildlife corridor connecting Kenya's Tsavo National Parks with
356-479: A dairy farm at Monatan in Ibadan and the statewide Oyo State Agricultural Development Programme with headquarters at Saki. A number of international and federal agricultural establishments are located in the state. Oyo State consists of 33 Local Government Areas . They are: The state government is led by a democratical elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of
445-527: A dam, floodgate or canal in Africa is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Oyo State Oyo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria . Its capital is Ibadan , the third most populous city in the country and formerly the second most populous city in Africa . Oyo State is bordered to the north by Kwara State for 337 km, to the southeast by Osun State for 187 km, partly across
534-643: A dead individual was found in June 1995 at 4,050 m (13,290 ft) on the Sanetti Plateau . A stable population comprising more than 370 individuals is present in Kruger National Park . The African wild dog have strong social bonds, stronger than those of sympatric lions and spotted hyenas; thus, solitary living and hunting are extremely rare in the species. It lives in permanent packs consisting of two to 27 adults and yearling pups. The typical pack size in
623-412: A departure, but departure becomes more likely when more individual dogs ‘sneeze’. These sneezes are characterized by a short, sharp exhale through the nostrils. When members of dominant mating pairs sneeze first, the group is much more likely to depart. If a dominant dog initiates, around three sneezes guarantee departure. When less dominant dogs sneeze first, if enough others also sneeze (about 10), then
712-486: A higher proportion of males, second litters are half and half and subsequent litters biased towards females with this trend increasing as females get older. As a result, the earlier litters provide stable hunters whilst the higher ratio of dispersals amongst the females stops a pack from getting too big. Populations in the Okavango Delta have been observed ‘rallying’ before setting out to hunt. Not every rally results in
801-518: A hunt, believing that doing so will give them the animal's boldness and agility. Nevertheless, the species does not figure prominently in San rock art , with the only notable example being a frieze in Mount Erongo showing a pack hunting two antelopes. The Ndebele have a story explaining why the African wild dog hunts in packs: in the beginning, when the first wild dog's wife was sick, the other animals were concerned. An impala went to hare , who
890-516: A kill, solitary hyenas approach cautiously and attempt to take off with a piece of meat unnoticed, though they may be mobbed in the attempt. When operating in groups, spotted hyenas are more successful in pirating African wild dog kills, though the latter's greater tendency to assist each other puts them at an advantage against spotted hyenas, which rarely work cooperatively. Cases of African wild dogs scavenging from spotted hyenas are rare. Although African wild dog packs can easily repel solitary hyenas, on
979-440: A kill, sometimes up to 90%. An analysis of 1,119 chases by a pack of six Okavango wild dogs showed that most were short distance uncoordinated chases, and the individual kill rate was only 15.5 percent. Because kills are shared, each dog enjoyed an efficient benefit–cost ratio . Small prey such as rodents , hares and birds are hunted singly, with dangerous prey such as cane rats and Old World porcupines being killed with
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#17330855324841068-463: A lack of dewclaws . It is estimated that there are around 6,600 adults (including 1,400 mature individuals) living in 39 subpopulations, all threatened by habitat fragmentation , human persecution and outbreaks of disease. As the largest subpopulation probably consists of fewer than 250 individuals, the African wild dog has been listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1990. The species
1157-421: A pursuit clocking at up to 66 km/h (41 mph) for 10–60 minutes. The average chase covers some 2 km (1.2 mi), during which the prey animal, if large, is repeatedly bitten on the legs, belly, and rump until it stops running, while smaller prey is simply pulled down and torn apart. African wild dogs adjust their hunting strategy to the particular prey species. They will rush at wildebeest to panic
1246-773: A quick and well-placed bite to avoid injury. Small prey is eaten entirely, while large animals are stripped of their meat and organs, leaving the skin, head, and skeleton intact. The African wild dog is a fast eater, with a pack being able to consume a Thomson's gazelle in 15 minutes. In the wild, the species' consumption is 1.2–5.9 kg (2.6–13.0 lb) per African wild dog a day, with one pack of 17–43 individuals in East Africa having been recorded to kill three animals per day on average. Unlike most social predators, African wild dogs will regurgitate food for other adults as well as young family members. Pups old enough to eat solid food are given first priority at kills, eating even before
1335-452: A specimen from the coast of Mozambique . He named the animal Hyaena picta , erroneously classifying it as a species of hyena. It was later recognised as a canid by Joshua Brookes in 1827 and renamed Lycaon tricolor . The root word of Lycaon is the Greek λυκαίος ( lykaios ), meaning ‘wolf-like’. The specific epithet pictus ( Latin for ‘painted’), which derived from the original picta ,
1424-473: A stadium with a capacity of 35,000. Other major tourist attractions located in the state include: Agodi Botanical Garden , Ado-Awaye Suspended lake, Mapo Hall , University of Ibadan Zoological Garden , Ido Cenotaph , Trans-Wonderland Amusement Park , Old Oyo National Park located in the historical site of the ancient capital of the famous old Oyo Empire , Iyamopo and Agbele Hill in Igbeti, Bower's Tower and
1513-560: Is Hon. Debo Ogundoyin . And lastly, the judiciary is headed by the Chief Judge of Oyo State High Court. The present Chief Judge of the state is Muktar Abimbola. Presently, Oyo State has 2,004 public schools , 971 private nursery/primary schools, 969 public secondary schools including 7 schools of Science and 57 private secondary schools. The state also has five government technical colleges at Oyo , Ogbomoso , Ibadan , Shaki-Okeogun and Iseyin-Okeogun with enrolment of 2,829 students in
1602-493: Is a Polytechnic, The Polytechnic, Ibadan with 2 satellite campuses at Eruwa and Shaki-Okeogun, (now known as The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic) and a State-owned University, The Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso which is jointly owned by Oyo and Osun State Governments. The federal premier university The University of Ibadan is also located in the State capital. A private Polytechnic (SAF Polytechnic, Iseyin)
1691-409: Is a specialised diurnal hunter of terrestrial ungulates , which it captures by using its stamina and cooperative hunting to exhaust them. Its natural competitors are lions and spotted hyenas : the former will kill the dogs where possible whilst the latter are frequent kleptoparasites . Like other canids, the African wild dog regurgitates food for its young but also extends this action to adults as
1780-727: Is also home to Africa's leading fountain of knowledge, the iconic University of Ibadan (The university was originally instituted as an independent external college of the University of London, then it was called the University College, Ibadan ). Two new technical colleges located at Iseyin, Iseyin Local Government area and Ikija in Oluyole Local Government area were established in the 2001/2002 academic session. A college of education, Oyo State College of Education, Oyo. There
1869-584: Is known to have possessed a unique genotype , but these genotypes may be extinct. The African wild dog is the bulkiest and most solidly built of African canids. The species stands 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) at the shoulders, measures 71 to 112 cm (28 to 44 in) in head-and-body length and has a tail length of 29 to 41 cm (11 to 16 in). Adults have a weight range of 18 to 36 kg (40 to 79 lb). On average, dogs from East Africa weigh around 20–25 kg (44–55 lb). By body mass, they are only outsized amongst other extant canids by
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#17330855324841958-640: Is located in Iseyin. There is a vocational Institute in Saki West Local Government named: The Kings Poly, Shaki-Okeogun. There are also the Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan ; Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo , the Federal School of Surveying, Oyo; Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T),
2047-509: Is noted for being the site of the first university in Nigeria, the University of Ibadan , founded in 1948. The state economy remains largely agrarian , with the western city of Shaki being described as the state's breadbasket . cassava , cocoa , and tobacco are among the most important crops to Oyo State's economy. Oyo State covers approximately an area of 28,454 square kilometers and
2136-465: Is occasionally sighted in other parts of Senegal , Guinea and Mali . Its distribution is patchy in East Africa. It inhabits mostly savannas and arid zones, generally avoiding forested areas. This preference is likely linked to its hunting habits, which require open areas that do not obstruct vision or impede pursuit. It travels through scrubland , woodland and montane areas in pursuit of prey. A forest-dwelling population has been identified in
2225-408: Is ranked 14th by size. The landscape consists of old hard rocks and dome shaped hills, which rise gently from about 500 meters in the southern part and reaching a height of about 1,200 metres above sea level in the northern part. Some principal rivers such as Ogun , Oba , Oyan , Otin , Ofiki, Sasa, Oni , Erinle and Osun river originate in this highland. The southern and southeastern parts of
2314-407: Is seen in coat colour, with northeastern African specimens tending to be predominantly black with small white and yellow patches, while southern African ones are more brightly coloured, sporting a mix of brown, black and white coats. Much of the species' coat patterning occurs on the trunk and legs. Little variation in facial markings occurs, with the muzzle being black, gradually shading into brown on
2403-427: Is strictly limited to the dominant female, which may kill the pups of subordinates. After giving birth, the mother stays close to the pups in the den, while the rest of the pack hunts. She typically drives away pack members approaching the pups until the latter are old enough to eat solid food at three to four weeks of age. The pups leave the den around the age of three weeks and are suckled outside. The pups are weaned at
2492-516: Is the main occupation of the people of Oyo State. The climate in the state favours the cultivation of crops like maize , yam , cassava , millet , rice , plantains , cocoa , palm produce , cashew etc. There are a number of government farm settlements in Iseyin/Ipapo, Ilora, Eruwa , Ogbomosho , Iresaadu, Ijaiye, Akufo and Lalupon . There is abundance of clay, kaolin and aquamarine. There are also vast cattle ranches at Saki, Fasola and Ibadan,
2581-531: The Harenna Forest , a wet montane forest up to an elevation of 2,400 m (7,900 ft) in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia . At least one record exists of a pack being sighted on the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro . In Zimbabwe, it has been recorded at the elevation of 1,800 m (5,900 ft). In Ethiopia, several packs were sighted at elevations of 1,900 to 2,800 m (6,200 to 9,200 ft), and
2670-433: The gray wolf species complex . Females are usually 3–7% smaller than males. Compared to members of the genus Canis , the African wild dog is comparatively lean and tall, with outsized ears and lacking dewclaws . The middle two toepads are usually fused. Its dentition differs from that of Canis by the degeneration of the last lower molar , the narrowness of the canines and proportionately large premolars , which are
2759-535: The legislative branch and the judiciary . The executive branch of Oyo State government is headed by an elected executive governor who presides over the State Executive Council made up of appointed cabinet members. The present governor of Oyo State is Seyi Makinde with Bayo Lawal serving as deputy governor. The legislative branch is headed by an elected Speaker of the House of Assembly. The current Speaker
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2848-466: The martial eagle , when they venture out of their dens. The African wild dog is primarily threatened by habitat fragmentation , which results from human–wildlife conflict , transmission of infectious diseases and high mortality rates; it has been exterminated in large parts of North and West Africa, and its population has greatly reduced in Central Africa, Uganda and much of Kenya . Surveys in
2937-558: The 1960s resulted in an increase in African wild dog sightings, only for their numbers to decline once the lions recovered. As with other large predators killed by lion prides, the dogs are usually killed and left uneaten by the lions, indicating the competitive rather than predatory nature of the lions' dominance. However, a few cases have been reported of old and wounded lions falling prey to African wild dogs. On occasion, packs of wild dogs have been observed defending pack members attacked by single lions, sometimes successfully. One pack in
3026-1082: The 2000/2001 academic session. The National Youth Service Corp (NYSC) permanent orientation camp is located in Iseyin. The Ebedi Writers' Residency situated at the hill-side of barracks area of Iseyin is an international residency that has brought great writers, journalists and authors all over the world including Africa's first Nobel Laureate, Prof. Wole Soyinka , Jumoke Verissiomo, Funmi Aluko, Richard Ali, Paul Liam and others. Historically prominent secondary schools include St Anne's School Ibadan (1869), Wesley College, Ibadan (1905), Ibadan Grammar School (1913), Government College, Ibadan (1927), St Theresa's College Ibadan (1932), Ibadan Boys' High School (1938), Olivet Heights Oyo (1945), Queen's School, Ibadan (1952), Loyola College, Ibadan (1954), St. Bernadine's Oyo (1957), Lagelu Grammar School Ibadan (1958), Iseyin District Grammar School Iseyin (1964), Methodist High School, Ibadan (1961) St Patrick's Grammar School Ibadan (1962) and several others. It
3115-410: The African wild dog differs significantly from that of other canids, consisting entirely of stiff bristle-hairs with no underfur. Adults gradually lose their fur as it ages, with older individuals being almost naked. Colour variation is extreme, and may serve in visual identification, as African wild dogs can recognise each other at distances of 50–100 m (160–330 ft). Some geographic variation
3204-750: The African wild dog's less hierarchical social structure. Furthermore, while elaborate facial expressions are important for wolves in re-establishing bonds after long periods of separation from their family groups, they are not as necessary to African wild dogs, which remain together for much longer periods. The species does have an extensive vocal repertoire consisting of twittering, whining, yelping, squealing, whispering, barking , growling , gurling, rumbling, moaning and hooing. African wild dog populations in East Africa appear to have no fixed breeding season , whereas those in Southern Africa usually breed during
3293-506: The African wild dog, as the Hunters Palette shows them wearing the animals' tails on their belts. By the dynastic period , African wild dog illustrations became much less represented, and the animal's symbolic role was largely taken over by the wolf. According to Enno Littmann , the people of Ethiopia 's Tigray Region believed that injuring a wild dog with a spear would result in the animal dipping its tail in its wounds and flicking
3382-524: The April–July period. During estrus , the female is closely accompanied by a single male, which keeps other members of the same sex at bay. The estrus period can last as long as 20 days. The copulatory tie characteristic of mating in most canids has been reported to be absent or very brief (less than one minute) in African wild dog, possibly an adaptation to the prevalence of larger predators in its environment. The gestation period lasts 69–73 days, with
3471-547: The Asejire and Osegere water treatment plants in Ibadan . The water supply project was completed in 1972, and has a capacity of about 80 million liters per day, of which 80% is used for domestic purposes. Oyo state government in 2023, partner with an international company to rehabilitate the dam. This article about a Nigerian building or structure related topic is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about
3560-500: The Central African Republic's Chinko area revealed that the African wild dog population decreased from 160 individuals in 2012 to 26 individuals in 2017. At the same time, transhumant pastoralists from the border area with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock. The non-governmental organization African Wild Dog Conservancy began working in 2003 to conserve the African wild dog in northeastern and coastal Kenya,
3649-577: The Cultural Centre, Mokola. The state hosts the first FM radio, and the first private television station, Galaxy Television in the country. Under the Nigerian 1999 constitution the government of Oyo State, and those of the other 35 Nigerian States , is divided into three branches to be in line with the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria which is also three tier: the executive branch ,
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3738-561: The Horn of Africa in an increasingly human-dominated landscape. This project has been identified as a wild dog conservation priority by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Depictions of African wild dogs are prominent on cosmetic palettes and other objects from Egypt 's predynastic period , likely symbolising order over chaos and the transition between the wild and the domestic dog. Predynastic hunters may have identified with
3827-566: The Kruger National Park and the Maasai Mara is four or five adults, while packs in Moremi and Selous Game Reserves contain eight or nine. However, larger packs have been observed and temporary aggregations of hundreds of individuals may have gathered in response to the seasonal migration of vast springbok herds in Southern Africa. Males and females have separate dominance hierarchies, with
3916-996: The Nigerian Institute of Science Laboratory Technology (NISLT), the Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan (FEDCOFOR), a subsidiary of Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) and the Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research (NISER), all in Ibadan. Similarly, there are 15 Nomadic schools in the State. They are Gaa Jooro and Gaa Baale, both in Kisi (Irepo Local Government); Baochilu Government; Arin-Oye, Abiogun, Okaka and Baba-Ode (Itesiwaju Local Government); Iganna (Iwajowa Local Government); Igangan and Ayete (Ibarapa North Local Government); Gaa Kondo and Igbo-Ora, (Ibarapa Central Local Government) and Sepeteri (Saki East Local Government). There are 213 continuing education centres spread all over
4005-796: The Okavango in March 2016 was photographed by safari guides waging "an incredible fight" against a lioness that attacked a subadult dog at an impala kill, which forced the lioness to retreat, although the subadult dog died. A pack of four wild dogs was observed furiously defending an old adult male dog from a male lion that attacked it at a kill; the dog survived and rejoined the pack. African wild dogs commonly lose their kills to larger predators. Spotted hyenas are important kleptoparasites and follow packs of African wild dogs to appropriate their kills. They typically inspect areas where wild dogs have rested and eat any food remains they find. When approaching wild dogs at
4094-924: The Oyos, the Oke-Oguns , the Ibadans and the Ibarapas , all belonging to the Yoruba family and indigenous city in Africa . Ibadan had been the centre of administration of the old Western Region since the days of British colonial rule . Other notable cities and towns in Ọyọ State include Ọyọ , Ogbomọsọ , Ibadan , Isẹyín-Okeogun, Ipapo-Okeogun, Kíṣì-Okeogun, Okeho-Okeogun, Saki-Okeogun, Igbeti-Okeogun, Igboho-okeogun [Igboho], Eruwa-Ibarapa, Iroko , Lanlate, OjeOwode-Okeogun, Sepeteri-Okeogun, Ilora-Oyo, Jobele-Oyo, Awe-Oyo , Ilérò-Okeogun, Okaka-Okeogun, Igbo Ora-Ibarapa, Idere In 2024, Yoruba separatists unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow
4183-570: The River Osun, and to the south by Ogun State , and to the west by the Republic of Benin for 98 km. With a projected population of 7,976,100 in 2022, Oyo State is the sixth most populous in the Nigeria . The vast majority of Oyo State residents are Yoruba . Nicknamed the "Pace Setter State", present-day Oyo State sits on territory formerly ruled by various kingdoms and empires. The Oyo Empire
4272-638: The State, while 200,000 illiterate adults and over 80,000 post-illiterate adults have been trained recently. The following are universities located within Oyo State; These include: Other major roads include: Ibadan is a major terminus on the Western Railway from Lagos to Kano (1899) on the 1067 mm (3ˈ6") Cape Gauge , with a new 1435 mm (4ˈ8½") standard gauge line from Lagos to Ibadan opened 2021. Ibadan Airport has services to Abuja and Lagos by Air Peace and Overland Airways. Agriculture
4361-420: The State. 15 special primary schools and 8 special units in secondary schools cater for handicapped children. There are 11,732 teaching staff in the state public secondary schools and 2,789 non-teaching staff. The Agency for Adult and Non-formal Education (AANFE) caters for illiterate adults who had no opportunity of formal education. The agency has 455 classes in existence in the 33 Local Government areas of
4450-514: The age of five weeks, when they are fed regurgitated meat by the other pack members. By seven weeks, the pups begin to take on an adult appearance, with noticeable lengthening in the legs, muzzle, and ears. Once the pups reach the age of eight to 10 weeks, the pack abandons the den and the young follow the adults during hunts. The youngest pack members are permitted to eat first on kills, a privilege which ends once they become yearlings. African wild dogs have an average lifespan of about 10 to 11 years in
4539-423: The blood at its assailant, causing instant death. For this reason, Tigrean shepherds used to repel wild dog attacks with pebbles rather than with edged weapons. The African wild dog also plays a prominent role in the mythology of Southern Africa's San people . In one story, the wild dog is indirectly linked to the origin of death , as the hare is cursed by the moon to be forever hunted by African wild dogs after
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#17330855324844628-456: The case of larger species such as kudu and wildebeest, calves are largely but not exclusively targeted. However, certain packs in the Serengeti specialized in hunting adult plains zebras weighing up to 240 kg (530 lb) quite frequently. Another study claimed that some prey taken by wild dogs could weigh up to 289 kg (637 lb). This includes African buffalo juveniles during
4717-413: The cheeks and forehead. A black line extends up the forehead, turning blackish-brown on the back of the ears. A few specimens sport a brown teardrop-shaped mark below the eyes. The back of the head and neck are either brown or yellow. A white patch occasionally occurs behind the fore legs, with some specimens having completely white fore legs, chests and throats. The tail is usually white at the tip, black in
4806-574: The dhole having existed in the Middle East or North Africa. As of 2005 , five subspecies are recognised by MSW3 : Although the species is genetically diverse, these subspecific designations are not universally accepted. East African and Southern African wild dog populations were once thought to be genetically distinct, based on a small number of samples. More recent studies with a larger number of samples showed that extensive intermixing has occurred between East African and Southern African populations in
4895-469: The dominant pair; subordinate adult dogs help feed and protect the pups. Lions dominate African wild dogs and are a major source of mortality for both adults and pups. Population densities are usually low in areas where lions are more abundant. One pack reintroduced into Etosha National Park was wiped out by lions. A population crash in lions in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area during
4984-683: The dry season when herds are small and calves less protected. Footage from Lower Zambezi National Park taken in 2021 showed a large pack of wild dogs hunting an adult, healthy buffalo, though this is apparently extremely rare. One pack was recorded to occasionally prey on bat-eared foxes , rolling on the carcasses before eating them. African wild dogs rarely scavenge, but have on occasion been observed to appropriate carcasses from spotted hyenas, leopards, cheetahs, lions, and animals caught in snares . Hunting success varies with prey type, vegetation cover and pack size, but African wild dogs tend to be very successful: often more than 60% of their chases end in
5073-482: The extinct Canis subgenus Xenocyon as ancestral to both the genus Lycaon and the genus Cuon , which lived throughout Eurasia and Africa from the Early Pleistocene to the early Middle Pleistocene . Others propose that Xenocyon should be reclassified as Lycaon . The species Canis ( Xenocyon ) falconeri shared the African wild dog's absent first metacarpal ( dewclaw ), though its dentition
5162-457: The group will go hunting. Researchers assert that wild dogs in Botswana "use a specific vocalization (the sneeze) along with a variable quorum response mechanism in the decision-making process [to go hunting at a particular moment]". Because the African wild dog largely exists in fragmented, small populations, its existence is endangered. Inbreeding avoidance by mate selection is a characteristic of
5251-527: The hare rebuffs the moon's promise to allow all living things to be reborn after death. Another story has the god Cagn taking revenge on the other gods by sending a group of men transformed into African wild dogs to attack them, though who won the battle is never revealed. The San of Botswana see the African wild dog as the ultimate hunter and traditionally believe that shamans and medicine men can transform themselves into wild dogs. Some San hunters will smear African wild dog bodily fluids on their feet before
5340-402: The herd and isolate a vulnerable individual, but pursue territorial antelope species (which defend themselves by running in wide circles) by cutting across the arc to foil their escape. Medium-sized prey is often killed in 2–5 minutes, whereas larger prey such as wildebeest may take half an hour to pull down. Male wild dogs usually perform the task of grabbing dangerous prey, such as warthogs , by
5429-423: The highest number of local government Areas. Lycaon pictus The African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus ), also known as the painted dog or Cape hunting dog , is a wild canine native to sub-Saharan Africa . It is the largest wild canine in Africa, and the only extant member of the genus Lycaon , which is distinguished from Canis by dentition highly specialised for a hypercarnivorous diet and by
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#17330855324845518-399: The impact of reduced numbers of suitable unrelated mates will likely have a severe demographic impact on the future viability of small wild dog populations. The African wild dog is a specialised pack hunter of common medium-sized antelopes . It and the cheetah are the only primarily diurnal African large predators. The African wild dog hunts by approaching prey silently, then chasing it in
5607-418: The interval between each pregnancy being 12–14 months typically. The African wild dog produces more pups than any other canid, with litters containing around six to 16 pups, with an average of 10, thus indicating that a single female can produce enough young to form a new pack every year. Because the amount of food necessary to feed more than two litters would be impossible to acquire by the average pack, breeding
5696-565: The largest relative to body size of any carnivore other than hyenas. The heel of the lower carnassial M1 is crested with a single, blade-like cusp, which enhances the shearing capacity of the teeth, thus the speed at which prey can be consumed. This feature, termed "trenchant heel", is shared with two other canids: the Asian dhole and the South American bush dog . The skull is relatively shorter and broader than those of other canids. The fur of
5785-419: The largest relative to body size of any living carnivoran with the exception of the spotted hyena . On the lower carnassials (first lower molars ), the talonid has evolved to become a cutting blade for flesh-slicing, with a reduction or loss of the post-carnassial molars. This adaptation also occurs in the two other hypercarnivorous canids – the dhole and the bush dog . The African wild dog exhibits one of
5874-585: The latter usually being led by the oldest female. Males may be led by the oldest male, but these can be supplanted by younger specimens; thus, some packs may contain elderly male former pack leaders. The dominant pair typically monopolises breeding. The species differs from most other social carnivorans in that males remain in the natal pack, while females disperse (a pattern also found in primates such as gorillas , chimpanzees , and red colobuses ). Furthermore, males in any given pack tend to outnumber females 3:1. Dispersing females join other packs and evict some of
5963-681: The middle and brown at the base. Some specimens lack the white tip entirely, or may have black fur below the white tip. These coat patterns can be asymmetrical, with the left side of the body often having different markings from the right. The African wild dog occurs foremost in Southern and East Africa. It is rare in North Africa and mostly absent in West Africa, with the only potentially viable population occurring in Senegal's Niokolo-Koba National Park . It
6052-415: The most varied coat colours among mammals. Individuals differ in patterns and colours, indicating a diversity of the underlying genes . The purpose of these coat patterns may be an adaptation for communication, concealment or temperature regulation. In 2019 a study indicated that the lycaon lineage diverged from Cuon and Canis 1.7 million years ago through this suite of adaptations, and these occurred at
6141-697: The name African wild dog is widely used, 'wild dog' is thought by conservation groups to have negative connotations that could be detrimental to its image; one organisation promotes the name 'painted wolf', whilst the name 'painted dog' has been found to be the most likely to counteract negative perceptions. Domestic dog [REDACTED] Gray wolf [REDACTED] Coyote [REDACTED] African wolf [REDACTED] Golden jackal [REDACTED] Ethiopian wolf [REDACTED] Dhole [REDACTED] African wild dog [REDACTED] Side-striped jackal [REDACTED] Black-backed jackal [REDACTED] The earliest written reference for
6230-798: The nose. A species-wide study showed that by preference, where available, five prey species were the most regularly selected, namely the greater kudu , Thomson's gazelle , impala , Cape bushbuck and blue wildebeest . More specifically, in East Africa, its most common prey is the Thomson's gazelle, while in Central and Southern Africa, it targets impala , reedbuck , kob , lechwe and springbok , and smaller prey such as common duiker , dik-dik , hares , spring hares , insects and cane rats. Staple prey sizes are usually between 15 and 200 kg (33 and 441 lb), though some local studies put upper prey sizes as variously 90 to 135 kg (198 to 298 lb). In
6319-490: The past. Some unique nuclear and mitochondrial alleles are found in Southern African and northeastern African populations, with a transition zone encompassing Botswana , Zimbabwe and southeastern Tanzania between the two. The West African wild dog population may possess a unique haplotype , thus possibly constituting a truly distinct subspecies. The original Serengeti and Maasai Mara population of painted dogs
6408-426: The resident females related to the other pack members, thus preventing inbreeding and allowing the evicted individuals to find new packs of their own and breed. Males rarely disperse, and when they do, they are invariably rejected by other packs already containing males. Although arguably the most social canid, the species lacks the elaborate facial expressions and body language found in the gray wolf, likely because of
6497-412: The same adaptations to a hypercarnivorous diet. L. sekowei had not yet lost the first metacarpal absent in L. pictus and was more robust than the modern species, having 10% larger teeth. The African wild dog has 78 chromosomes, the same number as those of species in the genus Canis . In 2018 whole genome sequencing was used to compare the dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) with the African wild dog. There
6586-468: The same time as large ungulates (its prey) diversified. The findings also suggest that the African wild dog is largely isolated from gene transfer with other canid species. The oldest African wild dog fossil dates back to 200,000 years ago and was found in HaYonim Cave , Israel. The evolution of the African wild dog is poorly understood owing to the scarcity of fossil finds. Some authors consider
6675-426: The species and has important potential consequences for population persistence. Inbreeding is rare within natal packs. Inbreeding may have been selected against evolutionarily because it leads to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles. Computer simulations indicate that all populations continuing to avoid incestuous mating will become extinct within 100 years due to the unavailability of unrelated mates. Thus,
6764-417: The species appears to be from Oppian , who wrote of the thoa , a hybrid between the wolf and leopard, which resembles the former in shape and the latter in colour. Solinus 's Collea rerum memorabilium from the third century AD describes a multicoloured wolf-like animal with a mane native to Ethiopia . The African wild dog was scientifically described in 1820 by Coenraad Jacob Temminck after examining
6853-553: The state form a continuous plain. Oyo State contains a number of natural features including the Old Oyo National Park, Agodi parks and gardens . In this location there was earlier habitat for the endangered African wild dog , Lycaon pictus ; however, this canid is thought to have been locally extirpated at the present. The climate is equatorial , notably with dry and wet seasons with relatively high humidity . The dry season lasts from November to March while
6942-769: The state government in Ibadan. The first degree awarding institution in Nigeria is the University of Ibadan (established as a college of the University of London when it was founded in 1948, and later converted into an autonomous university in 1962). The other universities in the state are: Lead City University , Ibadan, Ajayi Crowther University , Oyo , Koladaisi University , Dominican University, Ibadan, and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology , Ogbomoso . The Polytechnic, Ibadan , Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igbo Ora, Adeseun Ogundoyin Polytechnic, Eruwa are located in Oyo State. There are 324 secondary schools and 1,576 public primary schools in
7031-421: The state is Ibadan . The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in
7120-610: The state. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include the University College Hospital, Ibadan ; the first teaching hospital in Nigeria and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Cocoa House located in Ibadan was the first skyscraper built in Africa. The state is home to NTA Ibadan , the first television station in Africa, and the Obafemi Awolowo (formerly, Liberty) Stadium,
7209-503: The three species to warrant classifying them in a single subfamily. The African wild dog possesses the most specialized adaptations among the canids for coat colour and diet and for pursuing its prey through its cursorial (running) ability. It has a graceful skeleton, and the loss of the first digit on its forefeet increases its stride and speed. This adaptation allows it to pursue prey across open terrain for long distances. The teeth are generally carnassial -shaped and its premolars are
7298-578: The wet season starts from April and ends in October. Average daily temperature ranges between 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 35 °C (95.0 °F), almost throughout the year. It was formed in 1976 from Western State , and included Ọsun State , which was split off in 1991. Oyo State is homogenous , mainly inhabited by the Yoruba ethnic group who are primarily agrarian but have a predilection for living in high-density urban centres. The indigenes mainly comprise
7387-480: The whole, the relationship between the two species is a one-sided benefit for the hyenas, with African wild dog densities being negatively correlated with high hyena populations. Beyond piracy, cases of interspecific killing of African wild dogs by spotted hyenas are documented. African wild dogs are apex predators , only fatally losing contests to larger social carnivores. When briefly unprotected, wild dog pups may occasionally be vulnerable to large eagles , such as
7476-401: The wild. When separated from the pack, an African wild dog becomes depressed and can die as a result of broken heart syndrome . Packs of African wild dogs have a high ratio of males to females. This is a consequence of the males mostly staying with the pack whilst female offspring disperse and is supported by a changing sex-ratio in consecutive litters. Those born to maiden females contain
7565-413: Was a medicine man. Hare gave Impala a calabash of medicine, warning him not to turn back on the way to Wild Dog's den. Impala was startled by the scent of a leopard and turned back, spilling the medicine. A zebra then went to Hare, who gave him the same medicine along with the same advice. On the way, Zebra turned back when he saw a black mamba , thus breaking the gourd. A moment later a terrible howling
7654-400: Was a powerful Yoruba empire that ruled in much of the area from c. 1300 to 1896. Built in the 1830s, modern city of Oyo is considered a remnant of the imperial era, being referred to as "New Ọyọ" ( Ọ̀yọ́ Àtìbà ) to distinguish itself from the former capital to the north, ' Old Oyo ' ( Ọ̀yọ́-Ilé ). The Alaafin of Oyo continues to serve a ceremonial role in the city. Oyo State
7743-498: Was later returned to it, in conformity with the International Rules on Taxonomic Nomenclature. Paleontologist George G. Simpson placed the African wild dog, the dhole and the bush dog together in the subfamily Simocyoninae on the basis of all three species having similarly trenchant carnassials . This grouping was disputed by Juliet Clutton-Brock , who argued that other than dentition too many differences exist among
7832-675: Was still relatively unspecialised. This connection was rejected by one author because C . ( X .) falconeri ' s lack of the first metacarpal is a poor indication of phylogenetic closeness to the African wild dog, and the dentition was too different to imply ancestry. Another ancestral candidate is the Plio-Pleistocene Lycaon sekowei of South Africa on the basis of distinct accessory cusps on its premolars and anterior accessory cuspids on its lower premolars. These adaptions are found only in Lycaon among living canids, which shows
7921-567: Was strong evidence of ancient genetic admixture between the two species. Today their ranges are remote from each other; however during the Pleistocene era the dhole could be found as far west as Europe. The study proposes that the dhole's distribution may have once included the Middle East , from where it may have admixed with the African wild dog in North Africa . However, there is no evidence of
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